The lack of an account of rationality in The Structure of Scientific Revolutions was a lacuna which Thomas Kuhn acutely felt. In this paper, I argue that Herbert Simon＇s notion of ＂satisficing＂ provides a formally ...The lack of an account of rationality in The Structure of Scientific Revolutions was a lacuna which Thomas Kuhn acutely felt. In this paper, I argue that Herbert Simon＇s notion of ＂satisficing＂ provides a formally well-developed and empirically well-established theory of rationality that fits well with Kuhn＇s general characterization of science. I start by considering two rival interpretations of the problem of Kuhnian rationality and introduce Simon＇s notion of satisficing. In Section 3, I show how satisficing can be used to interpret paradigm, change, rational theory-choice, relativism, and progress. On this account, Kuhnian scientists are not irrational. Rather they employ the same computational mechanism which allows humans to play chess.展开更多
This article explains the design,construction and energy strategies of LINQ,a net-zero energy building that was successfully entered into the Solar Decathlon Middle East 2018 held in Dubai.Students of engineering,buil...This article explains the design,construction and energy strategies of LINQ,a net-zero energy building that was successfully entered into the Solar Decathlon Middle East 2018 held in Dubai.Students of engineering,building physics,architecture and urban planning designed,built and operated LINQ.It is mainly powered by solar energy and made of bio-materials.Some of LINQ’s innovations are the ventilated façade with customizable bio-based tiles,the indirect evaporative water cooling system,and the light building integrated photovoltaic-thermal system.LINQ sent more energy to the grid than it drew throughout the competition.However,energy production could have been improved according to simulations and technical specifications.LINQ is a good example of current and future building expectations-combining multiple criteria,strategies,and solutions-to contribute to environmental,social and economic sustainability.展开更多
Strong coupling of mid-infrared(mid-IR)vibrational transitions to optical cavities provides a means to modify and control a material’s chemical reactivity and offers a foundation for novel chemical detection technolo...Strong coupling of mid-infrared(mid-IR)vibrational transitions to optical cavities provides a means to modify and control a material’s chemical reactivity and offers a foundation for novel chemical detection technology.Currently,the relatively large volumes of the mid-IR photonic cavities and weak oscillator strengths of vibrational transitions restrict vibrational strong coupling(VSC)studies and devices to large ensembles of molecules,thus representing a potential limitation of this nascent field.Here,we experimentally and theoretically investigate the mid-IR optical properties of 3D-printed multimode metal-insulator-metal(MIM)plasmonic nanoscale cavities for enabling strong light-matter interactions at a deep subwavelength regime.We observe strong vibration-plasmon coupling between the two dipolar modes of the L-shaped cavity and the carbonyl stretch vibrational transition of the polymer dielectric.The cavity mode volume is half the size of a typical square-shaped MIM geometry,thus enabling a reduction in the number of vibrational oscillators to achieve strong coupling.The resulting three polariton modes are well described by a fully coupled multimode oscillator model where all coupling potentials are non-zero.The 3D printing technique of the cavities is a highly accessible and versatile means of printing arbitrarily shaped submicron-sized mid-IR plasmonic cavities capable of producing strong light–matter interactions for a variety of photonic or photochemical applications.Specifically,similar MIM structures fabricated with nanoscopic voids within the insulator region could constitute a promising microfluidic plasmonic cavity device platform for applications in chemical sensing or photochemistry.展开更多
时间,又是时间.从博尔赫斯的时间迷宫,到马尔克斯的时间怪圈,在作品中挖空心思地设计时间,已成为拉美作家的“百年套路”.时间这个因子,完全无法游离于拉美文学之外,甚至无法与拉美人的生命剥离开来,正如博尔赫斯所言:“假若我们知道什...时间,又是时间.从博尔赫斯的时间迷宫,到马尔克斯的时间怪圈,在作品中挖空心思地设计时间,已成为拉美作家的“百年套路”.时间这个因子,完全无法游离于拉美文学之外,甚至无法与拉美人的生命剥离开来,正如博尔赫斯所言:“假若我们知道什么是时间的话,那么,我相信,我们就会知道我们自己,因为我们是由时间做成的.造成我们的物质就是时间.”①加莱亚诺不约而同地写道:“我们由时间造就.我们是它的脚,也是它的嘴.时间用我们的脚赶路”②.即便诸多珠玉在前,加莱亚诺仍不吝用“时间”命名他的两部散文集:《时间之口》(Bocas del Tiempo)以及《时日之子》(Los Hijos de Los Dias).展开更多
As one of the most spectacular energy release events in the solar system,solar flares are generally powered by magnetic reconnection in the solar corona.As a result of the re-arrangement of magnetic field topology aft...As one of the most spectacular energy release events in the solar system,solar flares are generally powered by magnetic reconnection in the solar corona.As a result of the re-arrangement of magnetic field topology after the reconnection process,a series of new looplike magnetic structures are often formed and are known as flare loops.A hot diffuse region,consisting of around 5–10 MK plasma,is also observed above the loops and is called a supra-arcade fan.Often,dark,tadpole-like structures are seen to descend through the bright supra-arcade fans.It remains unclear what role these so-called supra-arcade downflows(SADs)play in heating the flaring coronal plasma.Here we show a unique flare observation,where many SADs collide with the flare loops and strongly heat the loops to a temperature of 10–20 MK.Several of these interactions generate clear signatures of quasi-periodic enhancement in the full-Sun-integrated soft X-ray emission,providing an alternative interpretation for quasi-periodic pulsations that are commonly observed during solar and stellar flares.展开更多
文摘The lack of an account of rationality in The Structure of Scientific Revolutions was a lacuna which Thomas Kuhn acutely felt. In this paper, I argue that Herbert Simon＇s notion of ＂satisficing＂ provides a formally well-developed and empirically well-established theory of rationality that fits well with Kuhn＇s general characterization of science. I start by considering two rival interpretations of the problem of Kuhnian rationality and introduce Simon＇s notion of satisficing. In Section 3, I show how satisficing can be used to interpret paradigm, change, rational theory-choice, relativism, and progress. On this account, Kuhnian scientists are not irrational. Rather they employ the same computational mechanism which allows humans to play chess.
文摘This article explains the design,construction and energy strategies of LINQ,a net-zero energy building that was successfully entered into the Solar Decathlon Middle East 2018 held in Dubai.Students of engineering,building physics,architecture and urban planning designed,built and operated LINQ.It is mainly powered by solar energy and made of bio-materials.Some of LINQ’s innovations are the ventilated façade with customizable bio-based tiles,the indirect evaporative water cooling system,and the light building integrated photovoltaic-thermal system.LINQ sent more energy to the grid than it drew throughout the competition.However,energy production could have been improved according to simulations and technical specifications.LINQ is a good example of current and future building expectations-combining multiple criteria,strategies,and solutions-to contribute to environmental,social and economic sustainability.
基金Office of Naval Research(N0001421WX01075)U.S.Naval Research Laboratory Base Programs(1P76,1P77)。
文摘Strong coupling of mid-infrared(mid-IR)vibrational transitions to optical cavities provides a means to modify and control a material’s chemical reactivity and offers a foundation for novel chemical detection technology.Currently,the relatively large volumes of the mid-IR photonic cavities and weak oscillator strengths of vibrational transitions restrict vibrational strong coupling(VSC)studies and devices to large ensembles of molecules,thus representing a potential limitation of this nascent field.Here,we experimentally and theoretically investigate the mid-IR optical properties of 3D-printed multimode metal-insulator-metal(MIM)plasmonic nanoscale cavities for enabling strong light-matter interactions at a deep subwavelength regime.We observe strong vibration-plasmon coupling between the two dipolar modes of the L-shaped cavity and the carbonyl stretch vibrational transition of the polymer dielectric.The cavity mode volume is half the size of a typical square-shaped MIM geometry,thus enabling a reduction in the number of vibrational oscillators to achieve strong coupling.The resulting three polariton modes are well described by a fully coupled multimode oscillator model where all coupling potentials are non-zero.The 3D printing technique of the cavities is a highly accessible and versatile means of printing arbitrarily shaped submicron-sized mid-IR plasmonic cavities capable of producing strong light–matter interactions for a variety of photonic or photochemical applications.Specifically,similar MIM structures fabricated with nanoscopic voids within the insulator region could constitute a promising microfluidic plasmonic cavity device platform for applications in chemical sensing or photochemistry.
文摘时间,又是时间.从博尔赫斯的时间迷宫,到马尔克斯的时间怪圈,在作品中挖空心思地设计时间,已成为拉美作家的“百年套路”.时间这个因子,完全无法游离于拉美文学之外,甚至无法与拉美人的生命剥离开来,正如博尔赫斯所言:“假若我们知道什么是时间的话,那么,我相信,我们就会知道我们自己,因为我们是由时间做成的.造成我们的物质就是时间.”①加莱亚诺不约而同地写道:“我们由时间造就.我们是它的脚,也是它的嘴.时间用我们的脚赶路”②.即便诸多珠玉在前,加莱亚诺仍不吝用“时间”命名他的两部散文集:《时间之口》(Bocas del Tiempo)以及《时日之子》(Los Hijos de Los Dias).
基金The authors thank the SDO,GOES,and RHESSI teams for providing the data,and Shinsuke Takasao for helpful discussion.This work was supported by NSFC grants 11825301 and 11790304,Strategic Priority Research Program of CAS(grant XDA17040507)NASA LWS grant 80NSSC19K0069,NSF grants AST-1735405 and AGS-1723436 to New Jersey Institute of Technology(NJIT)NASA grant 80NSSC18K0732 and NASA's SDO/AIA contract(NNG04EA00C)to the Lockheed Martin Solar and Astrophysics Laboratory.AIA is an instrument onboard the SDO,a mission for NASA's Living With a Star program.
文摘As one of the most spectacular energy release events in the solar system,solar flares are generally powered by magnetic reconnection in the solar corona.As a result of the re-arrangement of magnetic field topology after the reconnection process,a series of new looplike magnetic structures are often formed and are known as flare loops.A hot diffuse region,consisting of around 5–10 MK plasma,is also observed above the loops and is called a supra-arcade fan.Often,dark,tadpole-like structures are seen to descend through the bright supra-arcade fans.It remains unclear what role these so-called supra-arcade downflows(SADs)play in heating the flaring coronal plasma.Here we show a unique flare observation,where many SADs collide with the flare loops and strongly heat the loops to a temperature of 10–20 MK.Several of these interactions generate clear signatures of quasi-periodic enhancement in the full-Sun-integrated soft X-ray emission,providing an alternative interpretation for quasi-periodic pulsations that are commonly observed during solar and stellar flares.
