Research on constraints of internal controls in Chinese enterprises

From the practice of Chinese enterprises, the paper discusses three constraint conditions of China＇s internal controls including the system environmental constraint, cost constraint and organization constraint, and advances the suggestions on the approaches to improve Chinese enterprises＇ internal controls level.

An assessment of public services based on public risks and fiscal risks——Public finance as the foundation and pillar of state governance

Public finance is the foundation and pillar of state governance,and the core of state governance is public risk management.On one hand,public finance provides public services using public revenue and manages public risk directly.On the other hand,public fiscal risk can serve as a policy instrument for public risk management.Public risk,public services,public revenue,and fiscal risk mutually reinforce and set each other off.Therefore,striking a balance between fiscal risk and public risk is of great importance.To minimize public risk under the constraint of fiscal risk is the fundamental basis of the assessment of public services.Even though the constraint of fiscal risk may vary with the requirement of minimizing public risk,there is a limit.Thus,improving the efficiency of the provision of public services,or in other words,raising the effectiveness of public risk management,may relieve the pressure of fiscal risk and obtain a more appropriate balance between public risk and fiscal risk.

Features of the Chinese administrative system and the expansion of fiscal expenditures

The overly rapid expansion of fiscal expenditure is an issue the government should take seriously.There are two major causes for the expansion of fiscal expenditure--stress caused by the demand for public goods and stress caused by the features of the administrative system.The influence of the administrative system on fiscal expenditure is demonstrated through the following aspects--the definition of government functions,the development concept of government as well as hierarchies and department setting of governments.The features of China’s administrative system strongly boost the expansion of fiscal expenditure.It is displayed through the concept of rapid development at all government levels,relatively broad definition of government functions,the manifold departments and multi-level settings in the government.The Chinese governments should attach great importance to this issue and take proper measures to relieve the conflict.Some suggested measures include weaving appropriate capital restrictions into government planning,improving the methods of setting targets in planning,building a coordination mechanism for departmental budgets,practicing expenditure budget performance evaluation and releasing the results,as well as adjusting the hierarchical setting of governments.

Reflection on the Basic Orientation of China's Policy-Oriented Financial System

At present stage,active exploration and healthy development of China’s policy-oriented financial system is hindered by such problems as unclear understanding of policy finance,dislocation of the functions of policy banks and so on.While sticking to pushing forward the reforms of market-oriented financial system and fully improving the efficiency of the financial system,we must correctly handle the relationship between policy finance and commercial finance,re-examine the position and role of policy finance in the entire financial system of the country,take the policy-oriented financial system as one of the important parts of financing of the social funds,make up and fill in reasonably the"intermediate zone"between the direct fiscal expenditures and commercial financing,pursue the transition of the mechanism relying on government financial resources,realize the multiplexing effect of efficiency promotion,serve the comprehensive,coordinated,sustainable and unified development required by the concept of scientific development and catching-up and breakthrough at some strategic focuses.