Ribosome Inactivating Proteins from Plants Inhibiting Viruses

Many plants contain ribosome inactivating proteins (RIPs) with N-glycosidase activity, which depurinate large ribosomal RNA and arrest protein synthesis. RIPs so far tested inhibit replication of mRNA as well as DNA viruses and these proteins, isolated from plants, are found to be effective against a broad range of viruses such as human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), hepatitis B virus (HBV) and herpes simplex virus (HSV). Most of the research work related to RIPs has been focused on antiviral activity against HIV; however, the exact mechanism of antiviral activity is still not clear. The mechanism of antiviral activity was thought to follow inactivation of the host cell ribosome, leading to inhibition of viral protein translation and host cell death. Enzymatic activity of RIPs is not limited to depurination of the large rRNA, in addition they can depurinate viral DNA as well as RNA. Recently, Phase I/II clinical trials have demonstrated the potential use of RIPs for treating patients with HIV disease. The aim of this review is to focus on various RIPs from plants associated with anti-HIV activity.

Energy efficient virtual machine migration approach with SLA conservation in cloud computing

In the age of online workload explosion,cloud users are increasing exponentialy.Therefore,large scale data centers are required in cloud environment that leads to high energy consumption.Hence,optimal resource utilization is essential to improve energy efficiency of cloud data center.Although,most of the existing literature focuses on virtual machine(VM)consolidation for increasing energy efficiency at the cost of service level agreement degradation.In order to improve the existing approaches,load aware three-gear THReshold(LATHR)as well as modified best fit decreasing(MBFD)algorithm is proposed for minimizing total energy consumption while improving the quality of service in terms of SLA.It offers promising results under dynamic workload and variable number of VMs(1-290)allocated on individual host.The outcomes of the proposed work are measured in terms of SLA,energy consumption,instruction energy ratio(IER)and the number of migrations against the varied numbers of VMs.From experimental results it has been concluded that the proposed technique reduced the SLA violations(55%,26%and 39%)and energy consumption(17%,12%and 6%)as compared to median absolute deviation(MAD),inter quartile range(IQR)and double threshold(THR)overload detection policies,respectively.

Hot-corrosion behavior of Cr_2O_3–CNT-coated ASTM-SA213-T22 steel in a molten salt environment at 700°C

The present work investigates the hot-corrosion behavior of carbon nanotube(CNT)-reinforced chromium oxide coatings on boiler steel in a molten salt(Na_2SO_4–60 wt%V_2O_5) environment at 700°C under cyclic conditions. The coatings were deposited via the high-velocity oxygen fuel process. The uncoated and coated steel samples were subjected to hot corrosion in a silicon tube furnace at 700°C for 50 cycles. The kinetics of the corrosion behavior was analyzed through mass-gain measurements after each cycle. The corrosion products were analyzed by X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, and energy-dispersive X-ray analysis techniques. The results revealed that uncoated steel suffered spallation of scale because of the formation of nonprotective Fe_2O_3 scale. The coated steel samples exhibited lower mass gains with better adhesiveness of oxide scale with the steel alloy until the end of exposure. The CNT-reinforced coatings were concluded to provide better corrosion resistance in the hot-corrosion environment because of the uniform dispersion of CNTs in the coating matrix and the formation of protective chromium oxides in the scale.

Effect of Jasmonic Acid on Photosynthetic Pigments and Stress Markers in <i>Cajanus cajan</i>(L.) Millsp. Seedlings under Copper Stress

Jasmonates are class of plant growth regulators act as signal molecule that intercede various components in physiological and metabolic regulation, stress responses and possibly communication through signal transduction. Oxidative stress due to heavy metal exposure stimulates synthesis and activity of antioxidant metabolites and enhances antioxidant enzyme activities that could protect plant tissues. The aim of this study was to investigate the exogenous effect of JA at seed level which can transduce throughout seedling growth and regulate antioxidant activities such as superoxide dismutase (SOD;EC 1.15.1.1) and guaiacol peroxidase (POD;EC 1.11.1.7) in 12 days old seedlings of pigeon pea (Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp.) in presence and/or absence of copper. The activity of SOD and POD increased significantly in presence of Cu2+ after seed priming with JA. JA also helps in chlorophyll and carotenoid accumulation and neutralizes the toxic effect of Cu2+ on seedlings. This is the first report of JA effect on photosynthetic pigment accumulation and H2O2 mitigating enzymes i.e. SOD and POD and it could be recommended that seed priming with JA help in ameliorating toxic effect of Cu2+.

Enhanced photocatalytic activity of electrochemically synthesized aluminum oxide nanoparticles

In this study, aluminum oxide （Al2O3） nanoparticles （NPs） were synthesized via an electrochemical method. The effects of reac- tion parameters such as supporting electrolytes, solvent, current and electrolysis time on the shape and size of the resulting NPs were investi- gated. The Al2O3 NPs were characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, transmission electron microscopy, thermogravimetric analysis/differential thermal analysis, energy-dispersive X-ray analysis, and ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy. Moreover, the Al2O3 NPs were explored for photocatalytic degradation of malachite green （MG） dye under sunlight irradiation via two processes： ad- sorption followed by photocatalysis; coupled adsorption and photocatalysis. The coupled process exhibited a higher photodegradation effi- ciency （45%） compared to adsorption followed by photocatalysis （32%）. The obtained kinetic data was well fitted using a pseudo-first-order model for MG degradation.

Gastroprotective effect of Acacia nilotica young seedless pod extract:Role of polyphenolic constituents

Objective:To systematically evaluate antiulcer potential of Acacia nilotica in different ulcer models in rats.Methods:Different extracts[ethanolie,50%hydroethanolic(50:50),70% hydroethanolic(70:30) and aqueous]of young seedless pods were examined in pylorus ligation induced gastric ulcers in rats.Various parameters like,volume of gastric acid secretion,pH,free acidity,total acidity,ulcer index,mucin content and antioxidant studies were determined and were compared between extract treated,standard and vehicle control following ulcer induction. The most active extract was also evaluated in swimming stress induced and NSAID induced gastric ulceration.Results:Among different extracts of young seedless pods only hydroethanolic extracts showed significant antiulcer activity in pyloric ligation induced ulceration.Even more the 70%hydroethanolic extract showed better protection as compared to 50%hydroethanolic extract.Further 70%hydroethanolic extract also showed significant mucoprotection in swimming stress induced and nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs induced gastric ulceration.Conclusions: The results of present study concluded that the hydroethanolic extract of young seedless pods of Acacia nilotica has antiulcer activity in pylorus ligation,swimming stress and NSAID induced rat ulcer models.The extract containing more amount of phenolic components show high antiulcer activity,indicating the phenolic component of the extract to be responsible for the activity of the extracts.

Pharmacokinetic, pharmacodynamic, and neurochemical investigations of lamotrigine-pentylenetetrazole kindled mice to ascertain it as a reliable model for clinical drug-resistant epilepsy

Background:Pentylenetetrazole kindling has long been used for the screening of investigational antiseizure drugs.The presence of lamotrigine,at a very low dose,does not hamper kindling in mice;rather it modifies this epileptogenesis process into drug-resistant epilepsy.The lamotrigine-pentylenetetrazole kindled mice show resistance to lamotrigine,phenytoin,and carbamazepine.It may also be possible that other licensed antiseizure drugs,like the mentioned drugs,remain ineffective in this model;therefore,this was the subject of this study.Methods:Swiss albino mice were kindled with pentylenetetrazole for 35 days in the presence of either methylcellulose vehicle or lamotrigine(subtherapeutic dose,ie,5 mg/kg).Vehicle vs lamotrigine-kindled mice were compared in terms of(a)resistance/response toward nine antiseizure drugs applied as monotherapies and two drug combinations;(b)lamotrigine bioavailability in blood and brain;(c)blood-brain barrier integrity;and(d)amino acids and monoamines in the cerebral cortex and hippocampus.Results:Lamotrigine vs vehicle-kindled mice are similar(or not significantly different P>.05 from each other)in terms of(a)response toward drug combinations;(b)lamotrigine bioavailability;and(c)blood-brain barrier integrity except for,significantly(P<.05)reduced taurine and increased glutamate in the cerebral cortex and hippocampus.Aside from these,lamotrigine-kindled mice show significant(P<.05)resistant to lamotrigine(15 mg/kg),levetiracetam(40 mg/kg);carbamazepine(40 mg/kg),zonisamide(100 mg/kg),gabapentin(224 mg/kg),pregabalin(30 mg/kg),phenytoin(35 mg/kg),and topiramate(300 mg/kg).Conclusion:Lamotrigine-pentylenetetrazole kindling takes longer to develop(~5 weeks)in comparison to lamotrigine-amygdale(~4 weeks)and lamotriginecorneal(~2 weeks)kindling models.However,drug screening through this model may yield superior drugs with novel antiseizure mechanisms.

Histochemical pattern of gastrocnemius muscle in fluoride toxicity syndrome

Objective:To evaluate the effect of sodium fluoride(NaF) on cytochemical distribution of proteins,DNA,and RNA in the gastrocnemius muscle of rat in experimental fluorosis.Methods: Young Sprague Dawley albino rats were administered with NaF at 30,45,and 75 mg/kg bw/ day subcutaneously for 15 and 30 days,respectively.The control animals were given the vehicle(1cc deionized double distilled water/kg bw/day).Results:In the first phase of 15 days experimentation,the gastrocnemius muscle of rats intoxicated with NaF at 30,45,and 75 mg /kg bw/ day showed decline in proteins including a amino acids as compared to control. In the second phase of 30 days experimentation,the muscle fibers of rat showed elevation in sarcolemmal and sarcoplasmic proteins in 30 mg NaF dose group,and angulated fibers exhibited increase in sarcolemmal proteins in 45 mg NaF group.The marginal regions of angular and rim fibers showed deeply stained rings of sarcoplasmic proteins whereas the split fibers were faindy stained in rats treated with NaF at 75 mg/kg bw/day for 30 days.In rats treated with NaF at 30 mg/kg bw/day for 15 days,the hypertrophied peripheral muscle fibers contained more DNA,however the atrophied fibers had more RNA.In 45 mg NaF group,RNA was located in sarcolemmal regions,while DNA content decreased as compared to control.In 75 mg NaF group,the muscle fibers had dark and light staining regions of DNA and RNA.In the 30 days of experimentation,the DNA level decreased whereas RNA content increased in the gastrocnemius muscle fibers of the rat treated with NaF at 30 mg/kg bw/day.In treatment group with NaF at 45 mg/kg bw/day,the RNA content slighdy declined in comparison to control,in all treatments for 15 days as well as in treatment group with NaF at 30 mg/kg bw/day for 30 days whereas the amount of DNA slightly increased as compared to treatment group with NaF at 75 mg/kg bw/day for 15 days.The highest dose group revealed elevated amount of RNA whereas DNA content remained stable.Conclusions:The findings of present study demonstrate that certain concentrations of fluoride can induce muscle lesions and damage DNA,RNA,and protein in muscle cells and excessive intake and accumulation of fluoride is therefore a serious risk factor for muscular abnormalities in fluorosis.

Repair of automotive bumpers and bars with modified friction stir welding

This study reports the investigations for repair of thermoplastic based automotive bumpers and bars with modified friction stir welding(MFSW)process.For MFSW,consumable tool of polyamide6(PA6)composite has been used for joining of acrylonitrile butadiene styrene(ABS)composites.The dissimilar thermoplastics were processed for maintaining a useful range of melt flow properties followed by preparation of feed stock filament for fused deposition modeling(FDM)process through screw extrusion.Finally,3D printed PA6 based consumable rapid tool(RT)was prepared for MFSW.The joints prepared were subjected to flexural,hardness,morphological and thermal testing.The study has suggested the that maximum mechanical strength was obtained for sample welded at 1400 r/min,50 mm/min transverse speed and 3 mm plunge depth,whereas the minimum mechanical strength was obtained for sample welded at 1000 r/min,30 mm/min transverse speed and 2 mm plunge depth.The results are also supported with thermal analysis and photomicrographs.

Isolation and characterization of a degradation product in leflunomide and a validated selective stability-indicating HPLC-UV method for their quantification

Leflunomide （LLM） is subjected to forced degradation under conditions of hydrolysis, oxidation, dry heat, and photolysis as recommended by International Conference on Harmonization guideline Q1A（R2）. In total, four degradation products （I-IV） were formed under different conditions. Products I, II and IV were formed in alkaline hydrolytic, acidic hydrolytic and alkaline photolytic conditions. LLM and all degradation products were optimally resolved by gradient elution over a C18 column. The major degradation product （IV） formed in hydrolytic alkaline conditions was isolated through column chromatography. Based on its IH NMR, IR and mass spectral data, it was characterized as a British Pharmacopoeial impurity B. The HPLC method was found to be linear, accurate, precise, sensitive, specific, rugged and robust for quantification of LLM as well as product IV. Finally, the method was applied to stability testing of the commercially available LLM tablets.

Ocular prodrugs: Attributes and challenges

Ocular drug delivery is one of the most attention-grabbing and challenging endeavors among the numerous existing drug delivery systems.From a drug delivery point of view,eye is an intricate organ to investigate and explore.In spite of many limitations,advancements have been made with the intention of improving the residence time or permeation of the drug in the ocular region.Poor bioavailability of topically administered drugs is the major issue pertaining to ocular drug delivery.Several efforts have been made towards improving precorneal residence time and corneal penetration,e.g.iontophoresis,prodrugs and ionpairing,etc.Prodrug approach(chemical approach)has been explored by the formulation scientists to optimize the physicochemical and biochemical properties of drug molecules for improving ocular bioavailability.Formulation of ocular prodrugs is a challenging task as they should exhibit optimum chemical stability as well as enzymatic liability so that they are converted into parent drug after administration at the desired pace.This review will encompass the concept of derivatization and recent academic and industrial advancements in the field of ocular prodrugs.The progression in prodrug designing holds a potential future for ophthalmic drug delivery.

Pyroptosis is a drug target for prevention of adverse cardiac remodeling: The crosstalk between pyroptosis, apoptosis, and autophagy

Acute myocardial infarction(AMI)is one of the main reasons of cardiovascular disease-related death.The introduction of percutaneous coronary intervention to clinical practice dramatically decreased the mortality rate in AMI.Adverse cardiac remodeling is a serious problem in cardiology.An increase in the effectiveness of AMI treatment and prevention of adverse cardiac remodeling is difficult to achieve without understanding the mechanisms of reperfusion cardiac injury and cardiac remodeling.Inhibition of pyroptosis prevents the development of postinfarction and pressure overload-induced cardiac remodeling,and mitigates cardiomyopathy induced by diabetes and metabolic syndrome.Therefore,it is reasonable to hypothesize that the pyroptosis inhibitors may find a role in clinical practice for treatment of AMI and prevention of cardiac remodeling,diabetes and metabolic syndrome-triggered cardiomyopathy.It was demonstrated that pyroptosis interacts closely with apoptosis and autophagy.Pyroptosis could be inhibited by nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-like receptor with a pyrin domain 3 inhibitors,caspase-1 inhibitors,microRNA,angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors,angiotensinⅡreceptor blockers,and traditional Chinese herbal medicines.

GC/MS-based differential metabolic profiling of human peptic ulcer disease to study Helicobacter pylori-induced metabolic perturbations

Helicobacter pylori infection has been significantly linked to Peptic Ulcer Disease and Gastric Cancer.Metabolomic fingerprinting may offer a principal way of early diagnosis and to understand the molecular mechanism of H.pylori-induced pathogenicity.The rationale of the study is to explore the underlying distinct metabolic mechanisms of H.pylori-induced PUD and to identify potential biomarkers for disease diagnosis and associated risks using Gas chromatography/mass spectrometry.GC/MS-based analytical method was used to compare metabolic profiles of healthy controls(N=20)and peptic ulcer patients(N=45).Acquired metabolomic data were analyzed by constructing a diagnostic model using principal component analysis and a non-parametric two-tailed paired Wilcoxon analysis to identify disease-specific metabolic biomarkers.A total of 75 low-molecular-weight endogenous metabolites were detected during comparative metabolomic analysis of PUD vs.healthy gut tissues,among which 16 metabolites are being proposed to be diagnostic markers of Human PUD.Perturbations related to amino acids,carbohydrates,fatty acids,organic acids,and sterol metabolism were significantly revealed during this differential metabolomic profiling.Results convincingly suggest that metabolic profiles can contribute immensely in early diagnosis of the disease and understanding molecular mechanisms of disease progression for predicting novel drug targets for prophylactic and anaphylactic measures.

Influence of tool rotation speeds on mechanical and morphological properties of friction stir processed nano hybrid composite of MWCNT-Graphene-AZ31 magnesium

The ever-increasing demand for light weighted hard materials for transportation industries encouraged researchers to develop composites with excellent mechanical properties which can transform it into more economical and eco-friendly.Reinforcing the metals with carbonaceous nanomaterials are progressively in focus due to their excellent capability to inculcate and tailor the properties of MMCs.In the present research,a hybrid nanocomposite of MWCNT-Graphene-AZ31 Mg alloy has been developed by using variable tool rotation speeds with friction stir processing(FSP).Optimized reinforcement ratio of 1.6%vol.MWCNT and 0.3%vol.of graphene have been used with variable tool rotation speeds,whereas other processing parameters are kept constant.The developed specimens were investigated using standard testing equipment for evaluating and comparing the mechanical properties on the basis of the microstructure of the processing regions and their morphological analysis,according to the ASTM standards.The obtained results revealed an improvement of 19.72%in microhardness and 77.5% of compressive strength in comparison with the base metal AZ 31 Magnesium alloy,with a tool rotational speed of 1400rpm.The values of tensile stress and percentage area reduction were recorded as less than that of the base metal matrix,but an increasing trend has been observed in the values of both with the improvement on rotational speeds of the tool.The effectual strengthening mechanisms are analyzed on the bases of SEM images and observed that discussed and found that grain refinement strengthening is the major contributor to the strength of the nanocomposite.

Isolation of Pleurotus fl orida derived acetylcholinesterase inhibitor for the treatment of cognitive dysfunction in mice

Our earlier work showed that hydromethanol extract(HME)of Pleurotus fl orida had antioxidant and anticholinesterase potential.This study aimed at isolating the constituent responsible for the activities.HME was subjected to bioactivity guided fractionation using in vitro anti-acetylcholinesterase(Ellman method)and antioxidant(DPPH scavenging assay).The most active constituent was evaluated in vivo employing i.c.v.streptozotocin(STZ)induced dementia in mice.Morris water maze test was used for evaluating memory,followed by biochemical estimations and histopathological studies.Bioactivity guided fractionation resulted in isolation of resveratrol(identifi ed by IR,NMR and MS)and its content in P.fl orida fruiting bodies was 0.0098%(m/m,by a validated TLC densitometric method).It improved STZ induced dementia and neurodegeneration in mice by reducing brain acetylcholinesterase action and oxidative stress.The observed effects might be the presence of resveratrol.Our results further endorse that P.fl orida derived resveratrol can be a promising therapy for Alzheimer’s disease.

Characterisation and Corrosion-Erosion Behaviour of Carbide based Thermal Spray Coatings

Thermal spraying has emerged as a suitable and effective surface engineering technology and is widely used to apply wear, erosion and corrosion protective coatings for various kinds of industrial applications. Cr3C2-based coatings have been applied to a wide range of industrial components. Cr3C2-NiCr coatings offer greater corrosion and oxidation resistance, also having a high melting point and maintaining high hardness, strength and wear resistance up to a maximum operating temperature of 900 °C. The corrosion resistance is provided by NiCr matrix while the wear resistance is mainly due to the carbide ceramic phase. This paper reviews the performance, developments and applications of Cr3C2-NiCr thermal spray coatings for corrosion/erosion-corrosion under different types of environments and outlines the characterization of Cr3C2-NiCr coatings with respect to their microstructure and mechanical properties, together with some brief characterisation work by the author for HVOF sprayed 75Cr3C2-25NiCr coating on T91 boiler steel.

Transfer Learning Model to Indicate Heart Health Status Using Phonocardiogram

The early diagnosis of pre-existing coronary disorders helps to control complications such as pulmonary hypertension,irregular cardiac functioning,and heart failure.Machine-based learning of heart sound is an efficient technology which can help minimize the workload of manual auscultation by automatically identifying irregular cardiac sounds.Phonocardiogram(PCG)and electrocardiogram(ECG)waveforms provide the much-needed information for the diagnosis of these diseases.In this work,the researchers have converted the heart sound signal into its corresponding repeating pattern-based spectrogram.PhysioNet 2016 and PASCAL 2011 have been taken as the benchmark datasets to perform experimentation.The existing models,viz.MobileNet,Xception,Visual Geometry Group(VGG16),ResNet,DenseNet,and InceptionV3 of Transfer Learning have been used for classifying the heart sound signals as normal and abnormal.For PhysioNet 2016,DenseNet has outperformed its peer models with an accuracy of 89.04 percent,whereas for PASCAL 2011,VGG has outperformed its peer approaches with an accuracy of 92.96 percent.

Four new degradation products of doxorubicin:An application of forced degradation study and hyphenated chromatographic techniques

Forced degradation study on doxorubicin （DOX） was carried out under hydrolytic condition in acidic, alkaline and neutral media at varied temperatures, as well as under peroxide, thermal and photolytic conditions in accordance with International Conference on Harmonization （ICH） guidelines Q1（R2）. It was found extremely unstable to alkaline hydrolysis even at room temperature, unstable to acid hy- drolysis at 80 ℃, and to oxidation at room temperature. It degraded to four products （O-I-O-IV） in oxidative condition, and to single product （A-l） in acid hydrolytic condition. These products were re- solved on a C8 （150 mm × 4.6 mm, 5μm） column with isocratic elution using mobile phase consisting of HCOONH4 （10 mM, pH 2.5）, acetonitrile and methanol （65：15：20, v/v/v）. Liquid chromatography-pho- todiode array （LC-PDA） technique was used to ascertain the purity of the products noted in LC-UV chromatogram. For their characterization, a six stage mass fragmentation （MS6） pattern of DOX was outlined through mass spectral studies in positive mode of electrospray ionization （＋ESI） as well as through accurate mass spectral data of DOX and the products generated through liquid chromato- graphy-time of flight mass spectrometry （LC-MS-TOF） on degraded drug solutions. Based on it, O-I-O-IV were characterized as 3-hydroxy-9-desacetyldoxorubicin-9-hydroperoxide, l-hydroxy-9-desacetyldox- orubicin-9-hydroperoxide, 9-desacetyldoxorubicin-9-hydroperoxide and 9-desacetyldoxorubicin, re- spectively, whereas A-I was characterized as deglucosaminyl doxorubicin. While A-I was found to be a pharmacopoeial impurity, all oxidative products were found to be new degradation impurities. The mechanisms and pathways of degradation of doxorubicin were outlined and discussed.

On the Design of Plus Slotted Fractal Antenna Array

A new technique which is a combination of fractal antenna and array antenna is presented to design Plus Slotted Fractal Antenna Array (PSFAA) in this paper. PSFAA with corporate feed operates at 2.5 GHz frequency. PSFAA is designed on FR4 substrate material with permittivity 4.4 and height 1.6 mm. PSFAA is designed up to 2nd iteration. High Frequency Structure Simulator (HFSS) software is used for simulation of PSFAA. The proposed antenna array operates at three bands with five frequencies 2.5 GHz, 4.1 GHz, 6.9 GHz, 7.4 GHz and 8.2 GHz. Simulated Return losses results of proposed PSFAA are -22.15 dB, -19.44 dB, -25.21 dB, -10 dB, -12.45 dB at above frequencies respectively. It has a gain of 9.22 dB at resonant frequency 2.5 GHz whereas conventional antenna array has a gain of 5.15 dB at resonant frequency 2.5 GHz. Return losses and gain of PSFAA also improved from conventional antenna array at various resonant frequencies.

The effect of an adaptation to hypoxia on cardiac tolerance to ischemia/reperfusion

The acute myocardial infarction(AMI)and sudden cardiac death(SCD),both associated with acute cardiac ischemia,are one of the leading causes of adult death in economically developed countries.The development of new approaches for the treatment and prevention of AMI and SCD remains the highest priority for medicine.A study on the cardiovascular effects of chronic hypoxia(CH)may contribute to the development of these methods.Chronic hypoxia exerts both positive and adverse effects.The positive effects are the infarct-reducing,vasoprotective,and antiarrhythmic effects,which can lead to the improvement of cardiac contractility in reperfusion.The adverse effects are pulmonary hypertension and right ventricular hypertrophy.This review presents a comprehensive overview of how CH enhances cardiac tolerance to ischemia/reperfusion.It is an in-depth analysis of the published data on the underlying mechanisms,which can lead to future development of the cardioprotective effect of CH.A better understanding of the CH-activated protective signaling pathways may contribute to new therapeutic approaches in an increase of cardiac tolerance to ischemia/reperfusion.