Injectable bone cements:What benefits the combination of calcium phosphates and bioactive glasses could bring?

Out of the wide range of calcium phosphate(CaP)biomaterials,calcium phosphate bone cements(CPCs)have attracted increased attention since their discovery in the 1980s due to their valuable properties such as bioactivity,osteoconductivity,injectability,hardening ability through a low-temperature setting reaction and moldability.Thereafter numerous researches have been performed to enhance the properties of CPCs.Nonetheless,low mechanical performance of CPCs limits their clinical application in load bearing regions of bone.Also,the in vivo resorption and replacement of CPC with new bone tissue is still controversial,thus further improvements of high clinical importance are required.Bioactive glasses(BGs)are biocompatible and able to bond to bone,stimulating new bone growth while dissolving over time.In the last decades extensive research has been performed analyzing the role of BGs in combination with different CaPs.Thus,the focal point of this review paper is to summarize the available research data on how injectable CPC properties could be improved or affected by the addition of BG as a secondary powder phase.It was found that despite the variances of setting time and compressive strength results,desirable injectable properties of bone cements can be achieved by the inclusion of BGs into CPCs.The published data also revealed that the degradation rate of CPCs is significantly improved by BG addition.Moreover,the presence of BG in CPCs improves the in vitro osteogenic differentiation and cell response as well as the tissue-material interaction in vivo.

Sudoku of porous, injectable calcium phosphate cements – Path to osteoinductivity

With the increase of global population,people’s life expectancy is growing as well.Humans tend to live more active lifestyles and,therefore,trauma generated large defects become more common.Instances of tumour resection or pathological conditions and complex orthopaedic issues occur more frequently increasing necessity for bone substitutes.Composition of calcium phosphate cements(CPCs)is comparable to the chemical structure of bone minerals.Their ability to self-set and resorb in vivo secures a variety of potential applications in bone regeneration.Despite the years-long research and several products already reaching the market,finding the right properties for calcium phosphate cement to be osteoinductive and both injectable and suitable for clinical use is still a sudoku.This article is focused on injectable,porous CPCs,reviewing the latest developments on the path toward finding osteoinductive material,which is suitable for injection.