Real-world utility of serological tests in patients with suspected scrub typhus in the Republic of Korea:A single-center,retrospective,observational study

Objective:Serological tests are widely used for scrub typhus diagnosis;however,their limitations are evident.This study aims to assess their practical value in clinical settings.Methods:We analyzed the data of adult patients with suspected scrub typhus who visited a tertiary care hospital in the Republic of Korea from September to December from 2019 to 2021.The included patients had an acute fever and at least one of the following ten secondary findings:myalgia,skin rash,eschar,headache,thrombocytopenia,increased liver enzyme levels,lymphadenopathy,hepatomegaly,splenomegaly,and pleural effusion.The diagnoses were grouped as scrub typhus or other diseases by two infectious disease physicians.Results:Among 136 patients who met the eligibility criteria,109 had scrub typhus and 27 had different diseases.Single and paired total antibodies using immunofluorescence assay(IFA),and total antibodies using immunochromatography-based rapid diagnostic testing(ICT)were measured in 98%,22%,and 75%of all patients,respectively.Confirmation using paired samples for scrub typhus was established at a median of 11[interquartile range(IQR)10-16]days following the first visit.Among the 82 admitted patients,the median admission time was 9(IQR 7-13)days.According to IFA,58(55%)patients with scrub typhus had total immunoglobulin titers≥1:320,while 23(85%)patients with other disease had titers<1:320.Positive ICT results were observed in 64(74%)patients with scrub typhus and 10(67%)patients with other diseases showed negative ICT results.Conclusions:Serological testing for scrub typhus is currently insufficient for decision-making in clinical practice.

Carbon neutrality policy and interconnection scenario according to the perspective of Republic of Korea

The future energy policy,long-term energy supply plan,and necessity of power system interconnection are discussed considering the climate change agreement and national carbon neutrality policy.Although several studies have been conducted on power system interconnection related projects,a few reviews have been performed related to the Greenhouse Gas Convention in North-East Asian(NEA)regions.Therefore,the future directions and possible scenarios on power system interconnection are studied by combining the issues by comprehensively considering carbon neutrality policy according to the perspective of Korea.

Response of ground beetles(Coleoptera:Carabidae)to forest gaps formed by a typhoon in a red pine forest at Gwangneung Forest,Republic of Korea

In Korea, damaging typhoons related to climate change have increased steadily since the 1990s. Red pine （Pinus densiflora） forests in Gwangneung Forest were greatly disturbed by typhoon Kompasu in 2010. A survey was carried out to clarify differences in ground beetle （Coleoptera： Carabidae） communities between forest gaps and undamaged forests. Ground beetles were sampled using pitfall traps from early May to late October 2011. Vegetation changes, litter layer, organic matter layer, and soil conditions were also measured. A total of 1035 ground beetles of 32 species were collected. Contrary to our expectation, species richness, abundance, and community structure of the ground beetles in forest gaps were similar to those in undamaged forests. Species richness and abundance of habitat type were also similar. However, species diversity and estimated species richness in forest gaps were significantly higher than in undamaged forests. These findings suggest that forest gaps formed by a typhoon did not lead to great change in ground beetle communities.

Measles outbreaks in the Kyeongin area of the Republic of Korea,2013-2014:A single-center experience in a country of measles elimination

Objective: To identify the source of infection and determine the clinical features and laboratory finding of measles infection,Methods: In 27 measles patients,except for 3 adult patients,the rest of 24 pediatric measles cases were analyzed with regard to age,sex,immunization status,transmission routes and molecular genotyping of measles virus,Eighteen measles patients who admitted in isolation ward were set apart to investigate clinical findings and its correlation with laboratory characteristics,Retrospective analysis of cases was conducted in this study,Results: Of the 24 pediatric patients,23(95.8%) had not received any measles-containing vaccine(MCV),Sixteen of the patients(66.7%) were aged <12 months,The suspicious index case of a girl aged 34 months was not vaccinated with MCV1 and got measles after a trip to Philippines,and molecular genotype was revealed as B3,Measles outbreaks in the community such as a restaurant were followed by this one imported case,According to analysis of 18 patients admitted in isolation ward,the median level of C-reactive protein(CRP) was 0.38 mg/d L and that of lactate dehydrogenase(LDH) was 1 200 IU/L,All of the 18 patients had LDH levels above the normal range,Age correlated with CRP(ρ = 0.528,P = 0.024) and LDH(ρ = 0.501,P = 0.034),The duration of fever was correlated with the duration of fever before rash(ρ = 0.898,P < 0.01),The duration of hospitalization was correlated with CRP(ρ = 0.586,P = 0.011),The white blood cell counts were correlated with the levels of LDH(ρ = 0.505,P = 0.033),aspartate aminotransferase(ρ = 0.507,P = 0.032),and alanine aminotransferase(ρ = 0.481,P = 0.043),Conclusions: Early weaning of maternally derived measles antibodies therefore vaccination of MCV1 at a young age from 9 months to 12 months should be considered in situations of early exposure,Furthermore there is a call for consideration of scheduling an earlier age for the first dose of MMR vaccine in Europe,It is necessary for Korea to investigate the duration of the presence and quantitative analysis of maternal measles antibodies in infants and to reconsider the timing of MCV1.

Influence of land use change on the waterbird community of Sihwa Lake,Republic of Korea

Background:Land use and development alter mudflat and wetland habitat availability,although mudflats and wetlands provide important stopover habitats for shorebirds during the spring and autumn migrations and support communities of ducks and geese during the winter months in the Republic of Korea.This study investigated land use changes around Sihwa Lake(Republic of Korea)and evaluated the effect of these changes on waterbird community characteristics.Methods:We conducted a land-use-change analysis at the medium-resolution level using land cover maps for 2001,2007,2009,and 2014.Also,a tidal stream survey was conducted in Sihwa Lake and the surrounding reclaimed mudflats every season for 10 years(2003-2012)to identify the seasonal and interannual variations in waterbird species composition.To determine the total annual waterbird species and population counts,species diversity index,and interspecies variations,a TRIM(trends and indices for monitoring data)analysis was used.Results:Wetland area decreased more than 10%while agricultural land,barren land,and grassland area increased more than 10%due to continuous reclamation activities around Sihwa Lake.Barren land later turned into agricultural land or other land use.Sixty-three species and 566,623 individuals were recorded.The number of species,population size,and species diversity index by year and by species showed decreasing trends that were more marked in spring and summer.Furthermore,seasonal and annual variations in waterbird species composition showed decreasing trends in dabbling ducks,herons,grebes,and shorebirds but diving ducks displayed increasing trends.In particular,shorebirds were reduced to a greater extent than other waterbird species because of the reduction and simplification of the intertidal zone,and shallow waters caused by reclamation and road construction.Conclusions:Increased development and construction around Sihwa Lake has altered migratory shorebird populations with a general decline in species diversity and population size.The greatest decline was observed in wading birds,while diving duck populations showed increasing trends.

A Content Analysis of Multicultural Children＇s Books in the Republic of Korea and America

Picture books are a staple in the kindergarten classroom for teaching content, social expectations, and the joy of reading. The purpose of this study is to explore the representation and depiction of multicultural families in children＇s picture books within kindergarten classroom libraries. Children＇s pictures books are a microcosm of today＇s society. They convey cultural messages and values about society, and help children learn about their heritage and the heritage of others. Children＇s literature is increasingly more reflective of diverse cultures. Children need to see themselves reflected in literature in order to see the lives of others, and in order to see themselves as able to transverse between groups and worlds. America （U.S.） has been and will always be a diverse nation. Likewise, the Republic of Korea （ROK） is quickly becoming a multicultural society as well, and the influx of multicultural families is growing exponentially. Books depicting this growing diversity can dispose of stereotypes that children may have about races other than their own. Children＇s literature is still not authentically portraying a multiethnic Korea. The results of this study show that children who interact with current picture books predominantly see Korean faces. Finding books depicting non-Korean characters, particularly books depicting culturally specific elements, is rare, although there are books depicting culturally neutral and generic characters However, although our classrooms are culturally and ethnically diverse, the books predominantly found in classrooms portray only one race. What does that tell our students？ Seeing diverse populations in children＇s literature needs to become the norm, not the exception.

Tradeoff between the number of firefighting resources and the level of fire ignition prevention efforts in the Republic of Korea

This study explores the tradeoff relationship between the number of initial attack firefighting resources and the level of fire ignition prevention efforts mitigating the probability of human-made fires in the Republic of Korea,where most fires are caused by human activities.To examine this tradeoff relationship,we develop a hybrid model that combines a robust optimization model with a stochastic simulation model.The robust optimization minimizes the expected number of fires not receiving a pre-defined response,such as the number of firefighting resources that must arrive at the fire within half an hour,subject to budget constraints and uncertainty about the daily number and location of fires.The simulation model produces a set of fire scenarios in which a combination of number,location,ignition time,and intensity of fires occur.Results show that fire ignition prevention is as cost-effective as initial attack firefighting resources given the current budget in the Republic of Korea for reducing the expected number of fires not covered by the predefined response.The mixed policy of fire suppression and fire prevention may produce some gains in efficiency relative to the dominant policy of strong fire suppression strategies.

A survey on the real-world clinical utilization of a traditional acupuncture in Republic of Korea:Sa-am acupuncture

Objective This study investigated the clinical details and usage of Sa-am acupuncture in Korean medicine clinics and explored how practicing Korean medicine doctors(KMDs)think about Sa-am acupuncture.Methods We conducted a questionnaire-based survey of KMDs who utilize Sa-am acupuncture in their practice.The study comprehensively investigated issues related to clinical application of Sa-am acupuncture,needling techniques used during treatment,training methods,and directions for its future improvement.Results We analyzed 572 responses.An average of 50%of the patients visiting Korean medicine clinics were receiving Sa-am acupuncture.The most prevalent indication for Sa-am acupuncture use was digestive disorders.The patients’appetite level and digestive function were most frequently used indicators for selecting acupuncture points.Regarding prescription compositions,Jung-Gyuk formulas were more frequently used than Seung-Gyuk formulas.Inserting the needle along the flow of the channel or against the flow of the channel was most popular.The acupuncture style most frequently used in combination with Sa-am acupuncture was Ashi point acupuncture.Strengths of Sa-am acupuncture included its versatility,easy application,and good outcomes.Limitations included the lack of rigorous education and training programs,difficulty in applying the principles for beginners,and insufficient clinical research evidence.Conclusion In clinics where Sa-am acupuncture is available,KMDs were providing Sa-am acupuncture to about half of their patients.Practitioners were not using all of the tonification and sedation techniques which may be due to time constraints or simply a lack of necessity.Sa-am acupuncture demonstrated high utility in clinical practice and high satisfaction based on the efficacy and safety.More training programs and high-quality research are needed to help expand the use of Sa-am acupuncture.

Herbal medicine use in Republic of Korea to alleviate side effects of COVID-19 vaccines:A cross-sectional study

Objective:Coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19)has spread worldwide,and several virus variants have emerged.Vaccines are administered to help prevent the infection.In Republic of Korea,most people take herbal medicine.This study investigated the use of herbal medicine to counter the side effects of COVID-19 vaccines.Methods:This cross-sectional study was conducted using an online survey.Chi-square tests were used to determine differences in the use of herbal medication according to sociodemographic characteristics.Independent two-sample and paired t-tests were performed to examine the effect and satisfaction of herbal medicine use for countering the side effects of COVID-19 vaccines.One-way analysis of variance was used to determine vaccine-related differences.Results:A total of 233 and 181 participants received the first and second doses of COVID-19 vaccines,respectively.The majority of herbal medicine users were in their thirties,had a bachelor’s degree,suffered from side effects of vaccination,and received Vaxzevria for their first COVID-19 vaccine dose and Comirnaty for their second dose.The herbal medicine group had a higher satisfaction level of postvaccination side effects than the non-herbal medicine group(P<0.0001).The numeric rating scale scores for vaccination side effects were lower among participants who took herbal medication to alleviate those symptoms(P<0.0001).The most commonly used herbal formula was Shuanghetang.Conclusion:A third of participants receiving COVID-19 vaccines used herbal medication to counter the side effects of vaccination.The use of herbal medicine was associated with age,education level,vaccine brand,and whether side effects of vaccination occurred.Herbal medication use was associated with greater satisfaction compared to vaccine recipients not using herbal medication.

The Effects of Accumulated Short Bouts of Mobile-Based Physical Activity Programs on Depression,Perceived Stress,and Negative Affectivity among College Students in South Korea:Quasi-Experimental Study

Regular physical activity(PA)is known to enhance multifaceted health benefits,including both physical and mental health.However,traditional in-person physical activity programs have drawbacks,including time constraints for busy people.Although evidence suggests positive impacts on mental health through mobile-based physical activity,effects of accumulated short bouts of physical activity using mobile devices are unexplored.Thus,this study aims to investigate these effects,focusing on depression,perceived stress,and negative affectivity among South Korean college students.Forty-six healthy college students were divided into the accumulated group(n=23,female=47.8%)and control group(n=23,female=47.6%).The accumulated group engaged in mobile-based physical activity,following guidelines to accumulate a minimum of two times per day and three times a week.Sessions were divided into short bouts,ensuing each bout lasted at least 10 min.The control group did not engage in any specific physical activity.The data analysis involved comparing the scores of the intervention and control groups using several statistical techniques,such as independent sample t-test,paired sample t-tests,and 2(time)×2(group)repeated measures analysis of variance.The demographic characteristics at the pre-test showed no statistically significant differences between the groups.The accumulated group had significant decreases in depression(t_(40)=2.59,p=0.013,Cohen’s D=0.84)and perceived stress(t_(40)=2.06,p=0.046,Cohen’s D=0.56)from the pre-to post-test.The control group exhibited no statistically significant differences in any variables.Furthermore,there were significant effects of time on depression scores(F1,36=4.77,p=0.036,η_(p)^(2)=0.12)while significant interaction effects were also observed for depression(F_(1,36)=6.59,p=0.015,η_(p)^(2)=0.16).This study offers informative insights into the potential advantages of mobile-based physical activity programs with accumulated periods for enhancing mental health,specifically in relation to depression.This study illuminates the current ongoing discussions on efficient approaches to encourage mobile-based physical activity and improve mental well-being,addressing various lifestyles and busy schedules.

Translation and psychometric validation of the Korean version of the academic nurse self-efficacy scale for Korean bachelor-level nursing students

Objective:This study aimed to translate the Academic Nurse Self-Efficacy scale(ANSE),assess its appropriateness for use in Korean nursing students,and evaluate the Korean Version of the Academic Nurse Self-Efficacy scale’s(K-ANSE)validity and reliability.Methods:The data of 444 nursing college students at 10 universities across the country were collected from November 1,2020 to June 8,2021.The K-ANSE was analyzed utilizing SPSS 25.0 and AMOS 25.0 programs.The K-ANSE’s content validity,construct validity,convergent/discriminant validity,criterion-related validity,and reliability were evaluated.Results:Internal emotion management,auto-regulatory behavior,external emotion management,and sociality were established.The Cronbach’sαfor the overall scale was 0.87,and that of the 4 subscales ranged from 0.70 to 0.89.Conclusions:The Korean version of the ANSE seems to be a valid and reliable instrument to measure Korean bachelor-level nursing students.

Late Pleistocene spore-pollen record and climatic change at the Chongphadae Cave Site,Democratic People's Republic of Korea

We present a detailed pollen record and interpretations of late Pleistocene climatic change at the Chongphadae Cave Site, Democratic People's Republic of Korea. The mean annual paleotemperature and mean annual paleoprecipitation of the site were calculated using the temperature index and precipitation index based on ecological features and geographical distribution of each taxon. Temperature index and precipitation index range from 8.8℃ to 10.4℃ and from 805.0 mm to 963.1 mm, respectively. Four dates(radiocarbon, uranium series, fission track, and paleomagnetic excursion dating) of the deposit profile investigated yield a range of ~21.3 ka BP to ~117 ka BP, geochronologically corresponding to the late Pleistocene, and extend from the last interglacial highstand through the Last Glacial Maximum. Our results are thus consistent with the climatic shift from interglacial to glacial conditions, provide evidence that the environments of the region, which was reconstructed from the paleoclimatic index, changed from a mild and humid to a cool and dry climate during the late Pleistocene, and suggest trends similar to those of several parts of the Northern Hemisphere which lie in the same latitudinal zone as our study area.

Land suitability assessment for apple(Malus domestica)in the Republic of Korea using integrated soil and climate information,MLCM,and AHP

Apples(Malus domestica)are one of the major fruits cultivated in South Korea and worldwide.To both sustain the productivity of apple trees and preserve the land,a land suitability assessment has been conducted.Two methods were used to analyze land suitability,a Most-Limiting Characteristic Method(MLCM)and an Analytic Hierarchy Process(AHP)with integrated soil and climate information based on the FAO classification framework.The most-limiting characteristic analysis showed that almost all areas were classified as marginally suitable(S3)or not suitable(N),which together accounted for 94.54%of the land in the Republic of Korea.On the contrary,AHP showed that S1(34.1%)and S2(44.17%)account for the majority of the land.

Risk factors of sexually transmitted infections among female sex workers in Republic of Korea

Background:Female sex workers(FSW)who live in urban areas in Republic of Korea have a particularly high risk of sexually transmitted diseases(STD).We investigated the prevalence of s STDs in FSWs in order to determine the factors associated with sexually transmitted infections in Korea.Methods:Study data were collected from 832 FSWs through a 2014 survey on the prevalence of STDs in high risk populations in Republic of Korea.We assessed the associations between sexually transmitted infections and demographic and risk behaviour variables through logistic regression analysis.Results:The risk probability of sexually transmitted infection was higher for those who drank alcohol often as well as those who had their first sexual experience at an early age.However,the effects of these factors were attenuated by working conditions.The risk probability of sexually transmitted infections was higher for those who engaged in sex with several customers per day as well as for those who did not practice regular condom use.Conclusions:The risk factors for sexually transmitted infections among FSWs in Republic of Korea are related to and affected by working conditions.Thus,multifaceted health interventions to protect FSWs and their sexual health are deemed necessary.

Effects of land-use types and the exotic species,Hypochaeris radicata,on plant diversity in human-transformed landscapes of the biosphere reserve,Jeju Island,Korea

Land-use and plant invasion influence biodiversity.Understanding the effects of land-use types and invasive plants on the ecosystem is crucial for better management and the development of strategic plans for increasing biodiversity in Jeju Island,Korea,a designated Biosphere Reserve by the United Nations Education,Scientific,and Cultural Organization.The effect of the most dominant invasive exotic species,Hypochaeris radicata,on the four land-use types of Jeju Island was investigated.Plant composition,soil characteristics,and plant diversity among four land-use types(cropland,green space,neglected land,and residential)were compared.Among the land-use types,croplands had the most diverse plant composition and the highest richness in exotic and native plant species.Croplands,such as tangerine orchards,which are widely distributed throughout Jeju Island,showed the highest plant diversity because of medium intensity disturbance caused by weed removal.The relative cover of H.radicata did not differ between land-use types.However,H.radicata invasion was negatively related with plant species richness,making this invasive species a threat to the biodiversity of native herbs present in land-use areas.H.radicata adapts to areas with a broad range of soil properties and a variety of land-use types.Therefore,it is crucial to monitor land-use types and patterns of plant invasion to guide the implementation of consistent management and conservation strategies for maintaining ecosystem integrity of the transformed habitat in Jeju Island.

Adverse effects of early-life stress:focus on the rodent neuroendocrine system

Early-life stress is associated with a high prevalence of mental illnesses such as post-traumatic stress disorders,attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder,schizophrenia,and anxiety or depressive behavior,which constitute major public health problems.In the early stages of brain development after birth,events such as synaptogenesis,neuron maturation,and glial differentiation occur in a highly orchestrated manner,and external stress can cause adverse long-term effects throughout life.Our body utilizes multifaceted mechanisms,including neuroendocrine and neurotransmitter signaling pathways,to appropriately process external stress.Newborn individuals first exposed to early-life stress deploy neurogenesis as a stress-defense mechanism;however,in adulthood,early-life stress induces apoptosis of mature neurons,activation of immune responses,and reduction of neurotrophic factors,leading to anxiety,depression,and cognitive and memory dysfunction.This process involves the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal axis and neurotransmitters secreted by the central nervous system,including norepinephrine,dopamine,and serotonin.The rodent early-life stress model is generally used to experimentally assess the effects of stress during neurodevelopment.This paper reviews the use of the early-life stress model and stress response mechanisms of the body and discusses the experimental results regarding how early-life stress mediates stress-related pathways at a high vulnerability of psychiatric disorder in adulthood.

Novel interface engineering of LDH-based materials on Mg alloy for efficient photocatalytic systems considering the geometrical linearity of condensed phosphates

This study presents a facile and rapid method for synthesizing novel Layered Double Hydroxide(LDH)nanoflakes,exploring their application as a photocatalyst,and investigating the influence of condensed phosphates'geometric linearity on their photocatalytic properties.Herein,the Mg O film,obtained by plasma electrolysis of AZ31 Mg alloys,was modified by growing an LDH film,which was further functionalized using cyclic sodium hexametaphosphate(CP)and linear sodium tripolyphosphate(LP).CP acted as an enhancer for flake spacing within the LDH structure,while LP changed flake dispersion and orientation.Consequently,CP@LDH demonstrated exceptional efficiency in heterogeneous photocatalysis,effectively degrading organic dyes like Methylene blue(MB),Congo red(CR),and Methyl orange(MO).The unique cyclic structure of CP likely enhances surface reactions and improves the catalyst's interaction with dye molecules.Furthermore,the condensed phosphate structure contributes to a higher surface area and reactivity in CP@LDH,leading to its superior photocatalytic performance compared to LP@LDH.Specifically,LP@LDH demonstrated notable degradation efficiencies of 93.02%,92.89%,and 88.81%for MB,MO,and CR respectively,over a 40 min duration.The highest degradation efficiencies were observed in the case of the CP@LDH sample,reporting 99.99%for MB,98.88%for CR,and 99.70%for MO.This underscores the potential of CP@LDH as a highly effective photocatalyst for organic dye degradation,offering promising prospects for environmental remediation and water detoxification applications.

Design of multifunctional polymeric binders in silicon anodes for lithium‐ion batteries

Silicon(Si)is a promising anode material for lithium‐ion batteries(LIBs)owing to its tremendously high theoretical storage capacity(4200 mAh g−1),which has the potential to elevate the energy of LIBs.However,Si anodes exhibit severe volume change during lithiation/delithiation processes,resulting in anode pulverization and delamination with detrimental growth of solid electrolyte interface layers.As a result,the cycling stability of Si anodes is insufficient for commercialization in LIBs.Polymeric binders can play critical roles in Si anodes by affecting their cycling stability,although they occupy a small portion of the electrodes.This review introduces crucial factors influencing polymeric binders'properties and the electrochemical performance of Si anodes.In particular,we emphasize the structure–property relationships of binders in the context of molecular design strategy,functional groups,types of interactions,and functionalities of binders.Furthermore,binders with additional functionalities,such as electrical conductivity and self‐healability,are extensively discussed,with an emphasis on the binder design principle.

Trend of Developing Aqueous Liquid and Gel Electrolytes for Sustainable,Safe,and High‑Performance Li‑Ion Batteries

Current lithium-ion batteries(LIBs)rely on organic liquid electrolytes that pose significant risks due to their flammability and toxicity.The potential for environmental pollution and explosions resulting from battery damage or fracture is a critical concern.Water-based(aqueous)electrolytes have been receiving attention as an alternative to organic electrolytes.However,a narrow electrochemicalstability window,water decomposition,and the consequent low battery operating voltage and energy density hinder the practical use of aqueous electrolytes.Therefore,developing novel aqueous electrolytes for sustainable,safe,high-performance LIBs remains challenging.This Review first commences by summarizing the roles and requirements of electrolytes–separators and then delineates the progression of aqueous electrolytes for LIBs,encompassing aqueous liquid and gel electrolyte development trends along with detailed principles of the electrolytes.These aqueous electrolytes are progressed based on strategies using superconcentrated salts,concentrated diluents,polymer additives,polymer networks,and artificial passivation layers,which are used for suppressing water decomposition and widening the electrochemical stability window of water of the electrolytes.In addition,this Review discusses potential strategies for the implementation of aqueous Li-metal batteries with improved electrolyte–electrode interfaces.A comprehensive understanding of each strategy in the aqueous system will assist in the design of an aqueous electrolyte and the development of sustainable and safe high-performance batteries.

Understanding the spectrum of non-motor symptoms in multiple sclerosis:insights from animal models

Multiple sclerosis is a chronic autoimmune disease of the central nervous system and is generally considered to be a non-traumatic,physically debilitating neurological disorder.In addition to experiencing motor disability,patients with multiple sclerosis also experience a variety of nonmotor symptoms,including cognitive deficits,anxiety,depression,sensory impairments,and pain.However,the pathogenesis and treatment of such non-motor symptoms in multiple scle rosis are still under research.Preclinical studies for multiple sclerosis benefit from the use of disease-appropriate animal models,including experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis.Prior to understanding the pathophysiology and developing treatments for non-motor symptoms,it is critical to chara cterize the animal model in terms of its ability to replicate certain non-motor features of multiple sclerosis.As such,no single animal model can mimic the entire spectrum of symptoms.This review focuses on the non-motor symptoms that have been investigated in animal models of multiple sclerosis as well as possible underlying mechanisms.Further,we highlighted gaps in the literature to explain the nonmotor aspects of multiple sclerosis in expe rimental animal models,which will serve as the basis for future studies.