Gene expression profile of esophageal cancer in North East India by cDNA microarray analysis

AIM: To identify alterations in genes and molecular functional pathways in esophageal cancer in a high incidence region of India where there is a widespread use of tobacco and betel quid with fermented areca nuts. METHODS: Total RNA was isolated from tumor and matched normal tissue of 16 patients with esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. Pooled tumor tissue RNA was labeled with Cy3-dUTP and pooled normal tissue RNA was labeled with Cy5-dUTP by direct labeling method. The labeled probes were hybridized with human 10K cDNA chip and expression profiles were analyzed by Genespring GX V 7.3 (Silicon Genetics). RESULTS: Nine hundred twenty three genes were differentially expressed. Of these, 611 genes were upregulated and 312 genes were downregulated. Using stringent criteria (P ≤ 0.05 and ≥ 1.5 fold change), 127 differentially expressed genes (87 upregulated and 40 downregulated) were identified in tumor tissue. On the basis of Gene Ontology, four different molecular functional pathways (MAPK pathway, G-protein coupled receptor family, ion transport activity, and serine or threonine kinase activity) were most significantly upregulated and six different molecular functional pathways (structural constituent of ribosome, endopeptidase inhibitor activity, structural constituent of cytoskeleton, antioxidant activity, acyl group transferase activity, eukaryotic translation elongation factor activity) were most significantly downregulated. CONCLUSION: Several genes that showed alterations in our study have also been reported from a high incidence area of esophageal cancer in China. This indicates that molecular profiles of esophageal cancer in these two different geographic locations are highly consistent.

Distribution of and associated factors for dengue burden in the state of Odisha,India during 2010-2016

This study is aimed to estimate the epidemiological burden of dengue in Odisha,India using the disability adjusted life year(DALY)methods and to explore the associated factors in the year 2010-2016.During the period of 2010-2016,27772 cases(68.4%male)were reported in the state.Mean age(years)of male and female was 31.63 and 33.82,respectively.Mean district wise disability adjusted life years(DALY)per 100000 people was higher in the year 2016(0.45)and mean DALY lost per person was highest in the year 2015(34.90 years).Adjusted regression model indicates,every unit increase in humidity and population density increases DALY by 1.05 and 1.02 units respectively.Whereas,unit change in sex ratio(females per 1000 males)and forest coverage increases the DALY by 0.98 units.Our results indicate geographical variation of DALY in Odisha,which is associated with population density,humidity and forest cover.Discrepancies identified between standard incidence and DALY maps suggests,latter can be used to present disease burden more effectively.More prevalence among young males suggests the need of strengthening the targeted prevention and control measures.