Investigation on maternal mortality in Southeast Asia,Europe and Africa using three delays model

Background:Maternal mortality is a prevalent issue in healthcare provision worldwide.It is particularly common in developing and underdeveloped countries,where maternal deaths during childbirth or pregnancy occur frequently.Various internal and external factors contribute to the high maternal mortality rate in specific regions.One model,known as the three delays model approach,examines three distinct causes that contribute to this problem.The first delay is the lack of awareness in seeking timely healthcare,the second delay involves obstacles in reaching healthcare facilities on time,and the third delay relates to poor or inadequate healthcare provision in tertiary care facilities.These delays are responsible for the elevated maternal mortality rates,with the prevalence of each delay varying across regions.Objective:The objective of this literature review is to examine and critically evaluate existing literature on perceptions and investigations regarding maternal mortality in Southeast Asia,Europe and Africa,utilizing the three delays model approach as a categorization framework.Method:This literature review followed BEME guide No.3.A total of 18 articles were included in the sample after conducting a thorough search of various databases and search engines.A Prisma flowchart was created,and the articles were critically appraised.Results:A total of 18 articles focusing on different regions were analyzed.The findings revealed that in countries of Southeast Asia,the primary cause of maternal mortality is the first delay,which refers to the lack of awareness in seeking medical care.On the other hand,in Africa and other European countries,the second and third delays are more prominently associated with maternal mortality.Conclusion:Inadequate care is one of the major causes of maternal mortality in majority of regions acrossthe globe.Multiple factors can hinder access to appropriate healthcare.The three delays model plays a significant role in the higher maternal mortality rate.By raising awareness among women and their families about the importance of seeking healthcare,the risk of fatality can be reduced.Similarly,in developing regions,it is crucial to ensure that healthcare facilities are easily accessible and provide high-quality emergency obstetric care to meet the needs of pregnant women in critical situations.

Construction and Optimization of TRNG Based Substitution Boxes for Block Encryption Algorithms

Internet of Things is an ecosystem of interconnected devices that are accessible through the internet.The recent research focuses on adding more smartness and intelligence to these edge devices.This makes them susceptible to various kinds of security threats.These edge devices rely on cryptographic techniques to encrypt the pre-processed data collected from the sensors deployed in the field.In this regard,block cipher has been one of the most reliable options through which data security is accomplished.The strength of block encryption algorithms against different attacks is dependent on its nonlinear primitive which is called Substitution Boxes.For the design of S-boxes mainly algebraic and chaos-based techniques are used but researchers also found various weaknesses in these techniques.On the other side,literature endorse the true random numbers for information security due to the reason that,true random numbers are purely non-deterministic.In this paper firstly a natural dynamical phenomenon is utilized for the generation of true random numbers based S-boxes.Secondly,a systematic literature review was conducted to know which metaheuristic optimization technique is highly adopted in the current decade for the optimization of S-boxes.Based on the outcome of Systematic Literature Review(SLR),genetic algorithm is chosen for the optimization of s-boxes.The results of our method validate that the proposed dynamic S-boxes are effective for the block ciphers.Moreover,our results showed that the proposed substitution boxes achieve better cryptographic strength as compared with state-of-the-art techniques.

Possible association of a distinct combined Glutathione-S-transferase members with allergic asthma patients in Pakistan

Allergic asthma is a diverse chronic respiratory disease characterized by the inflammation of the lower airway disease affecting many people around the world with rising morbidity and mortality.Association between asthma and certain demographic features was studied in relation to genotype from 244 allergic individuals of local population.Skin prick test was used to confirm asthma.Genetic polymorphism in Glutathione-S-transferases(GSTs)was studied using multiplex PCR based method and IgE level by ELISA.Pollen and dust were the major causative aeroallergens(26%),which were associated to higher IgE levels(P<0.05).Smoking was found to be significantly associated with asthma in only males(P Z 0.004).A low prevalence of null genotype of both GSTM1 and GSTT1 genes was observed in the patients(4.34%)compared to control group(14%).No association of combined GSTM1 and GSTT1 null genotype was found with the asthma in local population.GSTM1t and GSTTgenotype had higher risk(OR Z 1.3681,P Z 0.001)for development of asthma.There was a significant association of asthma with combined genotype of GSTM1t and GSTTwhen data was analyzed on gender basis in males(P Z 0.006)and highly significant in age range of 26e40 years(P Z 0.001).Combined GSTMt and GSTTgenotype was found to be risk factor for asthma in addition to family history in male patients.However a data with large patient size and different ethnic distribution may reveal the exact etiology.