In the present feeding trial,responses of laying hens that were kept at high ambient temperature and Fed with various dietary ratios of linoleic acid(LNA)toα-linolenic acid(ALA)and vitamin A levels on production perf...In the present feeding trial,responses of laying hens that were kept at high ambient temperature and Fed with various dietary ratios of linoleic acid(LNA)toα-linolenic acid(ALA)and vitamin A levels on production performance and egg quality traits were evaluated.A total of 360 Leghorn laying hens at 40th week of age(average initial body weight;1.79±0.23 kg)were fed with various combinations of canola oil and linseed oil containing diets to achieve LNA to ALA dietary ratios of 20:1,10:1,4:1,2:1,1:1 and 1:2,each supplemented with 3000 or 10000 IU of vitamin A/kg of diet.The experiment was designed as a 6×2 factorial Completely Randomized Design that continued for 12 weeks.Feed intake,body weight gain,egg production and egg quality traits were recorded during the trial.Decreasing dietary LNA to ALA ratio or increasing poly unsaturated fatty acids(PUFA)in the diet decreased(P<0.05)body weight gain and yolk percentage in laying hens.Feed intake,hen-day and hen-housed egg production,feed conversion ratio(FCR)per dozen of eggs and shell quality remained unaffected(P>0.05)by dietary treatments.Feed conversion ratio per kg eggs,egg weight and egg-shell thickness showed a curvilinear(P<0.05)response to decreasing dietary LNA to ALA ratio.Although the dietary ratio of LNA to ALA of 4:1 or less could produce eggs by the hens with desirable quantities of n-6 and n-3 PUFA–that are characteristics of functional diets–the performance of laying hens in terms of body weight gain and egg-yolk percentage was slightly compromised.Therefore,a 4:1 or 2:1 LNA to ALA combination can make a borderline between the production traits and the feed economics.展开更多
以单管Boost型PFC电路作为研究对象,分别针对电流断续、电流临界连续和电流连续3种工作模态,详细讨论了数字控制PFC的实现方法和设计过程,并分别给出了样机实验结果;此外,结合M C 56F 8013的外设资源特点,给出了基于DSP的PFC详细的系统...以单管Boost型PFC电路作为研究对象,分别针对电流断续、电流临界连续和电流连续3种工作模态,详细讨论了数字控制PFC的实现方法和设计过程,并分别给出了样机实验结果;此外,结合M C 56F 8013的外设资源特点,给出了基于DSP的PFC详细的系统接口设计,包括PWM控制策略和同步控制AD采样环节。对PFC的数字控制方案进行了系统研究,提供了不同工作模式下的完整数字控制解决方案,为功率因数的数字控制技术应用提供了较好的参考作用。展开更多
Objective:To evaluate the antioxidant potential of different extract/fractions of Anthocephalus cadamba(A.cadamba)(Roxb.) Miq.(Rubiaceae) and study the tentative identification of their active constituents.Metho...Objective:To evaluate the antioxidant potential of different extract/fractions of Anthocephalus cadamba(A.cadamba)(Roxb.) Miq.(Rubiaceae) and study the tentative identification of their active constituents.Methods:The extract/fractions were screened for antioxidant activity using various in vitro assays viz.DPPH assay,ABTS assay,superoxide anion radical scavenging assay, reducing power assay and plasmid DNA nicking assay.Total phenolic content of extract/fractions was determined by colorimetric method.An ultra-performance LC-electrospray-quadrupoletime of flight mass spectrometry method was used to analyse the active constituents of extract/ fractions of A.cadamba.Results:The ethyl acetate fraction was found to be most active fraction in all the assays as compared to other extract/fractions.The IC<sub>50</sub> value of ethyl acetate fraction (ETAC fraction) was 21.24μg/mL,1.12μg/mL,9.68μg/mL and S7.81μg/mL in DPPH assay, ABTS assay,reducing power assay and superoxide scavenging assay respectively.All the extract/ fractions also showed the potential to protect the plasmid DNA(pBR322) against the attack of hydroxyl radicals generated by Fenton’s reagent.The bioactive compounds were identified by UPLC-ESI-QTOF-MS,by comparing the mass andλ<sub>max</sub> with literature values.Conclusions:The potential of the extract/fractions to scavenge different free radicals in different systems indicated that they may be useful therapeutic agents for treating radical-related pathologic damage.展开更多
Platforms I and II are steel structures located in offshore areas southeast of the Zhujiang (Pearl) River Delta, the northern South China Sea,. in about 110 in water depth. The jackets, with aluminum sacrificial anode...Platforms I and II are steel structures located in offshore areas southeast of the Zhujiang (Pearl) River Delta, the northern South China Sea,. in about 110 in water depth. The jackets, with aluminum sacrificial anodes for cathodic protection (CP) of the immersed zone, were launched in March 1995. In May 096 a CP survey showed that, after almost one year of service, a low polarization level had been achieved and some extended unprotected zones existed; mainly in the deepest part of the Platform II. Further to this, a joint activity was decided in order to assess the need of a possible retrofitting of the CP systems. The results of the activity carried out are dealt with, including technical and economical comparisons amongst several retrofitting options, both with sacrificial anodes and with impressed current systems. The adopted solution is illustrated and data are reported on the level of protection presently achieved.展开更多
Background: Bovine milk contains not only a variety of nutritional ingredients but also microRNAs (miRNAs) that are thought to be secreted by the bovine mammary epithelial cells (BMECs). The objective of this stu...Background: Bovine milk contains not only a variety of nutritional ingredients but also microRNAs (miRNAs) that are thought to be secreted by the bovine mammary epithelial cells (BMECs). The objective of this study was to elucidate the production of milk-related miRNAs in BMECs under the influence of lactogenic hormones. Results: According to a microarray result of milk exosomal miRNAs prior to cellular analyses, a total of 257 miRNAs were detected in a Holstein cow milk. Of these, 18 major miRNAs of interest in the milk were selected for an expression analysis in BMEC culture that was treated with or without dexamethasone, insulin, and prolactin (DIP) to induce a lactogenic differentiation. Quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) results showed that the expressions of miR-21-Sp (P = 0.005), miR-26a (P = 0.016), and miR-320a (P = 0.011) were lower in the DIP-treated cells than in the untreated cells. In contrast, the expression of miR-339a (P-- 0.017) in the cell culture medium were lower in the DiP-treated culture than in the untreated culture. Intriguingly, the miR-148a expression in cell culture medium was elevated by DIP treatment of BMEC culture (P = 0.018). The medium-to-cell expression ratios of miR- 103 (P = 0.025), miR-148a (P 〈 0.001), and miR-223 (P = 0.013) were elevated in the DIP-treated BMECs, suggesting that the lactogenic differentiation-induced secretion of these three miRNAs in BMECs. A bioinformatic analysis showed that the miRNAs down-regulated in the BMECs were associated with the suppression of genes related to transcriptional regulation, protein phosphorylation, and tube development. Conclusion: The results suggest that the miRNAs changed by lactogenic hormones are associated with milk protein synthesis, and mammary gland development and maturation. The elevated miR-148a level in DIP-treated BMECs may be associated with its increase in milk during the lactation period of cows.展开更多
Although climate change impacts and agricultural adaptations have been studied extensively, how smallholder farmers perceive climate change and adapt their agricultural activities is poorly understood. Survey-based da...Although climate change impacts and agricultural adaptations have been studied extensively, how smallholder farmers perceive climate change and adapt their agricultural activities is poorly understood. Survey-based data (presents farmers' personal perceptions and adaptations to climate change) associated with external biophysical-socioeconomic data (presents real-world climate change) were used to develop a farmer-centered framework to explore climate change impacts and agricultural adaptations at a local level. A case study at Bin County (1980s-2010s), Northeast China, suggested that increased annual average temperature (0.6&#176;C per decade) and decreased annual precipitation (46 mm per decade, both from meteorological datasets) were correctly perceived by 76 and 66.9%, respectively, of farmers from the survey, and that a longer growing season was conifrmed by 70%of them. These reasonably correct perceptions enabled local farmers to make appropriate adaptations to cope with climate change:Longer season alternative varieties were found for maize and rice, which led to a signiifcant yield increase for both crops. The longer season also affected crop choice:More farmers selected maize instead of soybean, as implicated from survey results by a large increase in the maize growing area. Comparing warming-related factors, we found that precipitation and agricultural disasters were the least likely causes for farmers' agricultural decisions. As a result, crop and variety selection, rather than disaster prevention and infrastructure improvement, was the most common ways for farmers to adapt to the notable warming trend in the study region.展开更多
This study deals with the analysis of dynamic mechanical,thermal and flammability properties of treated and untreated pineapple leaf fiber(PALF)and kenaf fiber(KF)phenolic composites.Results indicated that storage mod...This study deals with the analysis of dynamic mechanical,thermal and flammability properties of treated and untreated pineapple leaf fiber(PALF)and kenaf fiber(KF)phenolic composites.Results indicated that storage modulus was decreased for all composites with increases in temperature and pattern of slopes for all composites,having almost the same values of E′at glass transition temperature(Tg).The peak of the loss modulus of pure phenolic composites was shown to be much less.After the addition of kenaf/PALF,peaks were higher and shifted towards a high temperature.The Tan delta peak height was low for pure phenolic composites and maximum for 60%PALF phenolic composites.Cole-Cole analysis was carried out to understand the phase behavior of the composite samples.Thermogravimetric analysis(TGA)results indicated that pure phenolic composites have better thermal stability than PALF and kenaf phenolic composites.Vertical and horizontal UL-94 tests were conducted and showed pure phenolic resin is highly fire resistant.The overall results showed that treated KF composites enhanced the dynamic mechanical and thermal properties among all PALF/KF composites.展开更多
The CD4 binding site(CD4bs) of envelope glycoprotein(Env) is an important conserved target for anti-human immunodeficiency virus type 1(HIV-1) neutralizing antibodies. Neutralizing monoclonal antibodies IgG1 b12(b12) ...The CD4 binding site(CD4bs) of envelope glycoprotein(Env) is an important conserved target for anti-human immunodeficiency virus type 1(HIV-1) neutralizing antibodies. Neutralizing monoclonal antibodies IgG1 b12(b12) could recognize conformational epitopes that overlap the CD4 bs of Env. Different virus strains, even derived from the same individual, showed distinct neutralization susceptibility to b12. We examined the key amino acid residues affecting b12 neutralization susceptibility using single genome amplification and pseudovirus neutralization assay. Eleven amino acid residues were identified that affect the sensitivity of Env to b12. Through site-directed mutagenesis, an amino acid substitution at position 182 in the V2 region of Env was confirmed to play a key role in regulating the b12 neutralization susceptibility. The introduction of V182 L to a resistant strain enhanced its sensitivity to b12 more than twofold. Correspondingly, the introduction of L182 V to a sensitive strain reduced its sensitivity to b12 more than tenfold. Amino acid substitution at positions 267 and 346 could both enhance the sensitivity to b12 more than twofold. However, no additive effect was observed when the three site mutageneses were introduced into the same strain, and the sensitivity was equivalent to the single V182 L mutation. CRF07_BC is a major circulating recombinant form of HIV-1 prevalent in China. Our data may provide important information for understanding the molecular mechanism regulating the neutralization susceptibility of CRF07_BC viruses to b12 and may be helpful for a vaccine design targeting the CD4 bs epitopes.展开更多
Two fast-growing Indian species, Melia composita Benth. and Eucalyptus tereticornis Sm., which have different sets of physical properties, were dried together in a vacuum press dryer(VPD) under two drying conditions,i...Two fast-growing Indian species, Melia composita Benth. and Eucalyptus tereticornis Sm., which have different sets of physical properties, were dried together in a vacuum press dryer(VPD) under two drying conditions,i.e., above boiling point(ABP) and below boiling point(BBP). The ABP and BBP conditions were maintained by keeping the temperature constant at 75 ℃ and maintaining two pressure levels: 300 mm of Hg(ABP) and 450 mm of Hg(BBP). In order to understand pressure conditions at the core during vacuum drying, a cylindrical brass pipe was inserted in both wood cores and attached with pressure gauges placed outside of the VPD. The results indicate that the Melia wood core attained equilibrium pressure immediately with the pressure of VPD, while Eucalyptus attained it very slowly, reaching equilibrium at later stages of drying when cracks and checks advanced to the core.The drying rate was higher for Melia than Eucalyptus under both drying conditions. The drying rate of Melia(ABP) was higher than Melia(BBP), however, the drying rate for Eucalyptus(ABP) was not significantly different from the BBP drying rate.展开更多
This study aimed at improving the antioxidant capacity of fermented camel milk using some single strains of </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><i></span><i><span style...This study aimed at improving the antioxidant capacity of fermented camel milk using some single strains of </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><i></span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Lactobacillus</span></i><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;"></i></span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> (</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><i></span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Lb. helveticus</span></i><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;"></i></span></i><i><span style="font-family:""> </span></i><span style="font-family:""><span style="font-family:Verdana;">B-734</span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">, </span></i></span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><i></span></i><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Lb. casei</span></i><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;"></i></span></i><i><span style="font-family:""> </span></i><span style="font-family:""><span style="font-family:Verdana;">subsp.</span><i> </i></span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><i></span></i><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">casei</span></i><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;"></i></span></i><i><span style="font-family:""> </span></i><span style="font-family:""><span style="font-family:Verdana;">B-1922,</span><i> </i></span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><i></span></i><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Lb. paracasei</span></i><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;"></i></span></i><i><span style="font-family:""> </span></i><span style="font-family:""><span style="font-family:Verdana;">subsp.</span><i> </i></span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><i></span></i><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">paracasei</span></i><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;"></i></span></i><i><span style="font-family:""> </span></i><span style="font-family:""><span style="font-family:Verdana;">B-4560,</span><i> </i></span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><i></span></i><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Lb. rhamnosus</span></i><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;"></i></span></i><i><span style="font-family:""> </span></i><span style="font-family:""><span style="font-family:Verdana;">B-1445</span><i> </i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">or </span></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><i></span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Lb. rhamnosus</span></i><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;"></i></span></i><i><span style="font-family:""> </span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">B-442), as well as evaluating the acceptability of the final products. The acidity, proteolysis degree, antioxidant activity, viscosity and organoleptic properties of fermented milk were assessed during 14 days of storage at 4</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">°</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">C. Total phenolic content (TPC), DPPH radical scavenging activity, Ferrous ion chelating ability (FCA) and Ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) assays were used to determine the antioxidant activity of fermented milks. The results indicated that fermented milks differed significantly (P < 0.05) in all studied parameters due to the type of starter culture used. During storage period, samples containing </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><i></span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Lb. helveticus</span></i><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;"></i></span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> had the highest proteolysis degree, while samples with commercial starter culture (control) showed the lowest degree of proteolysis. Fermented milks containing </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><i></span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Lactobacillus</span></i><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;"></i></span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> strains showed higher DPPH radical scavenging activity compared to those samples containing commercial starter culture. By the end of storage, there was a significant improvement (P < 0.05) in scavenging activity for all fermented milk samples. Regarding FCA, at the beginning of storage fermented milks containing </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><i></span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Lb. paracasei</span></i><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;"></i></span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">, </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><i></span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Lb. rhamnosus</span></i><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;"></i></span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> B-442 or commercial starter culture had the highest FCA values, while </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><i></span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Lb. rhamnosus</span></i><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;"></i></span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> B-1445 samples recorded the highest value at the end of storage. </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><i></span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Lb. helveticus</span></i><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;"></i></span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> samples had the highest TPC and FRAP values (P < 0.05) throughout the storage. There was a high significant correlation (P</span><span> </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><</span><span> </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">0.0001) between the proteolysis degree and the values of FRAP and TPC. Samples containing </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><i></span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Lb. rhamnosus</span></i><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;"></i></span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> B-442, </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><i></span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Lb. rhamnosus</span></i><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;"></i></span></i><i><span style="font-family:""> </span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">B-1445 or commercial starter culture received the highest taste and overall acceptability scores while </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><i></span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Lb. helveticus</span></i><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;"></i></span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> samples were the lowest. It is recommended to use </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><i></span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Lb. rhamnosus</span></i><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;"></i></span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> B-442 and </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><i></span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Lb. rhamnosus</span></i><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;"></i></span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> B-1445 for producing fermented camel milk with high antioxidant activity and acceptability.展开更多
Rhenium-188 is prospectively effective for both diagnosis and radiotherapy as it appropriately emits gamma rays and beta particles.Lacosamide(LCM)is a newly approved antiepileptic medication for focal drug-resistant e...Rhenium-188 is prospectively effective for both diagnosis and radiotherapy as it appropriately emits gamma rays and beta particles.Lacosamide(LCM)is a newly approved antiepileptic medication for focal drug-resistant epilepsy.Rhenium-188 was separated with high elution yield and high purity using the new 188W/188Re generator based on the ZrSiW gel matrix.188Re-LCM was prepared with high radiochemical yield and high purity.Biodistribution of 188Re-LCM in normal Swiss albino mice was investigated to determine its utility as a potential brain therapy agent.The 188W/188Re generator was used to obtain 188Re based on the ZrSi188W gel matrix,and the chemical,radiochemical,and radionuclidic purity of the obtained 188Re was determined using inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry(ICP-AES),a paper chromatography technique,and high-purity germanium(HPGe)detection,respectively,to assess its validity for LCM labeling.Various factors,such as the pH,reaction time,and LCM quantity,were therefore studied in order to improve the yield and purity of 188Re-LCM,as determined by various chromatographic techniques such as electrophoresis,thin layer chromatography(TLC),and highpressure liquid chromatography(HPLC).188Re was obtained with a high elution yield(75±3%)and a low 188W breakthrough(0.001±0.0001%).The maximum radiochemical yield of 188Re-LCM(87.5±1.8%)was obtained using 50 ll LCM(4 mM),250 ll stannous chloride(4.4 mM)at pH 4,100 ll 188Re(37 MBq),within 30 min,at room temperature(25±3C),as determined by TLC,electrophoresis,and HPLC techniques.Biodistribution analysis showed that 188Re-LCM was primarily localized in the brain(5.1%)with a long residence time(240 min).展开更多
文摘In the present feeding trial,responses of laying hens that were kept at high ambient temperature and Fed with various dietary ratios of linoleic acid(LNA)toα-linolenic acid(ALA)and vitamin A levels on production performance and egg quality traits were evaluated.A total of 360 Leghorn laying hens at 40th week of age(average initial body weight;1.79±0.23 kg)were fed with various combinations of canola oil and linseed oil containing diets to achieve LNA to ALA dietary ratios of 20:1,10:1,4:1,2:1,1:1 and 1:2,each supplemented with 3000 or 10000 IU of vitamin A/kg of diet.The experiment was designed as a 6×2 factorial Completely Randomized Design that continued for 12 weeks.Feed intake,body weight gain,egg production and egg quality traits were recorded during the trial.Decreasing dietary LNA to ALA ratio or increasing poly unsaturated fatty acids(PUFA)in the diet decreased(P<0.05)body weight gain and yolk percentage in laying hens.Feed intake,hen-day and hen-housed egg production,feed conversion ratio(FCR)per dozen of eggs and shell quality remained unaffected(P>0.05)by dietary treatments.Feed conversion ratio per kg eggs,egg weight and egg-shell thickness showed a curvilinear(P<0.05)response to decreasing dietary LNA to ALA ratio.Although the dietary ratio of LNA to ALA of 4:1 or less could produce eggs by the hens with desirable quantities of n-6 and n-3 PUFA–that are characteristics of functional diets–the performance of laying hens in terms of body weight gain and egg-yolk percentage was slightly compromised.Therefore,a 4:1 or 2:1 LNA to ALA combination can make a borderline between the production traits and the feed economics.
文摘以单管Boost型PFC电路作为研究对象,分别针对电流断续、电流临界连续和电流连续3种工作模态,详细讨论了数字控制PFC的实现方法和设计过程,并分别给出了样机实验结果;此外,结合M C 56F 8013的外设资源特点,给出了基于DSP的PFC详细的系统接口设计,包括PWM控制策略和同步控制AD采样环节。对PFC的数字控制方案进行了系统研究,提供了不同工作模式下的完整数字控制解决方案,为功率因数的数字控制技术应用提供了较好的参考作用。
基金UGC(DRS-SAP),New Delhi for providing financial assistance
文摘Objective:To evaluate the antioxidant potential of different extract/fractions of Anthocephalus cadamba(A.cadamba)(Roxb.) Miq.(Rubiaceae) and study the tentative identification of their active constituents.Methods:The extract/fractions were screened for antioxidant activity using various in vitro assays viz.DPPH assay,ABTS assay,superoxide anion radical scavenging assay, reducing power assay and plasmid DNA nicking assay.Total phenolic content of extract/fractions was determined by colorimetric method.An ultra-performance LC-electrospray-quadrupoletime of flight mass spectrometry method was used to analyse the active constituents of extract/ fractions of A.cadamba.Results:The ethyl acetate fraction was found to be most active fraction in all the assays as compared to other extract/fractions.The IC<sub>50</sub> value of ethyl acetate fraction (ETAC fraction) was 21.24μg/mL,1.12μg/mL,9.68μg/mL and S7.81μg/mL in DPPH assay, ABTS assay,reducing power assay and superoxide scavenging assay respectively.All the extract/ fractions also showed the potential to protect the plasmid DNA(pBR322) against the attack of hydroxyl radicals generated by Fenton’s reagent.The bioactive compounds were identified by UPLC-ESI-QTOF-MS,by comparing the mass andλ<sub>max</sub> with literature values.Conclusions:The potential of the extract/fractions to scavenge different free radicals in different systems indicated that they may be useful therapeutic agents for treating radical-related pathologic damage.
文摘Platforms I and II are steel structures located in offshore areas southeast of the Zhujiang (Pearl) River Delta, the northern South China Sea,. in about 110 in water depth. The jackets, with aluminum sacrificial anodes for cathodic protection (CP) of the immersed zone, were launched in March 1995. In May 096 a CP survey showed that, after almost one year of service, a low polarization level had been achieved and some extended unprotected zones existed; mainly in the deepest part of the Platform II. Further to this, a joint activity was decided in order to assess the need of a possible retrofitting of the CP systems. The results of the activity carried out are dealt with, including technical and economical comparisons amongst several retrofitting options, both with sacrificial anodes and with impressed current systems. The adopted solution is illustrated and data are reported on the level of protection presently achieved.
基金supported by the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (JSPS KAKENHI 25660220) to S.M.
文摘Background: Bovine milk contains not only a variety of nutritional ingredients but also microRNAs (miRNAs) that are thought to be secreted by the bovine mammary epithelial cells (BMECs). The objective of this study was to elucidate the production of milk-related miRNAs in BMECs under the influence of lactogenic hormones. Results: According to a microarray result of milk exosomal miRNAs prior to cellular analyses, a total of 257 miRNAs were detected in a Holstein cow milk. Of these, 18 major miRNAs of interest in the milk were selected for an expression analysis in BMEC culture that was treated with or without dexamethasone, insulin, and prolactin (DIP) to induce a lactogenic differentiation. Quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) results showed that the expressions of miR-21-Sp (P = 0.005), miR-26a (P = 0.016), and miR-320a (P = 0.011) were lower in the DIP-treated cells than in the untreated cells. In contrast, the expression of miR-339a (P-- 0.017) in the cell culture medium were lower in the DiP-treated culture than in the untreated culture. Intriguingly, the miR-148a expression in cell culture medium was elevated by DIP treatment of BMEC culture (P = 0.018). The medium-to-cell expression ratios of miR- 103 (P = 0.025), miR-148a (P 〈 0.001), and miR-223 (P = 0.013) were elevated in the DIP-treated BMECs, suggesting that the lactogenic differentiation-induced secretion of these three miRNAs in BMECs. A bioinformatic analysis showed that the miRNAs down-regulated in the BMECs were associated with the suppression of genes related to transcriptional regulation, protein phosphorylation, and tube development. Conclusion: The results suggest that the miRNAs changed by lactogenic hormones are associated with milk protein synthesis, and mammary gland development and maturation. The elevated miR-148a level in DIP-treated BMECs may be associated with its increase in milk during the lactation period of cows.
基金financed by the National Basic Research Program of China(2010CB951504)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(41271112 and 40930101)the National Nonprofit Institute Research Grant of CAAS(IARRP-2014-16)
文摘Although climate change impacts and agricultural adaptations have been studied extensively, how smallholder farmers perceive climate change and adapt their agricultural activities is poorly understood. Survey-based data (presents farmers' personal perceptions and adaptations to climate change) associated with external biophysical-socioeconomic data (presents real-world climate change) were used to develop a farmer-centered framework to explore climate change impacts and agricultural adaptations at a local level. A case study at Bin County (1980s-2010s), Northeast China, suggested that increased annual average temperature (0.6&#176;C per decade) and decreased annual precipitation (46 mm per decade, both from meteorological datasets) were correctly perceived by 76 and 66.9%, respectively, of farmers from the survey, and that a longer growing season was conifrmed by 70%of them. These reasonably correct perceptions enabled local farmers to make appropriate adaptations to cope with climate change:Longer season alternative varieties were found for maize and rice, which led to a signiifcant yield increase for both crops. The longer season also affected crop choice:More farmers selected maize instead of soybean, as implicated from survey results by a large increase in the maize growing area. Comparing warming-related factors, we found that precipitation and agricultural disasters were the least likely causes for farmers' agricultural decisions. As a result, crop and variety selection, rather than disaster prevention and infrastructure improvement, was the most common ways for farmers to adapt to the notable warming trend in the study region.
文摘This study deals with the analysis of dynamic mechanical,thermal and flammability properties of treated and untreated pineapple leaf fiber(PALF)and kenaf fiber(KF)phenolic composites.Results indicated that storage modulus was decreased for all composites with increases in temperature and pattern of slopes for all composites,having almost the same values of E′at glass transition temperature(Tg).The peak of the loss modulus of pure phenolic composites was shown to be much less.After the addition of kenaf/PALF,peaks were higher and shifted towards a high temperature.The Tan delta peak height was low for pure phenolic composites and maximum for 60%PALF phenolic composites.Cole-Cole analysis was carried out to understand the phase behavior of the composite samples.Thermogravimetric analysis(TGA)results indicated that pure phenolic composites have better thermal stability than PALF and kenaf phenolic composites.Vertical and horizontal UL-94 tests were conducted and showed pure phenolic resin is highly fire resistant.The overall results showed that treated KF composites enhanced the dynamic mechanical and thermal properties among all PALF/KF composites.
基金supported by grants from National Science and Technology Major Project(2012ZX10004701)
文摘The CD4 binding site(CD4bs) of envelope glycoprotein(Env) is an important conserved target for anti-human immunodeficiency virus type 1(HIV-1) neutralizing antibodies. Neutralizing monoclonal antibodies IgG1 b12(b12) could recognize conformational epitopes that overlap the CD4 bs of Env. Different virus strains, even derived from the same individual, showed distinct neutralization susceptibility to b12. We examined the key amino acid residues affecting b12 neutralization susceptibility using single genome amplification and pseudovirus neutralization assay. Eleven amino acid residues were identified that affect the sensitivity of Env to b12. Through site-directed mutagenesis, an amino acid substitution at position 182 in the V2 region of Env was confirmed to play a key role in regulating the b12 neutralization susceptibility. The introduction of V182 L to a resistant strain enhanced its sensitivity to b12 more than twofold. Correspondingly, the introduction of L182 V to a sensitive strain reduced its sensitivity to b12 more than tenfold. Amino acid substitution at positions 267 and 346 could both enhance the sensitivity to b12 more than twofold. However, no additive effect was observed when the three site mutageneses were introduced into the same strain, and the sensitivity was equivalent to the single V182 L mutation. CRF07_BC is a major circulating recombinant form of HIV-1 prevalent in China. Our data may provide important information for understanding the molecular mechanism regulating the neutralization susceptibility of CRF07_BC viruses to b12 and may be helpful for a vaccine design targeting the CD4 bs epitopes.
基金part of M.Sc.dissertation under financial support from ‘‘Forest Research Institute(Deemed)University,Dehradun(India)’’
文摘Two fast-growing Indian species, Melia composita Benth. and Eucalyptus tereticornis Sm., which have different sets of physical properties, were dried together in a vacuum press dryer(VPD) under two drying conditions,i.e., above boiling point(ABP) and below boiling point(BBP). The ABP and BBP conditions were maintained by keeping the temperature constant at 75 ℃ and maintaining two pressure levels: 300 mm of Hg(ABP) and 450 mm of Hg(BBP). In order to understand pressure conditions at the core during vacuum drying, a cylindrical brass pipe was inserted in both wood cores and attached with pressure gauges placed outside of the VPD. The results indicate that the Melia wood core attained equilibrium pressure immediately with the pressure of VPD, while Eucalyptus attained it very slowly, reaching equilibrium at later stages of drying when cracks and checks advanced to the core.The drying rate was higher for Melia than Eucalyptus under both drying conditions. The drying rate of Melia(ABP) was higher than Melia(BBP), however, the drying rate for Eucalyptus(ABP) was not significantly different from the BBP drying rate.
文摘This study aimed at improving the antioxidant capacity of fermented camel milk using some single strains of </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><i></span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Lactobacillus</span></i><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;"></i></span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> (</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><i></span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Lb. helveticus</span></i><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;"></i></span></i><i><span style="font-family:""> </span></i><span style="font-family:""><span style="font-family:Verdana;">B-734</span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">, </span></i></span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><i></span></i><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Lb. casei</span></i><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;"></i></span></i><i><span style="font-family:""> </span></i><span style="font-family:""><span style="font-family:Verdana;">subsp.</span><i> </i></span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><i></span></i><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">casei</span></i><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;"></i></span></i><i><span style="font-family:""> </span></i><span style="font-family:""><span style="font-family:Verdana;">B-1922,</span><i> </i></span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><i></span></i><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Lb. paracasei</span></i><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;"></i></span></i><i><span style="font-family:""> </span></i><span style="font-family:""><span style="font-family:Verdana;">subsp.</span><i> </i></span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><i></span></i><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">paracasei</span></i><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;"></i></span></i><i><span style="font-family:""> </span></i><span style="font-family:""><span style="font-family:Verdana;">B-4560,</span><i> </i></span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><i></span></i><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Lb. rhamnosus</span></i><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;"></i></span></i><i><span style="font-family:""> </span></i><span style="font-family:""><span style="font-family:Verdana;">B-1445</span><i> </i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">or </span></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><i></span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Lb. rhamnosus</span></i><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;"></i></span></i><i><span style="font-family:""> </span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">B-442), as well as evaluating the acceptability of the final products. The acidity, proteolysis degree, antioxidant activity, viscosity and organoleptic properties of fermented milk were assessed during 14 days of storage at 4</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">°</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">C. Total phenolic content (TPC), DPPH radical scavenging activity, Ferrous ion chelating ability (FCA) and Ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) assays were used to determine the antioxidant activity of fermented milks. The results indicated that fermented milks differed significantly (P < 0.05) in all studied parameters due to the type of starter culture used. During storage period, samples containing </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><i></span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Lb. helveticus</span></i><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;"></i></span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> had the highest proteolysis degree, while samples with commercial starter culture (control) showed the lowest degree of proteolysis. Fermented milks containing </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><i></span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Lactobacillus</span></i><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;"></i></span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> strains showed higher DPPH radical scavenging activity compared to those samples containing commercial starter culture. By the end of storage, there was a significant improvement (P < 0.05) in scavenging activity for all fermented milk samples. Regarding FCA, at the beginning of storage fermented milks containing </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><i></span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Lb. paracasei</span></i><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;"></i></span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">, </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><i></span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Lb. rhamnosus</span></i><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;"></i></span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> B-442 or commercial starter culture had the highest FCA values, while </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><i></span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Lb. rhamnosus</span></i><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;"></i></span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> B-1445 samples recorded the highest value at the end of storage. </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><i></span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Lb. helveticus</span></i><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;"></i></span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> samples had the highest TPC and FRAP values (P < 0.05) throughout the storage. There was a high significant correlation (P</span><span> </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><</span><span> </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">0.0001) between the proteolysis degree and the values of FRAP and TPC. Samples containing </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><i></span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Lb. rhamnosus</span></i><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;"></i></span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> B-442, </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><i></span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Lb. rhamnosus</span></i><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;"></i></span></i><i><span style="font-family:""> </span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">B-1445 or commercial starter culture received the highest taste and overall acceptability scores while </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><i></span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Lb. helveticus</span></i><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;"></i></span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> samples were the lowest. It is recommended to use </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><i></span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Lb. rhamnosus</span></i><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;"></i></span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> B-442 and </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><i></span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Lb. rhamnosus</span></i><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;"></i></span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> B-1445 for producing fermented camel milk with high antioxidant activity and acceptability.
文摘Rhenium-188 is prospectively effective for both diagnosis and radiotherapy as it appropriately emits gamma rays and beta particles.Lacosamide(LCM)is a newly approved antiepileptic medication for focal drug-resistant epilepsy.Rhenium-188 was separated with high elution yield and high purity using the new 188W/188Re generator based on the ZrSiW gel matrix.188Re-LCM was prepared with high radiochemical yield and high purity.Biodistribution of 188Re-LCM in normal Swiss albino mice was investigated to determine its utility as a potential brain therapy agent.The 188W/188Re generator was used to obtain 188Re based on the ZrSi188W gel matrix,and the chemical,radiochemical,and radionuclidic purity of the obtained 188Re was determined using inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry(ICP-AES),a paper chromatography technique,and high-purity germanium(HPGe)detection,respectively,to assess its validity for LCM labeling.Various factors,such as the pH,reaction time,and LCM quantity,were therefore studied in order to improve the yield and purity of 188Re-LCM,as determined by various chromatographic techniques such as electrophoresis,thin layer chromatography(TLC),and highpressure liquid chromatography(HPLC).188Re was obtained with a high elution yield(75±3%)and a low 188W breakthrough(0.001±0.0001%).The maximum radiochemical yield of 188Re-LCM(87.5±1.8%)was obtained using 50 ll LCM(4 mM),250 ll stannous chloride(4.4 mM)at pH 4,100 ll 188Re(37 MBq),within 30 min,at room temperature(25±3C),as determined by TLC,electrophoresis,and HPLC techniques.Biodistribution analysis showed that 188Re-LCM was primarily localized in the brain(5.1%)with a long residence time(240 min).