Diversity and surge in abundance of native parasitoid communities prior to the onset of Torymus sinensis on the Asian chestnut gall wasp(Dryocosmus kuriphilus) in Slovenia,Croatia and Hungary

Since the rapid spread of the Asian chestnut gall wasp(ACGW) throughout south-east Europe in the last few years,the possibilities of its control have been increasingly investigated.Due to constraints in available suppression measures in forest stands,biological control is recognized as the most suitable action to lower the abundance of the new invasive pest.Torymus sinensis,as a specialized parasitoid chalcid wasp of ACGW,was introduced to suppress the pest in Italy in 2005,and later in Croatia,Hungary(2014) and Slovenia(2015).We investigated the native parasitoid complex associated with ACGW in Slovenia,Croatia and Hungary over 8 years of sampling.We found 41 species of native parasitoids,eight of which are the first records on ACGW in Europe,adding up to a total of 51 species known to parasitize ACGW.These findings represent a large complex of cynipid-parasitoid fauna.Moreover,the abundance of native parasitoid populations on ACGW have demonstrated a temporal surge between the invasion of a new alien host(ACGW) and the onset of its specialized parasitoid,T.sinensis.Our results indicate that the introduced parasitoid acts as a very successful biocontrol of ACGW,outcompeting native parasitoids.This outcome should be considered as beneficial through the maintenance of ecological balance in affected forest ecosystems.

Time-Frequency Characteristics of the Relationships Between Tropical Indo-Pacific SSTs

In this study, several advanced analysis methods are applied to understand the relationships between the Nino-3.4 sea surface temperatures （SST） and the SSTs related to the tropical Indian Ocean Dipole （IOD）. By analyzing a long data record, the authors focus on the time-frequency characteristics of these relationships, and of the structure of IOD. They also focus on the seasonal dependence of those characteristics in both time and frequency domains. Among the Nino-3.4 SST, IOD, and SSTs over the tropical western Indian Ocean （WIO） and eastern Indian Ocean （EIO）, the WIO SST has the strongest annual and semiannual oscillations. While the Nino-3.4 SST has large inter-annual variability that is only second to its annual variability, the IOD is characterized by the largest semiannual oscillation, which is even stronger than its annual oscillation. The IOD is strongly and stably related to the EIO SST in a wide range of frequency bands and in all seasons. However, it is less significantly related to the WIO SST in the boreal winter and spring. There exists a generally weak and unstable relationship between the WIO and EIO SSTs, especially in the biennial and higher frequency bands. The relationship is especially weak in summer and fall, when IOD is apparent, but appears highly positive in winter and spring, when the IOD is unimportantly weak and even disappears. This feature reflects a caution in the definition and application of IOD. The Nino-3.4 SST has a strong positive relationship with the WIO SST in all seasons, mainly in the biennial and longer frequency bands. However, it shows no significant relationship with the EIO SST in summer and fall, and with IOD in winter and spring.

硫酸和贱金属生产

2003年,贱金属冶炼副产硫酸预计为46.8 Mt,其中大多是铜冶炼副产。到2010年,冶炼副产硫酸将达到60 Mt。最近几年,酸浸法制镍和湿法炼铜硫酸消耗量有所增加。根据今后15年镍的供需情况预测,到2020年酸浸法制镍硫酸消耗量将增加23 Mt,另外湿法炼铜硫酸消耗量也将增加4.2 Mt。

新一代聚氯乙烯共混物的分类

这些高工艺单层虽然较薄于普通聚氯乙烯,但它们利用其它聚合物和韧性增强剂来提高其性能。在过去的几年里,屋面材料工业对市场上众多的防水层进行了极佳的分类工作,可还有一类产品被忽略了。依据不同的制造厂商及配方,这些产品被称为共聚混合物(CPA)。

Application of the BASNEF Model in Safety Training in Automobile Manufacturing Plants

After controls,including engineering and management,thefinal way to control noise is to use hearing protection devices.Duetothelack ofastandardized questionnaireregarding investigatingworkers’use of hearing protection devices on the basis of the BASNEF behavioral model,the present study was conducted to investigate the effect of health education based on the BASNEF model on the use of hearing protection devices in workers of an auto-mobile manufacturing plant in Iran.This quasi-experimental and prospective intervention study was performed on 80 workers at an automobile manufacturing plant who are exposed to noise levels above 85 decibels and donot use hearing protection devices.In this study,40 people working in a cast iron foundry were selected as the inter-vention group,and 40 working in aluminum casting were chosen as the control group.Questionnaires were ana-lyzed at the beginning of the intervention and three months after the intervention in the intervention and control groups.There was no significant difference between the intervention and control groups before the intervention.There was a significant difference between the intervention and control groups after the intervention in the area of knowledge.A significant correlation was observed between the intervention and control groups after the inter-vention program in all areas of the BASNEF educational model except behavioral intention.In this study,the effect of educational intervention on the use of hearing protection devices was investigated,and with the educa-tional intervention,it was tried to get help from influential people and enabling factors in education based on the BASNEF model.The results showed that the educational intervention based on the BASNEF model can improve the knowledge of individuals in both the intervention and control groups.

Revisiting Emergency Food Reserve Policy and Practiceunder Disaster and Extreme Climate Events

All food systems will continue to be affected by disasters and extreme climate events. Triggered by recent food crises around the world and climate change concerns,some governments have been trying to develop more robust and resilient food systems. One of the oldest options for many governments is to stockpile emergency food reserves for the purpose of food security and disaster preparedness. In the aftermath of the world food price crises in2007–2008 and 2011, some governments in Asia have been maintaining emergency food reserves to ensure greater supply and price stability. Disasters and extreme climate events help governments to justify emergency food reserves. This research examined emergency food reserve policies in Indonesia, the Philippines, and Malaysia.Emergency food reserves emerged as a practice where the shared objectives of development, disaster risk reduction,and climate change adaptation have been demonstrated by governments. The findings suggest that most governments maintain the strong view that adequate emergency food reserves can buffer national food price shocks and shocks from disasters and climate change, and soften disruptions in trade due to export bans during times of disasters and climate emergencies.Under global climate change scenarios, food security is at risk and volatile(Porter et al. 2014). The expected increase in climate extremes has generated anticipatory actions from governments, including a new push for EFR policy adoption. Triggered by recent disasters and climate change concerns, some governments have been trying to develop more robust and resilient food systems(Fan and Brzeska 2014; Porter et al. 2014). For many countries in Asia, this means the renewed adoption of EFR. Unfortunately, we argue that this is not well understood in climate change adaptation studies as well as contemporary disaster studies.The Association of Southeast Asian Nations(ASEAN)first initiated a Food Security Reserve Agreement in 1979,with the purpose of meeting emergency requirements(ASEAN 1979). Policymakers have been aware of the susceptibility of the region to natural hazards and the possibility of food shortages. But it took 30 years, until soon after the world food crisis in 2007–2008(Hadley and Fan 2010), for the association plus three additional East Asian nations(China, Japan, South Korea) to establish the ASEAN Plus Three Emergency Rice Reserve(APTERR)in 2009, as a mechanism to address potential food shortages in the region in the light of climate and market uncertainties. The final formal agreement was signed in October 2011 in Jakarta(APTERR 2017).The Association of Southeast Asian Nations also established the ASEAN Food Security Information System(AFSIS) that functions as a central information repository for five commodities—rice, maize, soybeans, sugar, and cassava. AFSIS not only monitors and analyzes production,import, export, inventory stock, price, food security ratio,and self-sufficiency ratio for these commodities but also provides data on losses from both floods and droughts in every member state(Lassa et al. 2016). In theory, AFSIS serves as an early warning mechanism for ASEAN to trigger the activation of APTERR's response mechanism(Saengbangka 2014, personal interview; AFSIS 2017).This article argues that EFR can function as a means of disaster risk reduction, including climate change adaptation, and aims to understand why governments in Asia are readopting emergency food reserves as national policies,with a focus on Indonesia, the Philippines, and Malaysia.We also explore how disasters and climate change strengthen or weaken government narratives in support of emergency food reserves.

Security Governance and ASEAN's Political Security Community:Fragmented but Inclusive Security Communities?

The establishment of the ASEAN Political and Security(APSC)in 2015 mimics the notion of a security community where member states are imbued with deep habits of cooperation,mutual trust,a sense of'we-feeling'and the ability to manage security problems together with no prospects of any member going to war with another.But does a security community provide sufficient foundation for security governance in Southeast Asia?The idea of security governance,defined as a set of processes and arrangements carried out by a range of state and non-state actors across multiple levels from the local to the international that are aimed at defining and managing security challenges,requires a movement beyond state-centric approaches to one that is more participatory and inclusive.Despite the APSC's people-centred rhetoric,there are inherent tensions in security practices in ASEAN as states hold on to the principles of non-interference and state sovereignty,while having to respond effectively to address a host of non-traditional threats.These tensions have led to the emergence of multiple sites of governance that are changing the nature of security governance in the region.In analysing the cases of civilian protection in times of humanitarian crises and forced migration,the paper argues that multiple sites of governance point to the need to reassess the APSC as a mechanism for security governance and explore the idea of having fragmented but more inclusive and participatory security communities that work together towards the shared goal of more secure region.

中国对东盟的直接投资:趋势、动因与风险分析

得益于平稳快速的经济增长、"走出去"的政策支持和"一带一路"倡议的有力推动,中国对东盟成员国直接投资呈持续快速增长势头,受到国内外学界广泛关注。本文基于对国内外统计数据分析,深入研究了2010年至2018年中国对东盟国家直接投资情况,提出了中国对东盟直接投资的四个主要趋势,分析了中国对东盟成员国扩大投资的四大驱动因素,系统评估了中国对东盟国家进一步扩大投资面临的政治、经济和社会文化三方面主要风险。

Conservation Agriculture in Europe

The adoption of Conservation Agriculture(CA)in Europe varies according to the ecological regions of the continent.Although Europe is behind other countries in adoption of CA,the indicators for future progress are encouraging.The area where CA is applied is growing rapidly because of increasing environmental awareness,including soil protection,and because of the need to reduce production costs.The European Conservation Agriculture Federation(ECAF)plays an important role in the adoption and dissemination of CA practices,and in discussions involving CA and the EU Common Agricultural Policy(CAP)reform.Yield performance and stability,operating costs,environmental policies and programs of the Common Agricultural Policy(CAP),and climate change will likely be the major driving forces defining the direction and for the extension of CA in Europe.The role of agriculture in climate change mitigation in the EU is discussed in the paper.

安纳海姆市政厅的重建方案

位于美国加利福尼亚州的安纳海姆市，因其是迪士尼乐园的故乡而享誉世界。同时这里也是一座经济基础雄厚。拥有约35万人口的蓬勃发展的城市．安纳海姆市始建于1857年,是美国第十大人口稠密的城市．对于一座具有如此规模的城市，人们自然而然地会联想到一座庄严的市政厅大楼。可是事实并非如此。通往市政厅大楼的台阶宽大却毫无特点，反光的玻璃幕墙又使其缺乏作为政府办公建筑所应有的庄严．整座大楼看起来毫无亲切感，缺少与城市其他部分的联系和呼应．直到1998年，由MIG公司负责设计来改变安纳海姆市政厅的面貌时，这状况才得以改善．