ACC/AHA Guidelines for Cardiovascular Disease Prevention and Cholesterol Management:Implications of New Therapeutic Agents^a

In 2014 the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association issued four new guidelines for cardiovascular disease prevention that focused on cardiovascular risk assessment,lifestyle management,obesity management,and blood cholesterol management.The development of an atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease risk calculator formed the basis of the risk assessment guideline,and the lifestyle management guideline focused on recommending an evidence-based dietary pattern.The blood cholesterol management guideline specifi cally identifi ed four groups of patients shown to benefi t from moderate-intensity or high-intensity statin therapy from previous clinical trials and abandoned the use of specifi c low-density lipoprotein(LDL)cholesterol(LDL-C)goal levels on the basis of the lack of clinical trial evidence.The recommendations for treatment with moderate-intensity or high-intensity statin therapy are based on rigorous evidence from randomized clinical trials.Guidance has since been provided for the use of nonstatin therapies,including cholesterol absorption inhibitor and proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 monoclonal antibody therapy when adequate reduction of LDL-C levels is not achieved with maximally tolerated statin therapy.The recent development and application of these therapies have resulted in remarkable reductions in LDL-C levels that are well tolerated,and preliminary outcome data are promising in showing substantial atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease event reductions beyond statin therapy.

China-Africa Development Cooperation and Reshaping of Modern Human Civilization

The modernization process starting from the West,a result of long-term accumulation and development of human civilization in the past several thousand years,is one stage in and integral part of the entire modernization evolvement of mankind.No matter how important this stage and part is,it does not and

U. S. -Iraq War and China's National Security

Discussions about the U. S-Iraq war would last for years, but the war will surely produce long-term influences on international strategic structure and China’s security environment. The feature and influence of the war are determined by the America’ purposes in launching the war, which, in the common.

A Harmonious World and China's New Diplomacy

The concept of"a harmonious world,"a phrase used by the incumbent leadership of China to encapsulate China's diplomatic goals, has become a new guideline for China's diplomatic activities. By applying this concept, Chinese diplomacy has taken a new turn, pushing China into a new and powerful role in world affairs. China's diplomatic effort, however, still faces numerous problems, challenges and risks, requiring the Chinese leadership to refine the concept of"harmonious world"through creative thinking and application.

Changes in Russia's International Vision and Foreign Policy

The rise of Russia has marked a noticeable change on the international scene.Russia’s international strategic vision has also undergone a significant change.Its conclusion is that the impact of the United States is declining,the West is losing leadership in globalization, and a multi-center international order is emerging.The Russia-Georgian conflict is an important test for Russia’s new international strategic view. However,its increased strength and its strong sense of great power do not allow Russia to improve its international environment and the Russia-Georgian conflict and the financial crisis are forcing it to confront its deteriorating surroundings and international environment.On the one hand,therefore,Russia is hastening to adjust its foreign policy.It is firmly declaring its determination to defend national interests,is making efforts to maintain its status and influence in the former Soviet Union regions,and is strengthening cooperation with the emerging major powers.On the other hand,Russia wants to use the opportunity of Obama taking office to establish an equal strategic partnership with the United States based on common interests,and to continue to strengthen the interdependence of Russia and Europe,and to build a unified space.Russia’s foreign strategy and policy will also be affected in the future by such factors as national strength,national identity,means of rising,and domestic policies.

Potential Significance of Glioma Stem Cells in Angiogenesis and Immuno-pharmacological Therapeutics:Hypothesis and Evidences

Recent studies on cancer stem cells (CSCs), a special subpopulation of tumor cells, promote our understanding of tumorigenesis, angiogenesis, invasion, drug resistance and recurrence, which establishes new concepts

International Natural Gas Market and Prospects for Sino-Russian Cooperation

During the visit by Russian President Dmitri Medvedev to China in September 2010, the China National Petroleum Corporation (CNPC) and Gazprom signed a 'Protocol on Basic Conditions of Natural

Globalization and the Reform of the International Financial and Monetary Systems

The outbreak of the global financial crisis has called into question U.S.-style "financial capitalism." Protectionism,currency multilateralism,decentralization of financial decision-making power and the nationalism of resources are gaining ground.The emerging economies are on the rise.The world power order is becoming multi-polar.Relations between countries are growing more diverse.The global governance model is undergoing fundamental changes.Global governance mechanisms,which are more representative and reflective of the diverse interests(such as the G20 and the UN climate change conference),along with a reform of the international monetary system,will also help shape the future world order.

China-EU Strategic Partnership and the Transformation of Global Governance

At this year＇s Shangri-La Dialogue held in Singapore, Federica Mogherini, the newly-appointed High Representative of the European Union for Foreign Affairs and Security Policy, pointed out that the European Union had ten strategic partners globally as of the end of May 2015, four of which are Asian countries： China, Japan, India and the Republic of Korea. Global governance is vital to the present, but also to the future.

Prospects for Sino-Russian Relations and China's National Interests in the Next Decade

The next 5-10 years will be a pivotal period in which China will implement its'11th Five-Year Plan'and accelerate its construction of'a moderately prosperous society.'It will also be an important period for Russia's resurgence.Sino-Russian relations are therefore facing new challenges and will be steadily developing.Under these new circumstances, clearly defining China's national interests in Sino-Russian relations will be an important prerequisite of ensuring the healthy and stable development of bilateral relations and of safeguarding China's peace and security.For the foreseeable future,China's national interests in Sino- Russian relations will be the further consolidation of mutual trust between the two countries and increasing Sino-Russian security cooperation so as to maintain peace and security in China 's northern border areas.As the two countries are both in a phase of social transformation,they can nevertheless learn from each other throughout this process.China will continue promoting diversity of cultures and the multi-polarization of world.China should also exploit Sino-Russian economic cooperation and try to frame a joint strategy with Russia in order to achieve common development and prosperity.Consequently,the two countries will be able to march forward side by side along the path of economic reforms and structural adjustment.'In the 21st Century,China and Russia not only need to maintain a good neighbor relationship and guarantee their joint security,but also build a closer cooperation in their common development.

Current International Cooperation and Developments in Information Security

Global information security and the threats to its integrity are becoming increasingly important.In this paper,the authors talk about areas requiring international cooperation,the major problems with current international cooperation,and finally give their reflections on international cooperation.

Sino-US Maritime Incident Prevention and Military Confidence Building

As China＇s national power has increased, the People＇s Liberation .Army Navy （PLAN）, which constitutes China＇s maritime forces,has engaged in increasingly frequent exchanges with the navies of other countries while undertaking the pivotal task of safeguarding China＇s sovereignty and maritime rights and interests, as well as advancing China＇s national interests overseas. Meanwhile,

China＇s Current income Distribution Status and Countermeasures Analysis

From two perspectives, - the proportion of residential income and the equality of residential income distribution - this paper identifies a widening gap in China＇s income distribution and considers that this is a result of different factors such as technological progress, increasing return on assets, the economic growth priority strategy of local governments, the increasing number of migrant workers who are in a weak position to negotiate wages, as well as the rapid process of industrialization. Based on the above analysis, this paper presents policy recommendations on how to improve the income distribution system.

China＇s Economic Reform and Its Prospects

China＇s economy can be characterized as having two correlated imbalances, i.e. imbalances in its domestic and international economic structures. It would be very difficult to identify a causal relationship between the two imbalances. In any case, this is an outcome of the past few decades. The same situation can also befound in other countries. Where are China＇s economy and its reform heading towards？ At the macro-level, the econmnic policies guiding China＇s economy and its performance are closely related to the two imbalances. One thing is for certain： world economic equilibrium will help balance various economies including China. But the world economy cannot automatically balance itself. Various economies must restore their balance before equilibrium can be achieved at the global level. For individual countries, balancing their domestic economy is what they can concentrate on. In other words, China needs to rely on its own efforts to achieve internal economic balance through reform. Internal econontic balance will promote sustainable development and contribute to the world economic balance. The questhm is where will such internal balance come from？ How can China achieve an internal rebalance？

Ethnic and Religious Conflicts in Asia and the Pacific

Backgrounds and Features According to recent annual reports by both Stockholm International Peace Research Institute (SIPRI) and Londonbased International Institute for Strategic Studies (IISS), twenty to thirty armed conflicts and local wars in various forms take place every year in the world since the 1990s.

Sustainable Resource Use in Enhancing Agricultural Development in China

1. IntroductionChina is entering an impressive era of grain production since its reform and opening up in 1978. At present, China feeds 22% of the world population with only 9% of the world＇s arable land [1]. Thus, China has become a leader in the global fight against hunger[2] . Grain production has increased dramatically, from about 3 × 10^8t in 1978 to 6.21 × 10^8t in 2016, which is an annual increase rate of 9% [3].

Africa Welcomes Its New Opportunity for Peaceful Development

From the 1980s to the mid-1990s,Africa’s economic development stagnated. Its geopolitical importance diminished remarkably after the end of the Cold War. Africa was once a strategic "abandoned pawn" of the West. For quite a long period of time,"Africa pessimism" was very popular in international society. Nevertheless,over the past decade,major changes have taken place in Africa. Its economic development has changed from a "low-ebb" period into a growth period. Its international status has changed from "being marginalized" into "being upgraded." "African fever" is on the rise across the globe. Judging from both the domestic and international situations,Africa has entered into its most favorable strategic period of peace and development since independence,greatly increasing the world’s expectation of Africa’s future. However,restricted by many factors,both domestic and international,Africa still has a long and tough way to go to make its rejuvenation dream come true.

Assessing Obama's China Policy

This paper addresses the hot topic of change and continuity in Obama’s China policy together with the accompanying new opportunities and challenges.Given the strong driving force for bilateral bonds,the new president will inherit to a large extent the positive China policy of his predecessor.Washington will continue to stress the China relationship as"the most important bilateral bond in the 21st century"and work toward a"more active and constructive"in-depth partnership in all directions.The basic framework for such constructive collaboration will not be shaky.But some new developments have brought about hidden concerns.