Approach to the Geopolitical Influences of Great Powers in Southeast Asia: Case Studies of China and the US

A quantitative approach to the national geopolitical influence is helpful to provide a reference for national sustainable development on the international stage, based on describing national diplomatic capacity and overseas influence. Herein, this study proposes a complex geopolitical influence model, considering the affected nations' response. The geopolitical influences of great power in the affected nation are correlated with overall strength, the acceptance degree of the affected nation to the great power and the distance between both sides. Then, the geopolitical influences of China and the US in Southeast Asia countries are empirically analyzed from 2005 to 2015. The geopolitical influence of China in Southeast Asia has been largely growing for the past decades, accompanying with a constant trend of the US' effects. It is believed that China and the US can coexist peacefully in Southeast Asia to promote the regional development, and jointly create an open, inclusive and balanced regional cooperation architecture that benefits all nations in this region and great powers, through mutual political trust and economic beneficial cooperation. This study may contribute to advancing the policy debate and determining the optimal cooperation in pledging commitment to a new and sustainable model of great power relationship among the various regional geopolitical options.

Spatiotemporal dynamics of aboveground primary productivity along a precipitation gradient in Chinese temperate grassland

Investigating the spatial and temporal variance in productivity along natural precipitation gradients is one of the most efficient approaches to improve understanding of how ecosystems respond to climate change. In this paper, by using the natural precipitation gradient of the Inner Mongolian Plateau from east to west determined by relatively long-term observations, we analyzed the temporal and spatial dynamics of aboveground net primary productivity (ANPP) of the temperate grasslands covering this region. Across this grassland transect, ANPP increased exponentially with the increase of mean annual precipitation (MAP) (ANPP=24.47e0.005MAP, R2=0.48). Values for the three vegetation types desert steppe, typical steppe, and meadow steppe were: 60.86 gm-2a-1, 167.14 gm-2a-1 and 288.73 gm-2a-1 respectively. By contrast, temperature had negative effects on ANPP. The moisture index (K ), which takes into ac- count both precipitation and temperature could explain the spatial variance of ANPP better than MAP alone (ANPP=2020.34K1.24, R2=0.57). Temporally, we found that the inter-annual variation in ANPP (cal- culated as the coefficient of variation, CV) got greater with the increase of aridity. However, this trend was not correlated with the inter-annual variation of precipitation. For all of the three vegetation types, ANPP had greater inter-annual variation than annual precipitation (PPT). Their difference (ANPP CV/PPT CV) was greatest in desert steppe and least in meadow steppe. Our results suggest that in more arid regions, grasslands not only have lower productivity, but also higher inter-annual variation of production. Climate change may have significant effects on the productivity through changes in precipitation pattern, vegetation growth potential, and species diversity.

Impact of urban expansion on meteorological observation data and overestimation to regional air temperature in China

自从改革的实现并且在 1970 年代末在中国开创政策，一些气象学的车站由于城市的扩大消极地进入了城市。在在车站附近的表面和开发环境的变化影响了空气温度的观察。当来自城市的车站的观察数据在公民或地区性的规模空气温度数据集的插值被使用时，他们能导致地区性的空气温度的 overestimation 和对温暖的不精密的评价。在这研究，越过中国包围 756 个气象学的车站的内在的表面在很多时间间隔上基于遥感图象被识别区分进入了城市的农村车站。在把观察数据从被城市的扩大影响了的这些车站移开以后，然后，背景空气温度的数据集被插入内推产生从仍然保持农村的观察数据驻扎。吝啬的城市的热岛效果紧张自从 1970 被从城市的车站把原来的观察记录与背景空气作比较估计，温度插入内推。结果证明那城市的热岛效果确实由于城市的扩大发生，与在比在另外的季节的冬季的更高的紧张。然后，地区性的空气温度的 overestimation 被比较分别地由所有车站和农村车站被插入内推的空气温度的二种格子数据集评估观察数据。空间地， overestimation 比在中国的中央部分在东方中国是相对更高的；然而，两个区域比的展出高得多的效果在西方的中国被观察。我们在最后 40 年里结束了那在中国的温度增加了大约 1.58 的平均数，降水，浅地面温度和 NDVI，哪个 3 吗？？

Environmental changes reflected by the lake sediments of the South Hongshan Lake, Northwest Tibet

The 1.07-m long lake core with 1 cm interval cutting, which was obtained by drilling in the South Hongshan Lake of Northwest Tibet, was dated by the 210Pb and 137Cs methods, and a 150-year consecutive lake sedimentary sequence (1840─1997) with 1.4 year resolution was obtained. Some environmental proxies, such as the total organic carbon (TOC), total nitrogen (TN), ratio of TOC to TN (TOC/TN), trace chemistry elements (TCE), CaCO3, grain size, richness of ostracoda etc. showed that they are of well coincidence. These results implied that the environmental background varied from the cold-wet period in the late 19th century, to the warm-wet period from the end of the 19th century to the 1920s and to the warm-dry period since the 1920s. There were sub-variations since the 1920s: the cold-dry/warm-wet fluctuation from 1922 to 1960, the intensively warm-dry period since 1960 with a short cold-wet period in the mid-1970s to the end of the 1980s. The humid period from the mid-1970s to the end of the 1970s and the dry period beginning from the early 1980s were well documented by climatic data of the nearby weather station records while the grain size was well correlated to the annual precipitation. Compared with the records from Guliya ice core in the same area, the TOC proxy in the lake core indicating warm/cold conditions well corresponded to the ( 18O records representing temperature variations in the ice core. However, the proxies with dry/wet significance in the lake core were different from the variations of snow accumulation reflected by the ice core. It can be concluded that the chosen environmental proxies have clear environmental significance and the lake sediments can reflect climatic and environmental changes at high-resolution.