Acute upper respiratory tract infections, i.e. common colds cause multiple symptoms and affect adults on average 2 - 4 times a year and children 6 - 8 times per year. Thousands of non-prescription, over-the-counter pr...Acute upper respiratory tract infections, i.e. common colds cause multiple symptoms and affect adults on average 2 - 4 times a year and children 6 - 8 times per year. Thousands of non-prescription, over-the-counter products are used by sufferers, aimed at relieving the various both er some symptoms such as cough, nasal congestion, sore throat, etc. This study evaluated real-world effectiveness of Wick MediNait or Wick DayMed medicines alone and together in a combination as a day and night treatment regimen. Adult cold sufferers were recruited in pharmacy by pharmacy staff following self-purchase of either Wick MediNait, Wick DayMed capsules, or the combination of DayMed and MediNait. Participants completed online questionnaires before and after product use (evening of the first day for DayMed and the morning after using MediNait at bedtime). For the primary endpoint “Wick MediNait was effective at relieving my symptoms”, there was a statistically significant difference (p < 0.0001) in the users who Strongly Agreed or Agreed vs. Neither Agreed or Disagreed, Disagreed or Strongly Disagreed. Further, all symptoms evaluated (cough, runny nose, nasal congestion, fever, headache, sore throat, muscle aches and pains, sneezing) were statistically improved after MediNait and DayMed alone and when both were used, and users were satisfied with both treatments. All treatments were well tolerated with minimal adverse event reporting. The diurnal use of DayMed capsules combined with the nocturnal use of MediNait allows cold sufferers to efficiently self-manage their symptom relief throughout the day and night.展开更多
Real-world user satisfaction with a fixed dose combination over-the-counter cold remedy (Vicks Symptomed Complete Cytrynowy hot drink;VSCC) was evaluated in a prospective, non-comparative, observational study involvin...Real-world user satisfaction with a fixed dose combination over-the-counter cold remedy (Vicks Symptomed Complete Cytrynowy hot drink;VSCC) was evaluated in a prospective, non-comparative, observational study involving 176 pharmacies in Poland from February to April 2015. 1391 participants completed a questionnaire in the pharmacy and several paper questionnaires at home following use of the product at their own discretion. Participants returned their completed questionnaires to the pharmacy. 1356 participants were included in the intent-to-treat analysis. Participants highly valued the advice from their pharmacist (97%, P < 0.0001, important vs. not important) and thought the quality of that advice was good (93%, P < 0.0001, good/very good vs. very bad-fair). 96% of participants found VSCC to be effective in some way against their cold symptoms (P < 0.0001, effective vs. not effective) and 68% of them stated that it was better than any other cold therapy they had used before (P < 0.0001, better/best vs. same/worse). Adverse event reporting was very low.展开更多
In this study,we investigated the synergistic effect of a zwitterionic surfactant(cocamidopropyl betaine)and amino acid surfactant(sodium lauroyl sarcosinate)by measurements of surface tension,rheological properties,d...In this study,we investigated the synergistic effect of a zwitterionic surfactant(cocamidopropyl betaine)and amino acid surfactant(sodium lauroyl sarcosinate)by measurements of surface tension,rheological properties,dynamic light scattering(DLS),and transmission electron microscopy(TEM).The results confirm the formation of wormlike micelles in the mixed system,which leads to superior surface activity as compared to that of an individual surfactant.Stable and dynamic viscoelastic measurements were also performed to explore the characteristics of wormlike micelles at different mole fractions,p H values,and temperatures.The results indicate that the strongest wormlike structure formed under the conditions of X_(1)=0.5,pH=4.7,and C T=600 mmol/L.The size and morphology of the mixed micelles were obtained by DLS and TEM.The results of this work offer insight into the interaction between zwitterionic and amino acid surfactants,which will contribute to the design of complex surfactants.展开更多
Dissolution kinetics of sodium carbonate is investigated with the image analysis method at the approach of single particle.The dissolution experiments are carried out in an aqueous solution under a series of controlle...Dissolution kinetics of sodium carbonate is investigated with the image analysis method at the approach of single particle.The dissolution experiments are carried out in an aqueous solution under a series of controlled temperature and p H.The selected sodium carbonate particles are all spherical with the same mass and diameter.The dissolution process is quantified with the measurement of particle diameter from dissolution images.The concentration of dissolved sodium carbonate in solvent is calculated with the measured diameter of particle.Both surface reaction model and mass transport model are implemented to determine the dissolution mechanism and quantify the dissolution rate constant at each experimental condition.According to the fitting results with both two models,it is clarified that the dissolution process at the increasing temperature is controlled by the mass transport of dissolved sodium carbonate travelling from particle surface into solvent.The dissolution process at the increasing pH is controlled by the chemical reaction on particle surface.Furthermore,the dissolution rate constant for each single spherical sodium carbonate particle is quantified and the results show that the dissolution rate constant of single spherical sodium carbonate increases significantly with the rising of temperature,but decreases with the increasing of pH conversely.展开更多
In this study,particle image velocimetry was applied to investigate flow fields of wormlike micelle(WLM) fluids in a mixing tank equipped with a four-blade,down-pumping,pitched blade turbine. First,the rheology of WLM...In this study,particle image velocimetry was applied to investigate flow fields of wormlike micelle(WLM) fluids in a mixing tank equipped with a four-blade,down-pumping,pitched blade turbine. First,the rheology of WLM fluids was investigated,and the Carreau model was utilized to describe their apparent viscosity. Then,the effects of the rotation speeds and rheological properties on the flow fields were studied using different WLM fluids at different rotation speeds. The results revealed that with increasing Reynolds number,the discharge angle decreases and the carven size increases. Furthermore,elastic effects of WLM fluids lead to a more curved flow and a smaller carven.展开更多
Concentrated suspensions of Brownian hard-spheres in water are an epitome for understanding the glassy dynamics of both soft materials and supercooled molecular liquids. From an experimental point of view, such system...Concentrated suspensions of Brownian hard-spheres in water are an epitome for understanding the glassy dynamics of both soft materials and supercooled molecular liquids. From an experimental point of view, such systems are especially suited to perform particle tracking easily, and, therefore, are a benchmark for novel optical techniques, applicable when primary particles cannot be resolved. Differential variance analysis（DVA） is one such novel technique that simplifies significantly the characterization of structural relaxation processes of soft glassy materials, since it is directly applicable to digital image sequences of the sample. DVA succeeds in monitoring not only the average dynamics, but also its spatio-temporal fluctuations, known as dynamic heterogeneities. In this work, we study the dynamics of dense suspensions of Brownian beads in water, imaged through digital video-microscopy, by using both DVA and single-particle tracking. We focus on two commonly used signatures of dynamic heterogeneities: the dynamic susceptibility, χ4, and the non-Gaussian parameter, α2. By direct comparison of these two quantities,we are able to highlight similarities and differences. We do confirm that χ4 and α2 provide qualitatively similar information, but we find quantitative discrepancies in the scalings of characteristic time and length scale on approaching the glass transition.展开更多
This study evaluates the single droplet drying(SDD)of detergents.Experimental data are used to validate a theoretical multistage model.The experiments are carried out in an acoustic levitator analysing six different d...This study evaluates the single droplet drying(SDD)of detergents.Experimental data are used to validate a theoretical multistage model.The experiments are carried out in an acoustic levitator analysing six different detergent formulations at 393 K.The work is completed by developing a model based on conservation equations.The model is composed of the three stages observed in the drying curve.In the first stage,an external surface drying stage occurs until the surface is saturated and the crust is formed.In the next stage,the drying rate is governed by diffusion through the pores.At the same time,the particle heats up until boiling conditions are achieved in the core of the particle.At this point,the third stage begins.In the final stage,the droplet core is in boiling conditions which are governed by the pressure drop through the crust and the concentration of salts.This model has been evaluated for the different formulations being flexible to predict the drying of different mixtures with good accuracy.展开更多
文摘Acute upper respiratory tract infections, i.e. common colds cause multiple symptoms and affect adults on average 2 - 4 times a year and children 6 - 8 times per year. Thousands of non-prescription, over-the-counter products are used by sufferers, aimed at relieving the various both er some symptoms such as cough, nasal congestion, sore throat, etc. This study evaluated real-world effectiveness of Wick MediNait or Wick DayMed medicines alone and together in a combination as a day and night treatment regimen. Adult cold sufferers were recruited in pharmacy by pharmacy staff following self-purchase of either Wick MediNait, Wick DayMed capsules, or the combination of DayMed and MediNait. Participants completed online questionnaires before and after product use (evening of the first day for DayMed and the morning after using MediNait at bedtime). For the primary endpoint “Wick MediNait was effective at relieving my symptoms”, there was a statistically significant difference (p < 0.0001) in the users who Strongly Agreed or Agreed vs. Neither Agreed or Disagreed, Disagreed or Strongly Disagreed. Further, all symptoms evaluated (cough, runny nose, nasal congestion, fever, headache, sore throat, muscle aches and pains, sneezing) were statistically improved after MediNait and DayMed alone and when both were used, and users were satisfied with both treatments. All treatments were well tolerated with minimal adverse event reporting. The diurnal use of DayMed capsules combined with the nocturnal use of MediNait allows cold sufferers to efficiently self-manage their symptom relief throughout the day and night.
文摘Real-world user satisfaction with a fixed dose combination over-the-counter cold remedy (Vicks Symptomed Complete Cytrynowy hot drink;VSCC) was evaluated in a prospective, non-comparative, observational study involving 176 pharmacies in Poland from February to April 2015. 1391 participants completed a questionnaire in the pharmacy and several paper questionnaires at home following use of the product at their own discretion. Participants returned their completed questionnaires to the pharmacy. 1356 participants were included in the intent-to-treat analysis. Participants highly valued the advice from their pharmacist (97%, P < 0.0001, important vs. not important) and thought the quality of that advice was good (93%, P < 0.0001, good/very good vs. very bad-fair). 96% of participants found VSCC to be effective in some way against their cold symptoms (P < 0.0001, effective vs. not effective) and 68% of them stated that it was better than any other cold therapy they had used before (P < 0.0001, better/best vs. same/worse). Adverse event reporting was very low.
文摘In this study,we investigated the synergistic effect of a zwitterionic surfactant(cocamidopropyl betaine)and amino acid surfactant(sodium lauroyl sarcosinate)by measurements of surface tension,rheological properties,dynamic light scattering(DLS),and transmission electron microscopy(TEM).The results confirm the formation of wormlike micelles in the mixed system,which leads to superior surface activity as compared to that of an individual surfactant.Stable and dynamic viscoelastic measurements were also performed to explore the characteristics of wormlike micelles at different mole fractions,p H values,and temperatures.The results indicate that the strongest wormlike structure formed under the conditions of X_(1)=0.5,pH=4.7,and C T=600 mmol/L.The size and morphology of the mixed micelles were obtained by DLS and TEM.The results of this work offer insight into the interaction between zwitterionic and amino acid surfactants,which will contribute to the design of complex surfactants.
基金the Institute of Particle and Science Engineering,University of Leeds and Procter&Gamble Newcastle Innovation Centre(UK)for partially funding the project
文摘Dissolution kinetics of sodium carbonate is investigated with the image analysis method at the approach of single particle.The dissolution experiments are carried out in an aqueous solution under a series of controlled temperature and p H.The selected sodium carbonate particles are all spherical with the same mass and diameter.The dissolution process is quantified with the measurement of particle diameter from dissolution images.The concentration of dissolved sodium carbonate in solvent is calculated with the measured diameter of particle.Both surface reaction model and mass transport model are implemented to determine the dissolution mechanism and quantify the dissolution rate constant at each experimental condition.According to the fitting results with both two models,it is clarified that the dissolution process at the increasing temperature is controlled by the mass transport of dissolved sodium carbonate travelling from particle surface into solvent.The dissolution process at the increasing pH is controlled by the chemical reaction on particle surface.Furthermore,the dissolution rate constant for each single spherical sodium carbonate particle is quantified and the results show that the dissolution rate constant of single spherical sodium carbonate increases significantly with the rising of temperature,but decreases with the increasing of pH conversely.
基金supported by Procter & Gamble Technology (Beijing) Co., Ltd
文摘In this study,particle image velocimetry was applied to investigate flow fields of wormlike micelle(WLM) fluids in a mixing tank equipped with a four-blade,down-pumping,pitched blade turbine. First,the rheology of WLM fluids was investigated,and the Carreau model was utilized to describe their apparent viscosity. Then,the effects of the rotation speeds and rheological properties on the flow fields were studied using different WLM fluids at different rotation speeds. The results revealed that with increasing Reynolds number,the discharge angle decreases and the carven size increases. Furthermore,elastic effects of WLM fluids lead to a more curved flow and a smaller carven.
文摘Concentrated suspensions of Brownian hard-spheres in water are an epitome for understanding the glassy dynamics of both soft materials and supercooled molecular liquids. From an experimental point of view, such systems are especially suited to perform particle tracking easily, and, therefore, are a benchmark for novel optical techniques, applicable when primary particles cannot be resolved. Differential variance analysis（DVA） is one such novel technique that simplifies significantly the characterization of structural relaxation processes of soft glassy materials, since it is directly applicable to digital image sequences of the sample. DVA succeeds in monitoring not only the average dynamics, but also its spatio-temporal fluctuations, known as dynamic heterogeneities. In this work, we study the dynamics of dense suspensions of Brownian beads in water, imaged through digital video-microscopy, by using both DVA and single-particle tracking. We focus on two commonly used signatures of dynamic heterogeneities: the dynamic susceptibility, χ4, and the non-Gaussian parameter, α2. By direct comparison of these two quantities,we are able to highlight similarities and differences. We do confirm that χ4 and α2 provide qualitatively similar information, but we find quantitative discrepancies in the scalings of characteristic time and length scale on approaching the glass transition.
基金Procter&Gamble for financial support and financial support from Universitat Jaume I and Fundacio Caixa Castello-Bancaixa(projects:P11B2006-37 and P11B2009-27).
文摘This study evaluates the single droplet drying(SDD)of detergents.Experimental data are used to validate a theoretical multistage model.The experiments are carried out in an acoustic levitator analysing six different detergent formulations at 393 K.The work is completed by developing a model based on conservation equations.The model is composed of the three stages observed in the drying curve.In the first stage,an external surface drying stage occurs until the surface is saturated and the crust is formed.In the next stage,the drying rate is governed by diffusion through the pores.At the same time,the particle heats up until boiling conditions are achieved in the core of the particle.At this point,the third stage begins.In the final stage,the droplet core is in boiling conditions which are governed by the pressure drop through the crust and the concentration of salts.This model has been evaluated for the different formulations being flexible to predict the drying of different mixtures with good accuracy.
