On Adding New Discipline of Special Trade Economics Southwest University Rongchang Campus

At present,the total production output of agricultural and livestock products is constantly increasing and the total market demand is also increasing substantially. This will increase trade volume of agricultural and livestock products and also bring about rise of talent demand.It is necessary and feasible to add new discipline of special trade economics in Southwest University Rongchang Campus. This meets social demands for special trade economic talents,especially agricultural and livestock product trade economic talents.

How to Increase the Farmers' Income in Rongchang County?

The farmers' income growth in Rongchang County is mainly from the family business and wage income,accounting for 55. 4% and37. 9%,respectively; the growth rate of rural per capita net income increased from 12. 4% in 2005 to 17. 6% in 2010,close to or higher than Chongqing's average but lower than the level of adjacent districts and counties such as Yongchuan; the absolute value of net income in Rongchang increased from 3426 yuan to 6755 yuan,less than in other districts and counties similar to Yongchuan in Chongqing,far less than in the other three municipalities( up to 6991 yuan). The slow farmers' income growth is affected by multiple factors such as overall low quality of the rural labor force,county industrial structure and difficulties in transferring a large number of rural surplus labor forces. It is necessary to improve the quality of farmers,strive to adjust the agricultural structure,and develop rural cooperative economic organizations,in order to increase farmers' income.

Study on Asynchronous MES Teaching Approach for Discipline of College Japanese in Characteristic Campus of Agriculture-related Universities

This paper made scientific analysis on asynchronous MES for discipline of College Japanese in characteristic campus of agriculturerelated universities. It made modular design for discipline of College Japanese in emotional concept,language skill,language knowledge,learning strategy,and cultural quality combining students' demands and education and teaching rules. Relying on Internet and Mobile Internet aided teaching platform,it came up with " Integration- Separation- Integration" asynchronous teaching approach. The practice indicates that teaching effect of such approach is remarkable. However,asynchronous MES for discipline of College Japanese raises higher requirement for interaction between teachers and students and voluntary effort of teachers.

AHP Analysis of the Factors Influencing Credit for Temporarily Poor Farmers: Based on the Survey of Rongchang County of Chongqing Municipality

From the perspective of the influence on credit for farmers,this paper takes the temporarily poor farmers in Rongchang County of Chongqing Municipality as the respondents,and employs the expert survey method and on-site analysis to analyze the reasons and put forward three hypotheses. Using the AHP model,we carry out the empirical analysis of three major hypotheses concerning the credit for farmers. The study demonstrates that the state's unclear definition of property rights of farmers and farmers' lack of collateral are the primary factor influencing the credit for farmers,followed by insufficient targeted financial and technical support for the farmers who are engaged in the agricultural sector affected by the nature; farmers do not really get the assistance for them to use the natural resources to develop the rural economy,so that the banks complicate the loan procedures and increase the requirements of loans for farmers in order to ensure the capital liquidity and safety,thus further deepening the plight of credit for farmers.

Puerarin exhibits greater distribution and longer retention time in neurons than astrocytes in a co-cultured system

The phytoestrogen puerarin has been shown to protect neurons and astrocytes in the brain, and is therefore an attractive drug in the treatment of Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease and cerebral ischemia. Whether puerarin exhibits the same biological processes in neurons and astro-cytesin vitro has rarely been reported. In this study, cortical neurons and astrocytes of newborn Sprague-Dawley rats were separated, identiifed and co-cultured in a system based on Transwell membranes. The retention time and distribution of puerarin in each cell type was detected by lfuorescence spectrophotometry and lfuorescence microscope. The concentration of puerarin in both co-cultured and separately cultured neurons was greater than that of astrocytes. Puerarin concentration reached a maximum 20 minutes after it was added. At 60 minutes after its addi-tion, a scant amount of drug was detected in astrocytes; however in both separately cultured and co-cultured neurons, the concentration of puerarin achieved a stable level of about 12.8 ng/mL. The results indicate that puerarin had a higher concentration and longer retention time in neu-rons than that observed in astrocytes.

Development of a PCR Diagnostic Kit for Cryptosporidium andersoni in Dairy Cow

Cryptosporidiosis is an important zoonosis caused by the Cryptosporidium species. To develop a PCR diagnostic kit for molecular detection and differential diagnosis of Cryptosporidium spp., a portion of ITS-1 sequence of Cryptosporidium. andersoni was chosen as the target DNA for designing the species-specific primers （ZRQF/ZR）. The kit components were determined after the PCR amplification conditions were serially optimized. A series of tests were conducted in the specificity, sensitivity, stability, reproducibility, and stored period of the kit, respectively. The results showed that only C. andersoni were amplified specific band of about 500 bp, while Cryptosporidium. parvum, Cryptosporidium. baileyi, Eimeria sp of dairy cow, Toxoplasma gondii, Eimeria sp of pig, Ascaris suum, Cyclospora sp, and E. coli could not be amplified. 254 oocysts of C. andersoni was the lowest number that could be detected using the kit. The kit worked well after being stored at room temperature, 4 and -20℃ for nine months. Fecal specimens, which were collected from a total of 243 calves on four different dairy farms in Guangdong Province, China, and one dairy farm in Henan Province, China, were examined using the kit; the positive rate of the kit was 2-13% higher than that of the routine methods. The results indicated that the kit can detect fecal samples faster, more sensitively, and conveniently, and can provide a useful tool for the identification and differentiation of C. andersoni from the other Cryptosporidium species; it also has implications for further studies on molecular epidemiology and differential diagnostics of cryptosporidiosis in animals.

Evolution History and Development Trend of Industrialized Live Pig Breeding Model in China

Tremendous achievements of live pig industry in China are closely related to the industrialization of the industry,and development trend of the latter is essential for maintaining sustained and stable development of animal husbandry.The paper,on the basis of defining the evolution of industrialized live pig breeding model,elaborated the industrialized operation models of live pig industry in China since 1978,i.e.household operation,large-scale operation,and industrialized operation.The external environment for the development of live pig industry was analyzed,such as global economic competition,development of experience economy,and stronger green consciousness of consumers.Then development trend of industrialized live pig breeding was analyzed as"expanding international market,consolidating domestic market,integrating resources of live pig industry for the integrated operation,promoting the industrialization model and breeding technology driven by live pig processing,applying animal welfare and the internet of things in live pig breeding industry".

Expression of Chicken Toll-Like Receptors and Signal Adaptors in Spleen and Cecum of Young Chickens Infected with Eimeria tenella

Toll-like receptors （TLRs） are a group of highly conserved molecules which initiate the innate immune response to pathogens by recognizing structural motifs of microbes. Understanding the changes in chicken Toll-like receptors （ChTLRs） and signal adaptors expression that occur with Eimeria tenella infection will help to elucidate the molecular basis of immune control of coccidiosis caused by Eimeria. The present study detected the dynamic changes in the expression of ChTLRs and associated signal adaptors in the spleen and cecum ofE. tenella-infected chickens during the early stage of infection. The results showed that the expression peak for ChTLRs, MyD88 and TRIF occurred at 12 h post-infection （hpi）, ChTLR3, ChTLRI 5 and MyD88 mRNA expression in the spleen ofE. tenella infected chickens were significantly higher （P〈0.05） than that of negative control chickens, and there were similar tendencies of these molecules expression in the cecum and spleen of E. tenella-infected chickens. The expression of MyD88 was upregnlated at four time points in the cecum of E. tenella-infected chickens. The results of this study indicate that ChTLR3, ChTLR15 and MyD88 play a role in young chickens infected with E. tenella.

On Construction of Supply Chain System for China's Modern Agricultural Products

In view of drawbacks in supply chain of China's traditional agricultural products,this paper proposed building supply chain system for modern agricultural products: taking informationization as basis,channel system as core,organization system as support,and service system and safety system as guarantee,to promote high efficient operation of the supply chain system. The channel system stresses alliance and integration of channel system,informationization of channel management,and terminalization of channel operation; the organization system stresses organization,large scale,group,and brand of participant entities; service system stresses construction of service means,service platform,and operation mechanism; safety system stresses building quality safety based agricultural product supply chain management mode. In order to ensure high efficient operation of supply chain for modern agricultural products,it is required to straighten out supply chain management system,actively cultivate core enterprises of supply chain,strengthen information construction of supply chain,select suitable supply chain mode,and improve benefit allocation mechanism.

The Estimation Methods for Agricultural Surplus Labor Based on Stochastic Frontier Production Function

The existing calculation methods for the number of agricultural surplus labor have a common flaw,that is,they can not reflect the impact of technical efficiency changes in agricultural production on the surplus labor. Based on the basic principle of stochastic frontier production function,this paper calculates the agricultural production technical efficiency of various provinces,and selects the province with the highest technical efficiency to assume that its agricultural labor is fully utilized,and there is no agricultural surplus labor. With the ratio of agricultural labor number to agricultural output value in this province as a reference,this paper calculates the number of agricultural surplus labor in other provinces. This calculation method makes up for the shortcomings of the existing calculation methods; it reflects the relationship between the number of agricultural surplus labor and production technical efficiency.

Methionine Levels in the Diet for Pregnant Female Rabbits Affects Hair Follicles Development of Baby Rabbits

[ Objective] This experiment was conducted to study methionine level in diet for prepnant famale rabbits on the development of hair follicles of baby rabbits. [ Method] Fifty-four Angora female rabbits with similar body weight, parities and historicaly hair yield were randomly assigned to three groups with eighteen replicates in each group and one rabbit per replicate. Rabbits during pregnancy were fed diets with 0.5!%, 0.71% and 0.91% methionine, respectively. Hair follicle density and diameter in the back skin were determined at 18-day fetus. 26-day fetus, newborn and 2- month-old,and hair fiber diameter at 2-month-old was also determined. [ Result] The results showed as follows： （1） hair follicle density and diameter at each stage,coarse hair fiber diameter at 2-month. old showed a tendency of increasing with dietary methionine level（ P 〉0.05）, fine hair diameter in 0.91% group was significantly larger than that in 0.51% group at 2-month-old （ P 〈 0.05）. （2） With the development of baby rabbit,the ratio of secondary follicle and primary follicle increased gradually, at newborn of rabbits in group 0.51%, 0.71% and 0.91%were 5.84, 5.56 and 5.81, respectively, and at 2-month-old were 8.47, 7.97 and 8.03, respectively. （3） Baby rabbits in group 0.51%, 0.71% and 0.91% gained increases of primary follicle diameter by 0.58, 0.57 and 0.61pm/d from 26-day fetus to birth, and 0.11,0.11 and 0.12 prn/d from birth to 2-month-old, re- spectively; they also gained increases on secondary follicle diameter by 0.0018,0. 012 and 0. 011prn/d from birth to 2-months-old, respectively. [ Conclusion] These results indicate that increase of methionine level in diet for female rabbits during pregnancy is a stimulation factor for the development of hair follicle of baby rabbits, and can improve their hair fiber diameter.

Comparison on Seed Production of Various Orchardgrass

[ Objective] To find orchardgrass cultivars which have high seed production and can be planted in western Chongqing region. [ Method] Seed production and phenophase were compared between several common orehardgrass cultivam （domestic or foreign） in western Chongqing region. A high-yield high-quality orchardgrass line suitable for seed production in western Chongqing region was found, [ Result] The orohardgra^s in western Chongqing region had excellent seed production performance. Among these cultivars, orGhardgrass 01076 had the highest seed produc. tion, up to 512 kg/hm^2. Its germinability, germination rate and germination index were also highest, 49%, 84% and 11, respectively. [Condusion] The orchardgrass 01076 is worth planting in large scale in westem Chongqing region for seed production.

Impact of Agricultural Modernization,Economic Growth and Industrialization on the International Competitiveness of Agricultural Products:Based on the Empirical Analysis of Cointegration and VEC Model

The expanded agricultural trade deficit in recent years has caused widespread concern about the international competitiveness of Chinese agricultural products.In this paper,guided by Michael Porter's diamond model theory,based on agricultural production and trade data in China and the world from 1986 to 2011,we use principal component analysis,cointegration and vector error correction model,to perform an empirical analysis of the impact of agricultural modernization,economic growth and industrialization on the international competitiveness of Chinese agricultural products.The results show that China's agricultural modernization is slow,the demand for agricultural products caused by economic growth is increased,and excessive rural labor transfer due to industrialization leads to decline in the international competitiveness of Chinese agricultural products.China should increase its efforts to promote the modernization of agriculture and level of industry nurturing agriculture;use WTO rules to create a good international and domestic environment for the development of China's agriculture and improvement of the international competitiveness of agricultural products;give full play to the role of demand in boosting the industrial upgrading of domestic agriculture.

Study on the Operating Mechanism and Practice concerning Undergraduate Teaching Quality Assurance in the Chinese Agriculture-related Colleges and Universities

This paper analyzes the connotation of the undergraduate teaching quality assurance system in agriculture-related colleges and universities,and takes Southwest University Rongchang Campus for example to probe into the long-term operating mechanism of multidimensional integrated quality assurance system as well as the sound teaching quality monitoring and management system building assurance system and operational practice effect involving personnel training programs,teaching element control,supervision and control of the teaching process,supervision and control of teaching effectiveness,teaching assurance policy and system,teaching funding system,teaching technical support guarantee,and teaching environment building guarantee,with the purpose of providing a reference for the Chinese universities and colleges to improve the teaching quality.

Industrialized Development Models of Agricultural Scientific and Technological Achievements

Industrialization of agricultural scientific and technological achievements has become an extremely important part in agricultural structural adjustment and agricultural economic development. Basic models for industrialization of China's agricultural scientific and technological achievements should be:( i) integrating scientific and technological development and production relying on large enterprises;( ii) integrating scientific research and development with agricultural scientific and technological achievements and scientific research institutions as support;( iii) spindle type transformation;( vi) agricultural scientific and technological demonstration area;( v) technology extension network.

Effects of pituitary-specific overexpression of FSHα/β on reproductive traits in transgenic boars

Background： Follicle-stimulating hormone（FSH） is a gonadotropin synthesized and secreted by the pituitary gland.FSH stimulates follicle development and maturation in females. It also plays an important role in spermatogenesis in males, including humans and mice. However, the effects of FSH on male pigs are largely unknown. In this study,we generated transgenic pigs to investigate the effects of FSHα/β overexpression on reproductive traits in boars.Results： After five transgenic F0 founders were crossed with wide-type pigs, 193 F_1 animals were obtained. Of these,96 were confirmed as transgenic. FSHα and FSHβ m RNAs were detected only in pituitary tissue. Transgenic boars exhibited significantly higher levels of FSHα and FSHβ m RNA, serum FSH, and serum testosterone, compared to ful-sib non-transgenic boars. Significant increases in testis weight, vas deferens diameter, seminiferous tubule diameter,and the number of Leydig cel s were observed, suggesting that the exogenous FSHα/β affects reproductive traits. Final y,transgenic and non-transgenic boars had similar growth performance and biochemical profiles.Conclusions： Pituitary-specific overexpression of FSHα/β genes is likely to impact reproductive traits positively, as indicated by enhancements in serum testosterone level, testis weight, the development of vas deferens, seminiferous tubules, and Leydig cells in transgenic boars. A high level of serum FSH induces secretion of serum testosterone,possibly by boosting the number of Leydig cells, which presumably increases the libido and the frequency of sexual activity in transgenic boars. Our study provides a preliminary foundation for the genetic improvement of reproductive traits in male pigs.

Molecular characterization and tissue expression profile of the Dnmts gene family in pig

DNA methyltransferases（Dnmts）comprise a family of proteins which involved in the establishment and maintenance of DNA methylation patterns.In pig,the molecular characterization and tissue expression profile of Dnmt gene family are not clear.To solve this problem,reverse transcriptase PCR and rapid amplification of c DNA ends were used to clone the sequences of the porcine Dnmt2 and Dnmt3b genes.Furthermore,the m RNA expression profiles of Dnmt1,Dnmt2,Dnmt3a and Dnmt3b genes from 54 adult tissues and 2 entire fetuses of Rongchang pig were analyzed by quantitative real-time PCR（q RT-PCR）.As a result,the lengths of porcine Dnmt2 and Dnmt3b gene c DNAs were 1 227 and 2 559 bp with cytosine-C5specific DNA methylase domain,respectively.The four Dnmt genes were highly expressed in longissimus dorsi muscle（P〈0.01）.Dnmt1 is highly expressed in heart（P〈0.01）and Dnmt 2 shows its preference in liver and seminal vesicle tissue（P〈0.01）.Dnmt3a and Dnmt3b are highly expressed in the two fetus stages（P〈0.01）.All these results suggested that each gene has its specific expression profile,and deeper study is required to dig more details between the methylation level and Dnmt family m RNA expressions in different tissues.

Effect Comparison of Canine Intravenous Pyelography (IVP) by Two Kinds of Hypotonic Medicines

[ Objective] This paper aimed to provide references for pet dog kidney and urinary track diseases＇ x-ray radiography diagnosis. [ Meth- od] Experimental dogs were gave two kinds of hypotenic medicines （Vitamin K3 and anisodamine） in advance, non -compression hypotonic （IVP） was done and radiography effects of this two hypotonic medicines were compared later in order to finally discuss clinical practical application value of canine （IVP） using hypotonic medicines. [Result] 3.5 mg/kg, bw anisodamine dosage was injected before radiography, 10 minutes after radiography was the best time to take photo, and the development of experimental dog＇s bilateral renal contour, renal pelvis and front segment of ureter was basically clear. While regarding radiography by 1.6 mg/kg, bw vitamin K3, the best photo was got 10 minutes later after radiography, and the development of experimental dog＇s bilateral renal contour, renal pelvis and front segment of ureter was clear. [ Condmion] Vitamin K3, as a kind of hypotonic medicine used in pet clinical （ IVP）, had characteristics of safety, low dosage and better practical radiography effect, was obviously better than anisodamine, and could be properly promoted in pet clinical （IVP）.

Discussion about Shareholding Cooperative Development Road for Agricultural Cooperatives in China

Using modern economic theories,this paper analyzed drawbacks of Shareholding cooperative development of agricultural cooperatives in institutional design and expounded inevitable difficulties of development of agricultural cooperatives. Shareholding cooperative development provides a pass for many social forces entering and controlling agricultural cooperatives and making numerous non-agricultural cooperative organizations become formal cooperatives. Deep cause for Shareholding cooperative development of agricultural cooperatives involves how to recognize status and function of family producers of agricultural products in the drive of agricultural modernization and the problem of state policies choosing family producers of agricultural products or other participants in the agricultural industry chain. Shareholding cooperative development is only an expedient measure in certain period,and it should not change development laws of things and essential feature of agricultural cooperatives because of stressing national conditions.

Study on Circulation and Management of Rural Land Use Right

Currently,agriculture and rural economy have entered a new development stage. According to market demands and comparative advantages of regional resources,strategic adjustment of agricultural structure and realizing transformation from traditional agriculture to modern agriculture have become primary tasks. Land is the essential element of agricultural production,making innovation upon rural land use system and establishing flexible and effective land circulation system concern efficiency and optimization of agricultural resource allocation and development of rural element market. With more and more farmers engaged in secondary and tertiary industries,land left by those farmers is circulated to those farmers willing to do farming. Rural land circulation is inevitable trend of economic and social development,but it is a progressive process. To realize smooth rural land circulation,there must be standardized system.