基于CEFR的初级中文大纲及教材的设计（英文）

如何在海外长期且稳定地进行对外汉语教学?如何研发符合其本土国情与该国教学大纲要求的教材?作者将以研究开发英国威尔士本土汉语教材为实例,探讨对外汉语教材的开发策略与实践应用。汉语视觉教学(Chinese Visual Learning,简称CVL)项目是由英国威尔士三一圣大卫大学孔子学院在2016年创立并开展起来的。现已完成针对性教具研发第一阶段,2018年将进入教具实践阶段。第一阶段汉语视觉教学教具的开发是在英国威尔士长期并持续进行汉语教学的第一步。该教具是针对当地普教二阶三至四年级学生,即七到九岁的适龄儿童而设计的。所开发的教材既有针对威尔士语与英语双语学校的英语版,也有针对主流学校的威尔士语版。本文将着重从以下三个方面进行分析和阐述:(1)创新视觉教学法在教材编写中的运用。视觉教学法是CVL项目的核心教学理念。它从汉语的特有结构着手,注重汉语本身的语言特点,通过用颜色与符号标识出实词与虚词,以及这些词性在初级汉语语法结构上的体现。这种简而易懂的、反复通过色彩和形状进行视觉刺激的方式符合小学生群体的认知方式。(2)教材内容与威尔士教育部中小学教材编写规范大纲的结合。在编写理念上,该CVL教具以新中小学生汉语考试(YCT)一级大纲为参考基础,以英国中考GCSE为方向进行话题设计。并且,在注重汉语语言能力学习的同时,教具的内容充分地考虑到所在地威尔士的中小学教材编写规范,使语言课所承载的非语言知识内容能与其他学科内容相辅相成,互相支持;使学生成为符合其国情的德、智、体、美、文全面发展的未来全球化公民。(3)欧洲语言共同参考框架(CEFR)在该教材中对汉语语言能力评估相对应的具体解读。教具的设计、汉语的教学最终离不开语言能力的审核与评估。YCT的考试评估是检验学生汉语能力的重要标尺。而YCT与CEFR的整合,使CEFR在该教具中为教师明确规划出学生所要达到的听、说、读、写四项的明细标准。更重要的是,CVL教具也拓展了CEFR所未覆盖的非欧语体系的评估方法,如针对汉语中所特有的语言知识的评估。总之,CVL的教具是基于前沿革新视觉教学法与全面综合的语言评估来建设与创新的。CVL的团队由汉语语言学家和英国威尔士三一圣大卫大学语言学、教育学和教师发展方面的一线教师组成。该项目及该项目的研发教具旨在长期推动汉语教学海外本土化的进程,为对外汉语教学提供了一条崭新的思路,也希望该项目为其他海外或国内研发海外教材的同仁提供经验,起到抛砖引玉的作用。

To What Extent Does Corporate Investment Benefit from the Firm's Financial Activities?

The impressive development of China's economy over the past few decades has enabled non-financial firms to adopt financial investment in exchange for enhanced financing behavior and short-term profit(shareholder value)maximization,while the persistence of fixed investment leading to dramatic capital accumulation has spurred the nation's rapid economic growth.The existing literature has extensive discussions on the crowd-out effect of financial activities on non-financial firms'fixed investment but overlooks to what extent and under what forces financial activities potentially benefit real investment.This paper investigates whether profits from financial activities have an inverted U-shape relationship with firms'fixed investment.In particular,we aim to identify if the benefit of financial profit on fixed investment is through the financial constraint channel and/or ownership structure channel for Chinese-listed firms from 2003 to 2018.We present robust evidence to support the inverted U-shape relationship between financial profit and fixed investment for the whole sample of firms as well as the split samples of firms(SOEs and non-SOEs).Moreover,among all channels including cash flow,debt financing,managerial shareholding,ownership concentration,and state ownership,this research documents that financial profit mainly benefits firms by reducing debt burden.Firms with concentrated ownership and strong state shareholding are also more likely to crowd-out real investment or potentially alleviate overinvestment.Nevertheless,non-SOEs are more prone to benefit from financial profits by reducing the debt overhang problem than SOEs,whereas ownership concentration for SOEs non-increments the crowd-out effect.

Policy options for Agriculture Green Development by farmers in China

Farmers are the key agents who manage land and water.Agriculture Green Development(AGD)requires a transformation in farming from high resource consumption and environmental cost to sustainable intensification with high productivity,high resource use efficiency and low environmental risk.This paper analyzes the public policy challenge of AGD and makes the case for a location-sensitive policy mix made up of regulation,advice provision,voluntarism and targeted incentives.The public agricultural extension service in China is a key resource,but one that requires reorientation and reform with the aim of better balancing high farm productivity with environmental protection.

Fostering social innovation and building adaptive capacity for dengue control in Cambodia: a case study

Background:The social-ecological systems theory,with its unique conception of resilience(social-ecological systems&resilience,SESR),provides an operational framework that currently best meets the need for integration and adaptive governance as encouraged by the Sustainable Development Goals.SESR accounts for the complex dynamics of social-ecological systems and operationalizes transdisciplinarity by focusing on community engagement,value co-creation,decentralized leadership and social innovation.Targeting Social Innovation(SI)in the context of implementation research for vector-borne diseases(VBD)control offers a low-cost strategy to contribute to lasting and contextualized community engagement in disease control and health development in low and middle income countries of the global south.In this article we describe the processes of community engagement and transdisciplinary collaboration underpinning community-based dengue management in rural primary schools and households in two districts in Cambodia.Methods:Multiple student-led and community-based interventions have been implemented focusing on empowering education,communication for behavioral change and participatory epidemiology mapping in order to engage Cambodian communities in dengue control.We describe in particular the significance of the participatory processes that have contributed to the design of SI products that emerged following iterative consultations with community stakeholders to address the dengue problem.Results:The SI products that emerged following our interaction with community members are 1)adult mosquito traps made locally from solid waste collections,2)revised dengue curriculum with hands-on activities for transformative learning,3)guppy distribution systems led by community members,4)co-design of dengue prevention communication material by students and community members,5)community mapping.Conclusions:The initiative described in this article put in motion processes of community engagement towards creating ownership of dengue control interventions tools by community stakeholders,including school children.While the project is ongoing,the project's interventions so far implemented have contributed to the emergence of culturally relevant SI products and provided initial clues regarding 1)the conditions allowing SI to emerge,2)specific mechanisms by which it happens and 3)how external parties can facilitate SI emergence.Overall there seems to be a strong argument to be made in supporting SI as a desirable outcome of project implementation towards building adaptive capacity and resilience and to use the protocol supporting this project implementation as an operational guiding document for other VBD adaptive management in the region.

生育选择与照顾负担

无论生育政策如何调整,它所对应的生育服务配套措施如果不能及时跟上,不仅无法缓解生育率下滑,而且很难得到中国职业女性及其家庭的普遍欢迎。

Advancing index-based climate risk assessment to facilitate adaptation planning:Application in Shanghai and Shenzhen,China

One of the key issues in climate risk management is to develop climate resilient infrastructure so as to ensure safety and sustainability of urban functioning systems as well as mitigate the adverse impacts associated with increasing climate hazards.However,conventional methods of assessing risks do not fully address the interaction of various subsystems within the city system and are unable to consolidate diverse opinions of various stakeholders on their assessments of sector-specific risks posed by climate change.To address this gap,this study advances an integrated-systems-analysis tool-Climate Risk Assessment of Infrastructure Tool(CRAIT),and applies it to analyze and compare the extent of risk factor exposure and vulnerability over time across five critical urban infrastructure sectors in Shanghai and Shenzhen,two cities that have distinctive geo-climate profiles and histories of infrastructure development.The results show significantly higher level of variation between the two cities in terms of vulnerability levels than that of exposure.More specifically,the sectors of critical buildings,water,energy,and information&communication in Shenzhen have significantly higher vulnerability levels than Shanghai in both the 2000s and the 2050s.We further discussed the vulnerability levels of subsystems in each sector and proposed twelve potential adaptation options for the roads system based on four sets of criteria:technical feasibility,flexibility,co-benefits,and policy compatibility.The application of CRAIT is bound to be a knowledge co-production process with the local experts and stakeholders.This knowledge co-production process highlights the importance of management advancements and nature-based green solutions in managing climate change risk in the future though differences are observed across the efficacy categories due to the geographical and meteorological conditions in the two cities.This study demonstrates that this knowledge co-creation process is valuable in facilitating policymakers'decision-making and their feedback to scientific understanding in climate risk assessment,and that this approach has general applicability for cities in other regions and countries.

The Regional Security Complex in the Persian Gulf: The Contours of Iran’s GCC Policy

Common perceptions of recent tensions between Iran and the GCC states are couched in terms of a longstanding and historically rooted Shia-Sunni conflict between two major regional powers:Iran and Saudi Arabia.This paper argues that this perspective is simplistic since it ignores the major political drivers of the conflict at regional and international levels.From the perspective of the Regional Security Complex(RSC),the Persian Gulf region has been a typical security sub-complex since the 1970s.After the Iran-Iraq war,Iran adopted a d
etente policy towards the GCC states taking advantage of a domestic consensus to improve relations with her neighbouring states.The drive gained momentum after the arrival in office of President Hassan Rouhani in 2013.However,his GCC policy has faced multiple challenges.The GCC countries have increasingly been suspicious and critical of Iran’s growing strength and regional influence.The intensification of the proxy games with Saudi Arabia have increased the insecurity of GCC states.Internationally too,the USA’s tough stance under President Trump and the return of the economic sanctions regime against Iran has raised regional temperatures,making it even harder for Iran and the GCC to improve their relations.We argue that to understand the proxy wars between Iran and Saudi Arabia in particular,a more nuanced approach is needed that goes beyond religious strife and rivalry.

樓蘭所出未釋早期粟特文古信札(斯坦因收集品L.M.Ⅱ.ii.09)

在斯坦因收集品中,有一件編號爲L.M.Ⅱ.ii.09(現編號爲Or.8212/1823)的粟特文文書,這件文書是斯坦因在樓蘭遺址西南50公里處的一個古代垃圾堆中發現的,由於破損嚴重,迄今爲止還未得到釋讀。通過將其與早期粟特陶器和石刻銘文進行對比,可以對這件文書的内容進行釋讀。與著名的粟特文古信札一樣,這件文書也出現了"匈奴"一詞,據此可以將文書的年代確定在公元4世紀,即粟特文古信札的年代。在粟特文古信札中,L1和L3號文書是一位被丈夫抛棄的婦女Miwnay寫給母親和丈夫的信。無獨有偶,L.M.Ⅱ.ii.09文書也是一封妻子Mayavanuk寫給丈夫的信,像Miwnay一樣,Mayavanuk也抱怨丈夫不給她回信。這件文書的發現地點位於樓蘭,雖然發現地可能是收信人的住址,但根據文書第16—18行提到的Mayavanuk不確定是否有機會寄出這封信,發現信的地方也有可能是寫信的地方。無論是哪一種情況,都可以説明在4世紀的樓蘭有粟特人活動,這正好可以與樓蘭發現的漢文文書中提到的"粟特胡"對應,而且也能説明當時的樓蘭地區還未完全干涸。