PURPOSE. To define the critical period for susceptibility of human stereopsis to an anomalous binocular visual experience. METHODS. Random dot stereoacuity was measured in 152 children with a history of onset of eithe...PURPOSE. To define the critical period for susceptibility of human stereopsis to an anomalous binocular visual experience. METHODS. Random dot stereoacuity was measured in 152 children with a history of onset of either infantile or accommodative strabismus before5 years of age. In each of these populations and in the combined population, the critical periods for susceptibility of stereopsis are described using fourparameter developmental weighting functions. RESULTS. In children with infantile strabismus, the critical period for susceptibility of stereopsis begins at 2.4 months and peaks at4.3 months. In children with accommodative esotropia, the critical period for susceptibility of stereopsis begins at 10.8months and peaks at 20 months. When the data are combined across the two populations, the critical period begins soon after birth and peaks sharply at 3.5 months but shows continued susceptibility to at least4.6 years. CONCLUSIONS. An anomalous binocular visual experience during early infancy severely disrupts stereopsis, yet the critical period for susceptibility of stereopsis extends through late infancy and early childhood and continues to at least 4.6 years of age.展开更多
Background: Little is known about the critical period during which the dietary supply of long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LCPUFAs) may influence the m aturation of visual cortical function in term infants. Aim:...Background: Little is known about the critical period during which the dietary supply of long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LCPUFAs) may influence the m aturation of visual cortical function in term infants. Aim: To define the relati onship between duration of dietary LCPUFA supply and visual acuity at 52 weeks of age. Study design: Data from 243 infants who part icipated in four randomized clinical trials of LCPUFA supplementation of infant formula at a single research center were combined. The primary outcome was visua l acuity at 52 weeks of age as measured by swept visual evoked potentials (sweep VEP). Results: Longer duration of LCPUFA supply was associated with better mean acuity at 52 weeks of age (r=-0.878; p<0.001). The relationship between durati on of dietary LCPUFA supply and sweep VEP acuity at 52 weeks was similar whether the LCPUFAs were provided via formula containing 0.36%DHA and 0.72%ARA or hum an milk. Duration of breast-feeding was associated with individual infants’swe ep VEP acuity outcomes at 52 weeks (r=0.286; p< 0.005). The duration of LCPUFA s upply during infancy has a similar relationship to sweep VEP acuity at 52 weeks in breastfed infants regardless of birth order. Conclusion: A continued benefit from a supply of LCPUFAs is apparent in infants through 52 weeks of age, suggest ing that the brain may not have sufficient stores of LCPUFAs from an early postn atal supply to support the optimal maturation of the visual cortex.展开更多
PURPOSE. Identification of risk factors for accommodative esotropia may help to determine which children with hyperopia may benefit from early spectacle correction or preventive therapy. METHODS. Participants in the f...PURPOSE. Identification of risk factors for accommodative esotropia may help to determine which children with hyperopia may benefit from early spectacle correction or preventive therapy. METHODS. Participants in the family history study were 95 consecutive patients, aged 18 to 60 months, with accommodative esotropia. Participants in the binocular sensory function study were a subgroup of 41 children enrolled in the family history study within 1 month of onset, while the esodeviation was still intermittent. Participants in the hypermetropia study were 345 consecutive patients, ages 12 months to 8 years, with refractive error of + 2.00 D or greater and no esodeviation before age 12 months. RESULTS. In the family history study, 23% of children with accommodative esotropia had an affected first- degree relative, and 91% had at least one affected relative. In the binocular sensory function study, random- dot stereoacuity was abnormal in41% of children, whereas an abnormal motion VEP, Worth4- dot, or positive4- PD base- out prism responses were present in4% or less of the children. In the hypermetropia study, patients with a mean spherical equivalent of<+ 3.00 D and significant anisometropia had a 7.8- fold increased risk for accommodative esotropia over nonanisometropic patients. CONCLUSIONS. A positive family history, subnormal random- dot stereopsis, and hypermetropic anisometropia each pose a significant risk for the development of accommodative esotropia. Assessment of these risk factors in conjunction with refractive screening should help to identify those children who are most likely to benefit from early spectacle correction or preventive treatment.展开更多
Background: Little is known about the critical period during which the dietary supply of long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LCPUFAs) may influence the maturation of visual cortical function in term infants.Aim: T...Background: Little is known about the critical period during which the dietary supply of long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LCPUFAs) may influence the maturation of visual cortical function in term infants.Aim: To define the relationship between duration of dietary LCPUFA supply and visual acuity at 52 weeks of age.Study design: Data from 243 infants who participated in four randomized clinical trials of LCPUFA supplementation of infant formula at a single research center were combined.The primary outcome was visual acuity at 52 weeks of age as measured by swept visual evoked potentials (sweep VEP).Results: Longer duration of LCPUFA supply was associated with better mean acuity at 52 weeks of age (r=-0.878; p < 0.001).The relationship between duration of dietary LCPUFA supply and sweep VEP acuity at 52 weekswas similar whether the LCPUFAs were provided via formula containing 0.36%DHA and 0.72%ARA or human milk.Duration of breast-feeding was associated with individual infants’sweep VEP acuity outcomes at 52 weeks (r=-0.286; p < 0.005).The duration of LCPUFA supply during infancy has a similar relationship to sweep VEP acuity at 52 weeks in breastfed infants regardless of birth order.Conclusion: Acontinued benefit from a supply of LCPUFAs is apparent in infants through 52 weeks of age, suggesting that the brain may not have sufficient stores of LCPUFAs from an early postnatal supply to support the optimal maturation of the visual cortex.展开更多
文摘PURPOSE. To define the critical period for susceptibility of human stereopsis to an anomalous binocular visual experience. METHODS. Random dot stereoacuity was measured in 152 children with a history of onset of either infantile or accommodative strabismus before5 years of age. In each of these populations and in the combined population, the critical periods for susceptibility of stereopsis are described using fourparameter developmental weighting functions. RESULTS. In children with infantile strabismus, the critical period for susceptibility of stereopsis begins at 2.4 months and peaks at4.3 months. In children with accommodative esotropia, the critical period for susceptibility of stereopsis begins at 10.8months and peaks at 20 months. When the data are combined across the two populations, the critical period begins soon after birth and peaks sharply at 3.5 months but shows continued susceptibility to at least4.6 years. CONCLUSIONS. An anomalous binocular visual experience during early infancy severely disrupts stereopsis, yet the critical period for susceptibility of stereopsis extends through late infancy and early childhood and continues to at least 4.6 years of age.
文摘Background: Little is known about the critical period during which the dietary supply of long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LCPUFAs) may influence the m aturation of visual cortical function in term infants. Aim: To define the relati onship between duration of dietary LCPUFA supply and visual acuity at 52 weeks of age. Study design: Data from 243 infants who part icipated in four randomized clinical trials of LCPUFA supplementation of infant formula at a single research center were combined. The primary outcome was visua l acuity at 52 weeks of age as measured by swept visual evoked potentials (sweep VEP). Results: Longer duration of LCPUFA supply was associated with better mean acuity at 52 weeks of age (r=-0.878; p<0.001). The relationship between durati on of dietary LCPUFA supply and sweep VEP acuity at 52 weeks was similar whether the LCPUFAs were provided via formula containing 0.36%DHA and 0.72%ARA or hum an milk. Duration of breast-feeding was associated with individual infants’swe ep VEP acuity outcomes at 52 weeks (r=0.286; p< 0.005). The duration of LCPUFA s upply during infancy has a similar relationship to sweep VEP acuity at 52 weeks in breastfed infants regardless of birth order. Conclusion: A continued benefit from a supply of LCPUFAs is apparent in infants through 52 weeks of age, suggest ing that the brain may not have sufficient stores of LCPUFAs from an early postn atal supply to support the optimal maturation of the visual cortex.
文摘PURPOSE. Identification of risk factors for accommodative esotropia may help to determine which children with hyperopia may benefit from early spectacle correction or preventive therapy. METHODS. Participants in the family history study were 95 consecutive patients, aged 18 to 60 months, with accommodative esotropia. Participants in the binocular sensory function study were a subgroup of 41 children enrolled in the family history study within 1 month of onset, while the esodeviation was still intermittent. Participants in the hypermetropia study were 345 consecutive patients, ages 12 months to 8 years, with refractive error of + 2.00 D or greater and no esodeviation before age 12 months. RESULTS. In the family history study, 23% of children with accommodative esotropia had an affected first- degree relative, and 91% had at least one affected relative. In the binocular sensory function study, random- dot stereoacuity was abnormal in41% of children, whereas an abnormal motion VEP, Worth4- dot, or positive4- PD base- out prism responses were present in4% or less of the children. In the hypermetropia study, patients with a mean spherical equivalent of<+ 3.00 D and significant anisometropia had a 7.8- fold increased risk for accommodative esotropia over nonanisometropic patients. CONCLUSIONS. A positive family history, subnormal random- dot stereopsis, and hypermetropic anisometropia each pose a significant risk for the development of accommodative esotropia. Assessment of these risk factors in conjunction with refractive screening should help to identify those children who are most likely to benefit from early spectacle correction or preventive treatment.
文摘Background: Little is known about the critical period during which the dietary supply of long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LCPUFAs) may influence the maturation of visual cortical function in term infants.Aim: To define the relationship between duration of dietary LCPUFA supply and visual acuity at 52 weeks of age.Study design: Data from 243 infants who participated in four randomized clinical trials of LCPUFA supplementation of infant formula at a single research center were combined.The primary outcome was visual acuity at 52 weeks of age as measured by swept visual evoked potentials (sweep VEP).Results: Longer duration of LCPUFA supply was associated with better mean acuity at 52 weeks of age (r=-0.878; p < 0.001).The relationship between duration of dietary LCPUFA supply and sweep VEP acuity at 52 weekswas similar whether the LCPUFAs were provided via formula containing 0.36%DHA and 0.72%ARA or human milk.Duration of breast-feeding was associated with individual infants’sweep VEP acuity outcomes at 52 weeks (r=-0.286; p < 0.005).The duration of LCPUFA supply during infancy has a similar relationship to sweep VEP acuity at 52 weeks in breastfed infants regardless of birth order.Conclusion: Acontinued benefit from a supply of LCPUFAs is apparent in infants through 52 weeks of age, suggesting that the brain may not have sufficient stores of LCPUFAs from an early postnatal supply to support the optimal maturation of the visual cortex.
