Microglia,which comprise approximately 10%of total cells in the brain,are the resident immune cells in the central nervous system and contribute to maintaining the brain homeostasis through monitoring their microenvir...Microglia,which comprise approximately 10%of total cells in the brain,are the resident immune cells in the central nervous system and contribute to maintaining the brain homeostasis through monitoring their microenvironment(Kettenmann et al.,2011).Recent studies have reported that microglia also regulate neural circuit formation after birth.The functional transition in microglia has been considered to correlate with their morphological changes over time.展开更多
ASocial insect colonies and the workers comprising them, each exhibit consistent individual differences in behavior, also known as ＇personalities＇. Because the behavior of social insect colonies emerges from the act...ASocial insect colonies and the workers comprising them, each exhibit consistent individual differences in behavior, also known as ＇personalities＇. Because the behavior of social insect colonies emerges from the actions of their workers, individual variation among workers＇ personality may be important in determining the variation we observe among colonies. The reproduc- tive unit of social insects, on which natural selection acts, is the colony, not individual workers. Therefore, it is important to un- derstand what mechanisms govern the observed variation among colonies. Here I propose three hypotheses that address how con- sistent individual differences in the behavior of workers may lead to consistent individual differences in the behavior of colonies： 1. Colonies differ consistently in their average of worker personality; 2. The distribution but not the average of worker personali- ties varies consistently among colonies; and 3. Colony personality does not emerge from its worker personality composition but from consistent external constraints. I review evidence supporting each of these hypotheses and suggest methods to further inves-tigate them. The study of how colony personality emerges from the personalities of the workers comprising them may shed light on the mechanisms underlying consistent individual differences in the behavior of other animals .展开更多
Development of CRISPR-based epigenome editing tools is important for the study and engineering of biological behavior.Here,we describe the design of a reporter system for quantifying the ability of CRISPR epigenome ed...Development of CRISPR-based epigenome editing tools is important for the study and engineering of biological behavior.Here,we describe the design of a reporter system for quantifying the ability of CRISPR epigenome editors to produce a stable gene repression.We characterize the dynamics of durable gene silencing and reactivation,as well as the induced epigenetic changes of this system.We report the creation of single-protein CRISPR constructs bearing combinations of three epigenetic editing domains,termed KAL,that can stably repress the gene expression.This system should allow for the development of novel epigenome editing tools which will be useful in a wide array of biological research and engineering applications.展开更多
文摘Microglia,which comprise approximately 10%of total cells in the brain,are the resident immune cells in the central nervous system and contribute to maintaining the brain homeostasis through monitoring their microenvironment(Kettenmann et al.,2011).Recent studies have reported that microglia also regulate neural circuit formation after birth.The functional transition in microglia has been considered to correlate with their morphological changes over time.
文摘ASocial insect colonies and the workers comprising them, each exhibit consistent individual differences in behavior, also known as ＇personalities＇. Because the behavior of social insect colonies emerges from the actions of their workers, individual variation among workers＇ personality may be important in determining the variation we observe among colonies. The reproduc- tive unit of social insects, on which natural selection acts, is the colony, not individual workers. Therefore, it is important to un- derstand what mechanisms govern the observed variation among colonies. Here I propose three hypotheses that address how con- sistent individual differences in the behavior of workers may lead to consistent individual differences in the behavior of colonies： 1. Colonies differ consistently in their average of worker personality; 2. The distribution but not the average of worker personali- ties varies consistently among colonies; and 3. Colony personality does not emerge from its worker personality composition but from consistent external constraints. I review evidence supporting each of these hypotheses and suggest methods to further inves-tigate them. The study of how colony personality emerges from the personalities of the workers comprising them may shed light on the mechanisms underlying consistent individual differences in the behavior of other animals .
基金supported by the Stanford School of Medicine Dean’s Postdoctoral Fellowship.A.E.I.was supported by Stanford ChEM-H Undergraduate Research Fellow and Bio-X REU programs.Y.G.was supported by the National Science Foundation Graduate Research Fellowship Program.L.S.Q.acknowledges support from the Pew Charitable Trusts,the Alfred P.Sloan Foundation,and the Li Ka Shing Foundationby the Li Ka Shing Foundation and partly supported by the National Institutes of Health Common Fund 4D Nucleome Program(U01 DK127405).
文摘Development of CRISPR-based epigenome editing tools is important for the study and engineering of biological behavior.Here,we describe the design of a reporter system for quantifying the ability of CRISPR epigenome editors to produce a stable gene repression.We characterize the dynamics of durable gene silencing and reactivation,as well as the induced epigenetic changes of this system.We report the creation of single-protein CRISPR constructs bearing combinations of three epigenetic editing domains,termed KAL,that can stably repress the gene expression.This system should allow for the development of novel epigenome editing tools which will be useful in a wide array of biological research and engineering applications.
