Mountains are paramount for exploring biodiversity patterns due to the mosaic of topographies and climates encompassed over short distances.Biodiversity research has traditionally focused on taxonomic diversity when i...Mountains are paramount for exploring biodiversity patterns due to the mosaic of topographies and climates encompassed over short distances.Biodiversity research has traditionally focused on taxonomic diversity when investigating changes along elevational gradients,but other facets should be considered.For first time,we simultaneously assessed elevational trends in taxonomic,functional,and phylogenetic diversity of woody plants in Andean tropical montane forests and explored their underlying ecological and evolutionary causes.This investigation covered four transects(traversing ca.2200 m a.s.l.) encompassing 114 plots of 0.1 ha across a broad latitudinal range(ca.10°).Using Hill numbers to quantify abundance-based diversity among 37,869 individuals we observed a consistent decrease in taxonomic,functional,and phylogenetic diversity as elevation increased,although the decrease was less pronounced for higher Hill orders.The exception was a slight increase in phylogenetic diversity when dominant species were over-weighted.The decrease in taxonomic and functional diversity might be attributed to an environmental filtering process towards highlands,where the increasingly harsher conditions exclude species and functional strategies.Besides,the differences in steepness decrease between Hill orders suggest that rare species disproportionately contribute to functional diversity.For phylogenetic diversity the shifting elevational trend between Hill orders indicates a greater than previously considered influence in central Andean highlands of tropical lowlands originated species with strong niche conservatism relative to distantly related temperate lineages.This could be explained by a decreasing presence and abundance of temperate,extratropical taxa towards the central Andes relative to northern or southern Andes,where they are more prevalent.展开更多
INTRODUCTION Evolution of behavioral responses is often dependent on the existence of modified structures that enable the development of the behavioral suite(Kay 1978;Lundrigan 1996;Alfaro et al.2004;Goyens et al.2015...INTRODUCTION Evolution of behavioral responses is often dependent on the existence of modified structures that enable the development of the behavioral suite(Kay 1978;Lundrigan 1996;Alfaro et al.2004;Goyens et al.2015;Higham et al.2015;Sharp et al.2018;Schendel et al.2019).Occasionally,structural modifications are so important that a direct link between morphology and behavior can be inferred(Fleagle 1977;Rodman 1979;Losos 1990a;Higham et al.2015).展开更多
This article is the 15th contribution in the Fungal Diversity Notes series,wherein 115 taxa from three phyla,nine classes,28 orders,48 families,and 64 genera are treated.Fungal taxa described and illustrated in the pr...This article is the 15th contribution in the Fungal Diversity Notes series,wherein 115 taxa from three phyla,nine classes,28 orders,48 families,and 64 genera are treated.Fungal taxa described and illustrated in the present study include a new family,five new genera,61 new species,five new combinations,one synonym,one new variety and 31 records on new hosts or new geographical distributions.Ageratinicolaceae fam.nov.is introduced and accommodated in Pleosporales.The new genera introduced in this study are Ageratinicola,Kevinia,Pseudomultiseptospora(Parabambusicolaceae),Marasmiellomycena,and Vizzinia(Porotheleaceae).Newly described species are Abrothallus altoandinus,Ageratinicola kunmingensis,Allocryptovalsa aceris,Allophoma yuccae,Apiospora cannae,A.elliptica,A.pallidesporae,Boeremia wisteriae,Calycina papaeana,Clypeo-coccum lichenostigmoides,Coniochaeta riskali-shoyakubovii,Cryphonectria kunmingensis,Diaporthe angustiapiculata,D.campylandrae,D.longipapillata,Diatrypella guangdongense,Dothiorella franceschinii,Endocalyx phoenicis,Epicoc-cum terminosporum,Fulvifomes karaiensis,F.pannaensis,Ganoderma ghatensis,Hysterobrevium baoshanense,Inocybe avellaneorosea,I.lucida,Jahnula oblonga,Kevinia lignicola,Kirschsteiniothelia guangdongensis,Laboulbenia caprina,L.clavulata,L.cobiae,L.cosmodisci,L.nilotica,L.omalii,L.robusta,L.similis,L.stigmatophora,Laccaria rubriporus,Lasiodiplodia morindae,Lyophyllum agnijum,Marasmiellomycena pseudoomphaliiformis,Melomastia beihaiensis,Nemania guangdongensis,Nigrograna thailandica,Nigrospora ficuum,Oxydothis chinensis,O.yunnanensis,Petriella thailandica,Phaeoacremonium chinensis,Phialocephala chinensis,Phytophthora debattistii,Polyplosphaeria nigrospora,Pronectria loweniae,Seriascoma acutispora,Setoseptoria bambusae,Stictis anomianthi,Tarzetta tibetensis,Tarzetta urceolata,Tetraploa obpyriformis,Trichoglossum beninense,and Tricoderma pyrrosiae.We provide an emendation for Urnula ailaoshanensis Agaricus duplocingulatoides var.brevisporus introduced as a new variety based on morphology and phylogeny.展开更多
The results of the first comprehensive study of myxomycetes from the island of Madagascar,a world biodiversity hotspot,are reported in this paper.The island is of continental origin,the fourth largest in the world,and...The results of the first comprehensive study of myxomycetes from the island of Madagascar,a world biodiversity hotspot,are reported in this paper.The island is of continental origin,the fourth largest in the world,and has been geographically isolated for more than 160 million years,since its separation from Gondwanaland.The isolation,size and topography of Madagascar have triggered the development of a great variety of different habitats and favoured multiple evolutionary pathways,resulting in many animals and plants that exist nowhere else on earth.Fieldwork for the biodiversity survey of the central and southern parts of the island took place in May 2009,to coincide with the end of the rainy season.Tropical moist forest,sclerophyll forest and dry forest were selected for sampling in Ranomafana,Andringitra,Andohahela and L’Isalo National Parks.Some unique vegetation was sampled in the spiny dry forest and succulent scrub with plants from the genera Alluaudia,Euphorbia,Kalanchoe and Pachypodium.The survey produced 124 species from 22 different genera in more than 750 myxomycete collections.In this paper one species,Perichaena madagascariensis,is described as new to science,21 species are new records for Africa,and 106 are reported for the first time from Madagascar.Some unusual collections included Physarum lakhanpalii that appeared on Ravenala madagascariensis,Fuligo intermedia and Licea nannengae found on Adansonia grandidieri,Perichaena pulcherrima,Physarum dictyosporum,and P.echinosporum on Euphorbia and Licea rufocuprea on bark.The scope,methods and results of this survey are included in this paper,and comments are made on the ecology,distribution and substrate association of the myxomycetes of these areas of Madagascar.Macrographs,micrographs and SEM images of interesting species are included.The results indicate that the island of Madagascar has a unique assemblage of species of myxomycetes,different from neighbouring islands and from similar but distant environments.展开更多
The results obtained from two expeditions to survey the biodiversity of myxomycetes in Central Chile are reported in this paper.The surveys were carried out as part of Global Biodiversity of Eumycetozoans project fund...The results obtained from two expeditions to survey the biodiversity of myxomycetes in Central Chile are reported in this paper.The surveys were carried out as part of Global Biodiversity of Eumycetozoans project funded by the National Science Foundation(USA)and the Myxotropic project funded by the Spanish Government.The expeditions were made to the temperate zone of the central part of the country between 23°and 39°South latitudes,which is characterized by Mediterranean vegetation,as well as to the transition areas between the arid and semi-arid regions of northern Chile,and the humid,cold Valdivian and Andean-Patagonian forests of the far South.Eight of the fifteen regions of the country,from Antofagasta to Araucanía,in selected areas where the native vegetation is well preserved,were included in these surveys.Over 600 collections were obtained,and a total of 110 species of myxomycetes representing 29 genera have been identified.Two of these(Dianema succulenticola,Didymium chilense)are species new to science and are described in this paper,12 species(Collaria nigricapillitia,Comatricha alta,Cribraria oregana,Dianema depressum,Didymium eximium,D.nivicolum,Enerthenema melanospermum,Lepidoderma chailletii,Macbrideola ovoidea,Physarum clavisporum,Ph.newtonii and Trichia alpina)were previously unknown for either the Neotropics or South America,and 49 additional species are new records for Chile.Comments are provided on the morphology,distribution and ecology of selected species and light and SEM micrographs of the most significant species are included.An evaluation of the biodiversity of myxomycetes in Chile,with special emphasis on the endemic plants that provided the substrates with which they were associated,and a comparative analysis of our results with those from other countries of South America is presented.展开更多
Abstract The phylogenetic relationship of lecanoroid lichens is studied using two data sets:1)a 2-locus data set including 251 OTUs representing 150 species,and 2)a 6-locus data set with 82 OTUs representing 53 specie...Abstract The phylogenetic relationship of lecanoroid lichens is studied using two data sets:1)a 2-locus data set including 251 OTUs representing 150 species,and 2)a 6-locus data set with 82 OTUs representing 53 species.The genus Lecanora as currently circumscribed is shown to be highly polyphyletic and several genera,including Adelolecia,Arctopeltis,Bryonora,Carbonea,Frutidella,Lecidella,Miriquidica,Palicella,Protoparmeliopsis,Pyrrhospora,and Rhizoplaca are nested within Lecanora sensu lato.A core group of Lecanora is supported as monophyletic and includes species of the L.carpinea,L.rupicola,and L.subcarnea groups,and a core group of the L.subfusca group.Three monophyletic clades that are well supported in our analyses and well characterized by phenotypical characters are accepted here:1)Myriolecis to accommodate the Lecanora dispersa group and Arctopeltis;2)Protoparmeliopsis for the L.muralis group;and 3)Rhizoplaca is emended to include three placodioid taxa previously classified in Lecanora(L.novomexicana.L.opiniconensis,L.phaedrophthalma),whereas R.aspidophora and R.peltata are excluded from Rhizoplaca.The latter is transferred into Protoparmeliopsis.Lecidella is strongly supported as a monophyletic group.Our studies indicate the presence of additional clades of species currently placed in Lecanora sensu lato that warrant taxonomic recognition but additional data will be necessary before the circumscription of these entities is fully understood.37 new combinations are proposed into the genera Myriolecis(30),Protoparmeliopsis(2),and Rhizoplaca(5).展开更多
Numerous new taxa and classifications of Dothideomycetes have been published following the last monograph of families of Dothideomycetes in 2013.A recent publication by Honsanan et al.in 2020 expanded information of f...Numerous new taxa and classifications of Dothideomycetes have been published following the last monograph of families of Dothideomycetes in 2013.A recent publication by Honsanan et al.in 2020 expanded information of families in Dothideo-mycetidae and Pleosporomycetidae with modern classifications.In this paper,we provide a refined updated document on orders and families incertae sedis of Dothideomycetes.Each family is provided with an updated description,notes,including figures to represent the morphology,a list of accepted genera,and economic and ecological significances.We also provide phylogenetic trees for each order.In this study,31 orders which consist 50 families are assigned as orders incertae sedis in Dothideomycetes,and 41 families are treated as families incertae sedis due to lack of molecular or morphological evidence.The new order,Catinellales,and four new families,Catinellaceae,Morenoinaceae Neobuelliellaceae and Thyrinulaceae are introduced.Seven genera(Neobuelliella,Pseudomicrothyrium,Flagellostrigula,Swinscowia,Macroconstrictolumina,Pseudobogoriella,and Schummia)are introduced.Seven new species(Acrospermum urticae,Bogoriella complexoluminata,Dothiorella ostryae,Dyfrolomyces distoseptatus,Macroconstrictolumina megalateralis,Patellaria microspora,and Pseu-domicrothyrium thailandicum)are introduced base on morphology and phylogeny,together with two new records/reports and five new collections from different families.Ninety new combinations are also provided in this paper.展开更多
Myxomycetes are microorganisms frequently considered to be of cosmopolitan distribution,however as studies in unexplored areas have intensified,more information has become available on the patterns of distribution of ...Myxomycetes are microorganisms frequently considered to be of cosmopolitan distribution,however as studies in unexplored areas have intensified,more information has become available on the patterns of distribution of these organisms,but no historical or cladistic biogeographic approaches have been applied to understand such patterns.In this study a parsimony analysis of endemicity(PAE)was used in order to generate a preliminary hypothesis on the biogeographic relationships of 13 American areas in which a well-known myxomycete biota exists.In general terms the hypotheses of the relationship between the myxomycete assemblages of areas used in this study agree with those reported for other groups of organisms.They appear to show that a historical-geographic pattern influences the distribution of myxomycetes as much as environmental factors.Three main clades were found in the analysis,with the first one including the two subantarctic localities,the second one representing the South American transition zone and the last one including all the Neotropical and Nearctic areas,but arranged into two subclades,one with the arid areas and the other with the tropical and temperate humid areas.Each clade or subclade in the cladogram is supported by the presence of several morphospecies,some of which appear to represent endemic species restricted to specific geographic areas.The results of this analysis are proposed as a working hypothesis that can perhaps be supported in the future with new data from other complementary regions of America or with more intense surveys in the areas already explored.They are inconsistent with the hypothesis of cosmopolitan distribution for these microorganisms,as they appear to indicate groups of species that are restricted to certain geographic areas,some of which may be endemic,such as those from the subantarctic forests of South America,those found exclusively in the South American arid areas or those that have been recently described from arid areas of North America.展开更多
The fungal genus Collemopsidium comprises species that develop so-called borderline lichen symbioses with algae or cyanobacteria.Together with morphologically similar pyrenocarpous fungi it has been assigned to the fa...The fungal genus Collemopsidium comprises species that develop so-called borderline lichen symbioses with algae or cyanobacteria.Together with morphologically similar pyrenocarpous fungi it has been assigned to the family Xanthopyreniaceae.The adscription of this family to higher taxonomic ranks remain uncertain.Using sequence data of five nuclear genomic regions(nuLSU,nuSSU,tef1-α,rpb1 and rpb2)and onemitochondrial locus(mtSSU)we found that the studied representatives of this family are placed in the Dothideomyceta,yet relationships with the classes Dothideomycetes and Arthoniomycetes remain uncertain.We describe the new order Collemopsidiales to accommodate the genus Collemopsidium(paraphyletic as currently understood)and the lichenicolous genus Zwackhiomyces.Using five fungal fossils as calibrations points,we infer an age of c.230 Mya for the crown of Collemopsidiales.Based on two molecular markers,we also provide insight into the global diversity of marine species of the genus Collemopsidium.According to the species delimitation algorithm GMYC,c.26 putative species exist,far more than the six species recognized hitherto.We have confirmed this result by comparing the two alternative species models by means of Bayes factors,using path sampling and stepping-stone sampling algorithms to estimate the marginal likelihood of each model.Finally,our observations suggest rock-boring ability evolved in parallel in the different lineages within this group of fungi.展开更多
The role of the most common land iguana(Conolophus subcristatus)in the Galápagos Islands as an effective seed disperser is explored in this study.A total of 5705 seeds of 32 plant species were identified from 160...The role of the most common land iguana(Conolophus subcristatus)in the Galápagos Islands as an effective seed disperser is explored in this study.A total of 5705 seeds of 32 plant species were identified from 160 scats,4545 of which(80%)appeared visually undamaged.Germination trials of 849 seeds from 29 species revealed that at least 10 species remained viable after passing through the iguana’s gut,although only a small proportion of those seeds(4%)germinated.In any case,we argue that C.subcristatus exerts an important role on the 7 Galapagos islands where it occurs because of its abundance and capacity to ingest and disperse seeds at long distances.Our results strongly suggest that the Galápagos C.subcristatus plays an important role as a seed disperser of not only of native species but also some introduced plants in the Galápagos Islands.展开更多
Erratum to:Fungal Diversity DOI 10.1007/s13225-012-0159-8 The original publication contains the following errors:Page 18,second paragraph,line 14:Delete the last sentence(“In the Neotropics,this species has been repo...Erratum to:Fungal Diversity DOI 10.1007/s13225-012-0159-8 The original publication contains the following errors:Page 18,second paragraph,line 14:Delete the last sentence(“In the Neotropics,this species has been reported previously from Costa Rica(Rojas et al.2010)and the Windward Islands.”),which should not have been included in this paragraph.Page 18,fifth paragraph(under Didymium comatum),lines 26–27:Delete“(11-)”from the end of line 26.展开更多
This article is the 14th in the Fungal Diversity Notes series,wherein we report 98 taxa distributed in two phyla,seven classes,26 orders and 50 families which are described and illustrated.Taxa in this study were coll...This article is the 14th in the Fungal Diversity Notes series,wherein we report 98 taxa distributed in two phyla,seven classes,26 orders and 50 families which are described and illustrated.Taxa in this study were collected from Australia,Brazil,Burkina Faso,Chile,China,Cyprus,Egypt,France,French Guiana,India,Indonesia,Italy,Laos,Mexico,Russia,Sri Lanka,Thailand,and Vietnam.There are 59 new taxa,39 new hosts and new geographical distributions with one new combination.The 59 new species comprise Angustimassarina kunmingense,Asterina lopi,Asterina brigadeirensis,Bartalinia bidenticola,Bartalinia caryotae,Buellia pruinocalcarea,Coltricia insularis,Colletotrichum fexuosum,Colletotrichum thasutense,Coniochaeta caraganae,Coniothyrium yuccicola,Dematipyriforma aquatic,Dematipyriforma globispora,Dematipyriforma nilotica,Distoseptispora bambusicola,Fulvifomes jawadhuvensis,Fulvifomes malaiyanurensis,Fulvifomes thiruvannamalaiensis,Fusarium purpurea,Gerronema atrovirens,Gerronema favum,Gerronema keralense,Gerronema kuruvense,Grammothele taiwanensis,Hongkongmyces changchunensis,Hypoxylon inaequale,Kirschsteiniothelia acutisporum,Kirschsteiniothelia crustaceum,Kirschsteiniothelia extensum,Kirschsteiniothelia septemseptatum,Kirschsteiniothelia spatiosum,Lecanora immersocalcarea,Lepiota subthailandica,Lindgomyces guizhouensis,Marthe asmius pallidoaurantiacus,Marasmius tangerinus,Neovaginatispora mangiferae,Pararamichloridium aquisubtropicum,Pestalotiopsis piraubensis,Phacidium chinaum,Phaeoisaria goiasensis,Phaeoseptum thailandicum,Pleurothecium aquisubtropicum,Pseudocercospora vernoniae,Pyrenophora verruculosa,Rhachomyces cruralis,Rhachomyces hyperommae,Rhachomyces magrinii,Rhachomyces platyprosophi,Rhizomarasmius cunninghamietorum,Skeletocutis cangshanensis,Skeletocutis subchrysella,Sporisorium anadelphiae-leptocomae,Tetraploa dashaoensis,Tomentella exiguelata,Tomentella fuscoaraneosa,Tricholomopsis lechatii,Vaginatispora favispora and Wetmoreana blastidiocalcarea.The new combination is Torula sundara.The 39 new records on hosts and geographical distribution comprise Apiospora guiyangensis,Aplosporella artocarpi,Ascochyta medicaginicola,Astrocystis bambusicola,Athelia rolfsii,Bambusicola bambusae,Bipolaris luttrellii,Botryosphaeria dothidea,Chlorophyllum squamulosum,Colletotrichum aeschynomenes,Colletotrichum pandanicola,Coprinopsis cinerea,Corylicola italica,Curvularia alcornii,Curvularia senegalensis,Diaporthe foeniculina,Diaporthe longicolla,Diaporthe phaseolorum,Diatrypella quercina,Fusarium brachygibbosum,Helicoma aquaticum,Lepiota metulispora,Lepiota pongduadensis,Lepiota subvenenata,Melanconiella meridionalis,Monotosporella erecta,Nodulosphaeria digitalis,Palmiascoma gregariascomum,Periconia byssoides,Periconia cortaderiae,Pleopunctum ellipsoideum,Psilocybe keralensis,Scedosporium apiospermum,Scedosporium dehoogii,Scedosporium marina,Spegazzinia deightonii,Torula fci,Wiesneriomyces laurinus and Xylaria venosula.All these taxa are supported by morphological and multigene phylogenetic analyses.This article allows the researchers to publish fungal collections which areimportant for future studies.An updated,accurate and timely report of fungus-host and fungus-geography is important.We also provide an updated list of fungal taxa published in the previous fungal diversity notes.In this list,erroneous taxa and synonyms are marked and corrected accordingly.展开更多
基金Guillermo Bañares was funded through grants from the Spanish Ministry of Education (FPU14/05303),Escuela Internacional de Doctorado-Universidad Rey Juan Carlos (Doctor Internacional 2017)and the Education and Research Department of Madrid Autonomous Region Government (REMEDINAL TE,S2018/EMT-4338)supported through three grants from the Spanish Ministries of Economy and Competitiveness and Science and Technology (CGL2013-45634-P,CGL2016-75414-P,and PID2019-105064 GB-I00)a grant from Centro de Estudios de América Latina (CEAL)at Universidad Autónoma de Madrid and Banco Santander.
文摘Mountains are paramount for exploring biodiversity patterns due to the mosaic of topographies and climates encompassed over short distances.Biodiversity research has traditionally focused on taxonomic diversity when investigating changes along elevational gradients,but other facets should be considered.For first time,we simultaneously assessed elevational trends in taxonomic,functional,and phylogenetic diversity of woody plants in Andean tropical montane forests and explored their underlying ecological and evolutionary causes.This investigation covered four transects(traversing ca.2200 m a.s.l.) encompassing 114 plots of 0.1 ha across a broad latitudinal range(ca.10°).Using Hill numbers to quantify abundance-based diversity among 37,869 individuals we observed a consistent decrease in taxonomic,functional,and phylogenetic diversity as elevation increased,although the decrease was less pronounced for higher Hill orders.The exception was a slight increase in phylogenetic diversity when dominant species were over-weighted.The decrease in taxonomic and functional diversity might be attributed to an environmental filtering process towards highlands,where the increasingly harsher conditions exclude species and functional strategies.Besides,the differences in steepness decrease between Hill orders suggest that rare species disproportionately contribute to functional diversity.For phylogenetic diversity the shifting elevational trend between Hill orders indicates a greater than previously considered influence in central Andean highlands of tropical lowlands originated species with strong niche conservatism relative to distantly related temperate lineages.This could be explained by a decreasing presence and abundance of temperate,extratropical taxa towards the central Andes relative to northern or southern Andes,where they are more prevalent.
基金This study was funded by the Spanish government MCIN/AEI/10.13039/501100011033/and FEDER“A way to make Europe,”through the project PID2019-110243GB-I00 to MGP.E.K.L.-E.was supported by a doctoral scholarship from CONACyT-Mexico(330519/472100).
文摘INTRODUCTION Evolution of behavioral responses is often dependent on the existence of modified structures that enable the development of the behavioral suite(Kay 1978;Lundrigan 1996;Alfaro et al.2004;Goyens et al.2015;Higham et al.2015;Sharp et al.2018;Schendel et al.2019).Occasionally,structural modifications are so important that a direct link between morphology and behavior can be inferred(Fleagle 1977;Rodman 1979;Losos 1990a;Higham et al.2015).
文摘This article is the 15th contribution in the Fungal Diversity Notes series,wherein 115 taxa from three phyla,nine classes,28 orders,48 families,and 64 genera are treated.Fungal taxa described and illustrated in the present study include a new family,five new genera,61 new species,five new combinations,one synonym,one new variety and 31 records on new hosts or new geographical distributions.Ageratinicolaceae fam.nov.is introduced and accommodated in Pleosporales.The new genera introduced in this study are Ageratinicola,Kevinia,Pseudomultiseptospora(Parabambusicolaceae),Marasmiellomycena,and Vizzinia(Porotheleaceae).Newly described species are Abrothallus altoandinus,Ageratinicola kunmingensis,Allocryptovalsa aceris,Allophoma yuccae,Apiospora cannae,A.elliptica,A.pallidesporae,Boeremia wisteriae,Calycina papaeana,Clypeo-coccum lichenostigmoides,Coniochaeta riskali-shoyakubovii,Cryphonectria kunmingensis,Diaporthe angustiapiculata,D.campylandrae,D.longipapillata,Diatrypella guangdongense,Dothiorella franceschinii,Endocalyx phoenicis,Epicoc-cum terminosporum,Fulvifomes karaiensis,F.pannaensis,Ganoderma ghatensis,Hysterobrevium baoshanense,Inocybe avellaneorosea,I.lucida,Jahnula oblonga,Kevinia lignicola,Kirschsteiniothelia guangdongensis,Laboulbenia caprina,L.clavulata,L.cobiae,L.cosmodisci,L.nilotica,L.omalii,L.robusta,L.similis,L.stigmatophora,Laccaria rubriporus,Lasiodiplodia morindae,Lyophyllum agnijum,Marasmiellomycena pseudoomphaliiformis,Melomastia beihaiensis,Nemania guangdongensis,Nigrograna thailandica,Nigrospora ficuum,Oxydothis chinensis,O.yunnanensis,Petriella thailandica,Phaeoacremonium chinensis,Phialocephala chinensis,Phytophthora debattistii,Polyplosphaeria nigrospora,Pronectria loweniae,Seriascoma acutispora,Setoseptoria bambusae,Stictis anomianthi,Tarzetta tibetensis,Tarzetta urceolata,Tetraploa obpyriformis,Trichoglossum beninense,and Tricoderma pyrrosiae.We provide an emendation for Urnula ailaoshanensis Agaricus duplocingulatoides var.brevisporus introduced as a new variety based on morphology and phylogeny.
基金supported by the National Science Foundation,of the United States(grant DEB-03316284 for a project entitled“PBI:Global Biodiversity of Eumycetozoans”)the Spanish government(grant CGL 200800720/BOS and CGL2011-22684).
文摘The results of the first comprehensive study of myxomycetes from the island of Madagascar,a world biodiversity hotspot,are reported in this paper.The island is of continental origin,the fourth largest in the world,and has been geographically isolated for more than 160 million years,since its separation from Gondwanaland.The isolation,size and topography of Madagascar have triggered the development of a great variety of different habitats and favoured multiple evolutionary pathways,resulting in many animals and plants that exist nowhere else on earth.Fieldwork for the biodiversity survey of the central and southern parts of the island took place in May 2009,to coincide with the end of the rainy season.Tropical moist forest,sclerophyll forest and dry forest were selected for sampling in Ranomafana,Andringitra,Andohahela and L’Isalo National Parks.Some unique vegetation was sampled in the spiny dry forest and succulent scrub with plants from the genera Alluaudia,Euphorbia,Kalanchoe and Pachypodium.The survey produced 124 species from 22 different genera in more than 750 myxomycete collections.In this paper one species,Perichaena madagascariensis,is described as new to science,21 species are new records for Africa,and 106 are reported for the first time from Madagascar.Some unusual collections included Physarum lakhanpalii that appeared on Ravenala madagascariensis,Fuligo intermedia and Licea nannengae found on Adansonia grandidieri,Perichaena pulcherrima,Physarum dictyosporum,and P.echinosporum on Euphorbia and Licea rufocuprea on bark.The scope,methods and results of this survey are included in this paper,and comments are made on the ecology,distribution and substrate association of the myxomycetes of these areas of Madagascar.Macrographs,micrographs and SEM images of interesting species are included.The results indicate that the island of Madagascar has a unique assemblage of species of myxomycetes,different from neighbouring islands and from similar but distant environments.
基金supported by grant[DEB0316284]from the National Science Foundation(USA)and grant CGL2008-00720/BOS funded by the Spanish Government..
文摘The results obtained from two expeditions to survey the biodiversity of myxomycetes in Central Chile are reported in this paper.The surveys were carried out as part of Global Biodiversity of Eumycetozoans project funded by the National Science Foundation(USA)and the Myxotropic project funded by the Spanish Government.The expeditions were made to the temperate zone of the central part of the country between 23°and 39°South latitudes,which is characterized by Mediterranean vegetation,as well as to the transition areas between the arid and semi-arid regions of northern Chile,and the humid,cold Valdivian and Andean-Patagonian forests of the far South.Eight of the fifteen regions of the country,from Antofagasta to Araucanía,in selected areas where the native vegetation is well preserved,were included in these surveys.Over 600 collections were obtained,and a total of 110 species of myxomycetes representing 29 genera have been identified.Two of these(Dianema succulenticola,Didymium chilense)are species new to science and are described in this paper,12 species(Collaria nigricapillitia,Comatricha alta,Cribraria oregana,Dianema depressum,Didymium eximium,D.nivicolum,Enerthenema melanospermum,Lepidoderma chailletii,Macbrideola ovoidea,Physarum clavisporum,Ph.newtonii and Trichia alpina)were previously unknown for either the Neotropics or South America,and 49 additional species are new records for Chile.Comments are provided on the morphology,distribution and ecology of selected species and light and SEM micrographs of the most significant species are included.An evaluation of the biodiversity of myxomycetes in Chile,with special emphasis on the endemic plants that provided the substrates with which they were associated,and a comparative analysis of our results with those from other countries of South America is presented.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(31170187,31570017)supported by grant CTM2012-38222-C02-02 from the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness.
文摘Abstract The phylogenetic relationship of lecanoroid lichens is studied using two data sets:1)a 2-locus data set including 251 OTUs representing 150 species,and 2)a 6-locus data set with 82 OTUs representing 53 species.The genus Lecanora as currently circumscribed is shown to be highly polyphyletic and several genera,including Adelolecia,Arctopeltis,Bryonora,Carbonea,Frutidella,Lecidella,Miriquidica,Palicella,Protoparmeliopsis,Pyrrhospora,and Rhizoplaca are nested within Lecanora sensu lato.A core group of Lecanora is supported as monophyletic and includes species of the L.carpinea,L.rupicola,and L.subcarnea groups,and a core group of the L.subfusca group.Three monophyletic clades that are well supported in our analyses and well characterized by phenotypical characters are accepted here:1)Myriolecis to accommodate the Lecanora dispersa group and Arctopeltis;2)Protoparmeliopsis for the L.muralis group;and 3)Rhizoplaca is emended to include three placodioid taxa previously classified in Lecanora(L.novomexicana.L.opiniconensis,L.phaedrophthalma),whereas R.aspidophora and R.peltata are excluded from Rhizoplaca.The latter is transferred into Protoparmeliopsis.Lecidella is strongly supported as a monophyletic group.Our studies indicate the presence of additional clades of species currently placed in Lecanora sensu lato that warrant taxonomic recognition but additional data will be necessary before the circumscription of these entities is fully understood.37 new combinations are proposed into the genera Myriolecis(30),Protoparmeliopsis(2),and Rhizoplaca(5).
基金National Natural Science Foundation of China for supporting the project Biodiversity,Taxonomy,Phylogeny,Evolution and Phytogeography of phytopathogens in Dothideomycetes from Southern China(Grant No.31950410548)for funding this research.Ning Xie would like to thank Project of DEGP(2019KTSCX150)+29 种基金.Kevin D Hyde thanks the Thailand Research Fund for the grant RDG6130001 entitled“Impact of climate change on fungal diversity and biogeography in the Greater Mekong Subregion”.Rungtiwa Phookamsak thanks CAS President’s International Fellowship Initiative(PIFI)for young staff(Grant No.Y9215811Q1)the Yunnan Provincial Department of Human Resources and Social Security(Grant No.Y836181261)National Science Foundation of China(NSFC)project code 31850410489(Grant No.Y81I982211)for financial supportDhanushka Wanasinghe would like to thank CAS President’s International Fellowship Initiative(PIFI)for funding his postdoctoral research(number 2019PC0008)the 64th batch of China Postdoctoral Science Foundation(Grant No.Y913083271).Vemuri V.Sarma would like to thank SERB,Department of Science and Technology,Government of India,for funding a project(SERB/SB/SO/PS/18/2014 dt.19.5.2015)Ministry of Earth Sciences(MOES),Govt.of India for funding a project(Sanction order:MOES/36/OO1S/Extra/40/2014/PC-IV dt.14.01.2015)the Department of Biotechnology,Pondicherry University for facilitiesthe National Research Council of Thailand(projects no.61215320013 and No.61215320023)the Thailand Research Fund(project no.TRG6180001)Plant Genetic Conservation Project under the Royal Initiation of Her Royal High-ness Princess Maha Chakri Sirindhorn-Mae Fah Luang University.Alan JL Phillips acknowledges the support from UIDB/04046/2020 and UIDP/04046/2020 Centre grants from FCT,Portugal(to Bio-ISI).Saowaluck Tibpromma would like to thank the International Postdoctoral Exchange Fellowship Program(number Y9180822S1)CAS President’s International Fellowship Initiative(PIFI)(number 2020PC0009)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Project Nos.31800010 and 31750001)for financial support.the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.NSFC 31950410558)Guizhou Medical University(grant number FAMP201906K)tthe National Nat-ural Science Foundation of China(No.NSFC 31760013)the Scientific Research Foundation of Yunnan Provincial Department of Education(2017ZZX186)the Thousand Talents Plan,Youth Project of Yun-nan Provinces for finance supportthe 5th batch of Postdoctoral Orientation Training Personnel in Yunnan Province(Grant No.Y934283261)the 64th batch of China Postdoctoral Science Foundation(Grant No.Y913082271)M Niranjan thanks SERB,Govt.of India for a fellow-ship.Huang Zhang would like to thank Natural Science Foundation of China(NSF 31500017).Jadson DP Bezerra thanks the Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico(CNPq),the Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior(CAPES,Finance Code 001)the Fundação de AmparoàCiência e Tecnologia de Pernambuco(FACEPE)for fellowship.B.Devadatha thanks MOES,Govt.of India for a fellowship.Hai-Xia Wu would like to the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Non-profit Research Institution of CAF(Grant No.CAFYBB2019QB005)the Ten Thousand Talents Plan,Youth Top Project of Yunnan Provinces for finance support.Ausana Mapook thanks to Research and Research-ers for Industries(RRI)under Thailand Research Fund for a personal grant(PHD57I0012)Putarak Chomnunti would like to thank Mae Fah Luang University(Grant No.DR256201012003)Diversity-Based Economy Development Office and National Research Council of Thailand Research(Grant No.T2561022)for the financial support.Satinee Suetrong thanks the collaborative project between BIOTEC and Department of Marine and Coastal Resources(DMCR),Ministry of Natural Resources and Environmentunder a project:Marine Microbes for National Reserves:Alternative Ways of State Property.N.Chai-wan would like to thank the Thailand Research Fund(PHD60K0147).
文摘Numerous new taxa and classifications of Dothideomycetes have been published following the last monograph of families of Dothideomycetes in 2013.A recent publication by Honsanan et al.in 2020 expanded information of families in Dothideo-mycetidae and Pleosporomycetidae with modern classifications.In this paper,we provide a refined updated document on orders and families incertae sedis of Dothideomycetes.Each family is provided with an updated description,notes,including figures to represent the morphology,a list of accepted genera,and economic and ecological significances.We also provide phylogenetic trees for each order.In this study,31 orders which consist 50 families are assigned as orders incertae sedis in Dothideomycetes,and 41 families are treated as families incertae sedis due to lack of molecular or morphological evidence.The new order,Catinellales,and four new families,Catinellaceae,Morenoinaceae Neobuelliellaceae and Thyrinulaceae are introduced.Seven genera(Neobuelliella,Pseudomicrothyrium,Flagellostrigula,Swinscowia,Macroconstrictolumina,Pseudobogoriella,and Schummia)are introduced.Seven new species(Acrospermum urticae,Bogoriella complexoluminata,Dothiorella ostryae,Dyfrolomyces distoseptatus,Macroconstrictolumina megalateralis,Patellaria microspora,and Pseu-domicrothyrium thailandicum)are introduced base on morphology and phylogeny,together with two new records/reports and five new collections from different families.Ninety new combinations are also provided in this paper.
基金supported by the Spanish Government(grants CGL2008-00720/BOS and CGL2011-22684).
文摘Myxomycetes are microorganisms frequently considered to be of cosmopolitan distribution,however as studies in unexplored areas have intensified,more information has become available on the patterns of distribution of these organisms,but no historical or cladistic biogeographic approaches have been applied to understand such patterns.In this study a parsimony analysis of endemicity(PAE)was used in order to generate a preliminary hypothesis on the biogeographic relationships of 13 American areas in which a well-known myxomycete biota exists.In general terms the hypotheses of the relationship between the myxomycete assemblages of areas used in this study agree with those reported for other groups of organisms.They appear to show that a historical-geographic pattern influences the distribution of myxomycetes as much as environmental factors.Three main clades were found in the analysis,with the first one including the two subantarctic localities,the second one representing the South American transition zone and the last one including all the Neotropical and Nearctic areas,but arranged into two subclades,one with the arid areas and the other with the tropical and temperate humid areas.Each clade or subclade in the cladogram is supported by the presence of several morphospecies,some of which appear to represent endemic species restricted to specific geographic areas.The results of this analysis are proposed as a working hypothesis that can perhaps be supported in the future with new data from other complementary regions of America or with more intense surveys in the areas already explored.They are inconsistent with the hypothesis of cosmopolitan distribution for these microorganisms,as they appear to indicate groups of species that are restricted to certain geographic areas,some of which may be endemic,such as those from the subantarctic forests of South America,those found exclusively in the South American arid areas or those that have been recently described from arid areas of North America.
基金SPO,IGB and AdR were supported by grant CTM2012-38222-C02-02IGB was supported by grant FPU AP2012-3556SPO is currently supported by the grant RYC-2014-16784,all from the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness.
文摘The fungal genus Collemopsidium comprises species that develop so-called borderline lichen symbioses with algae or cyanobacteria.Together with morphologically similar pyrenocarpous fungi it has been assigned to the family Xanthopyreniaceae.The adscription of this family to higher taxonomic ranks remain uncertain.Using sequence data of five nuclear genomic regions(nuLSU,nuSSU,tef1-α,rpb1 and rpb2)and onemitochondrial locus(mtSSU)we found that the studied representatives of this family are placed in the Dothideomyceta,yet relationships with the classes Dothideomycetes and Arthoniomycetes remain uncertain.We describe the new order Collemopsidiales to accommodate the genus Collemopsidium(paraphyletic as currently understood)and the lichenicolous genus Zwackhiomyces.Using five fungal fossils as calibrations points,we infer an age of c.230 Mya for the crown of Collemopsidiales.Based on two molecular markers,we also provide insight into the global diversity of marine species of the genus Collemopsidium.According to the species delimitation algorithm GMYC,c.26 putative species exist,far more than the six species recognized hitherto.We have confirmed this result by comparing the two alternative species models by means of Bayes factors,using path sampling and stepping-stone sampling algorithms to estimate the marginal likelihood of each model.Finally,our observations suggest rock-boring ability evolved in parallel in the different lineages within this group of fungi.
基金This study is framed within two projects partially financed by Fundación BBVA(Spain)and Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad(CGL2013-44386-P)We are also grateful to the Charles Darwin Station and Galápagos National Park(research permits nos.PC-026-09 and PC-04-11)for logistic support in this archipelago.R.H.was funded by the FCT grant IF/00441/2013(Portugal)and the Marie Curie Action CIG-321794(European Union).
文摘The role of the most common land iguana(Conolophus subcristatus)in the Galápagos Islands as an effective seed disperser is explored in this study.A total of 5705 seeds of 32 plant species were identified from 160 scats,4545 of which(80%)appeared visually undamaged.Germination trials of 849 seeds from 29 species revealed that at least 10 species remained viable after passing through the iguana’s gut,although only a small proportion of those seeds(4%)germinated.In any case,we argue that C.subcristatus exerts an important role on the 7 Galapagos islands where it occurs because of its abundance and capacity to ingest and disperse seeds at long distances.Our results strongly suggest that the Galápagos C.subcristatus plays an important role as a seed disperser of not only of native species but also some introduced plants in the Galápagos Islands.
文摘Erratum to:Fungal Diversity DOI 10.1007/s13225-012-0159-8 The original publication contains the following errors:Page 18,second paragraph,line 14:Delete the last sentence(“In the Neotropics,this species has been reported previously from Costa Rica(Rojas et al.2010)and the Windward Islands.”),which should not have been included in this paragraph.Page 18,fifth paragraph(under Didymium comatum),lines 26–27:Delete“(11-)”from the end of line 26.
文摘This article is the 14th in the Fungal Diversity Notes series,wherein we report 98 taxa distributed in two phyla,seven classes,26 orders and 50 families which are described and illustrated.Taxa in this study were collected from Australia,Brazil,Burkina Faso,Chile,China,Cyprus,Egypt,France,French Guiana,India,Indonesia,Italy,Laos,Mexico,Russia,Sri Lanka,Thailand,and Vietnam.There are 59 new taxa,39 new hosts and new geographical distributions with one new combination.The 59 new species comprise Angustimassarina kunmingense,Asterina lopi,Asterina brigadeirensis,Bartalinia bidenticola,Bartalinia caryotae,Buellia pruinocalcarea,Coltricia insularis,Colletotrichum fexuosum,Colletotrichum thasutense,Coniochaeta caraganae,Coniothyrium yuccicola,Dematipyriforma aquatic,Dematipyriforma globispora,Dematipyriforma nilotica,Distoseptispora bambusicola,Fulvifomes jawadhuvensis,Fulvifomes malaiyanurensis,Fulvifomes thiruvannamalaiensis,Fusarium purpurea,Gerronema atrovirens,Gerronema favum,Gerronema keralense,Gerronema kuruvense,Grammothele taiwanensis,Hongkongmyces changchunensis,Hypoxylon inaequale,Kirschsteiniothelia acutisporum,Kirschsteiniothelia crustaceum,Kirschsteiniothelia extensum,Kirschsteiniothelia septemseptatum,Kirschsteiniothelia spatiosum,Lecanora immersocalcarea,Lepiota subthailandica,Lindgomyces guizhouensis,Marthe asmius pallidoaurantiacus,Marasmius tangerinus,Neovaginatispora mangiferae,Pararamichloridium aquisubtropicum,Pestalotiopsis piraubensis,Phacidium chinaum,Phaeoisaria goiasensis,Phaeoseptum thailandicum,Pleurothecium aquisubtropicum,Pseudocercospora vernoniae,Pyrenophora verruculosa,Rhachomyces cruralis,Rhachomyces hyperommae,Rhachomyces magrinii,Rhachomyces platyprosophi,Rhizomarasmius cunninghamietorum,Skeletocutis cangshanensis,Skeletocutis subchrysella,Sporisorium anadelphiae-leptocomae,Tetraploa dashaoensis,Tomentella exiguelata,Tomentella fuscoaraneosa,Tricholomopsis lechatii,Vaginatispora favispora and Wetmoreana blastidiocalcarea.The new combination is Torula sundara.The 39 new records on hosts and geographical distribution comprise Apiospora guiyangensis,Aplosporella artocarpi,Ascochyta medicaginicola,Astrocystis bambusicola,Athelia rolfsii,Bambusicola bambusae,Bipolaris luttrellii,Botryosphaeria dothidea,Chlorophyllum squamulosum,Colletotrichum aeschynomenes,Colletotrichum pandanicola,Coprinopsis cinerea,Corylicola italica,Curvularia alcornii,Curvularia senegalensis,Diaporthe foeniculina,Diaporthe longicolla,Diaporthe phaseolorum,Diatrypella quercina,Fusarium brachygibbosum,Helicoma aquaticum,Lepiota metulispora,Lepiota pongduadensis,Lepiota subvenenata,Melanconiella meridionalis,Monotosporella erecta,Nodulosphaeria digitalis,Palmiascoma gregariascomum,Periconia byssoides,Periconia cortaderiae,Pleopunctum ellipsoideum,Psilocybe keralensis,Scedosporium apiospermum,Scedosporium dehoogii,Scedosporium marina,Spegazzinia deightonii,Torula fci,Wiesneriomyces laurinus and Xylaria venosula.All these taxa are supported by morphological and multigene phylogenetic analyses.This article allows the researchers to publish fungal collections which areimportant for future studies.An updated,accurate and timely report of fungus-host and fungus-geography is important.We also provide an updated list of fungal taxa published in the previous fungal diversity notes.In this list,erroneous taxa and synonyms are marked and corrected accordingly.