青少年及儿童近视进展及其危险因素

近视是全球重要的公共卫生问题。青少年及儿童近视患病率因在全球范围，尤其在亚洲地区，快速增长且影响因素复杂多样而受到广泛关注。尽管目前已有大量关于青少年及儿童近视进展及其危险因素的报道，然而由于人群、近视定义、睫状肌麻痹剂、验光方法等不同导致彼此间难以比较。本文就1990年至今关于青少年（〈18岁）和儿童近视进展及其与年龄、性别、屈光状态、近距工作、户外活动、父母近视或父母生育年龄等危险因素关系的报道进行总结。

Biodiesel Production from Crude Jatropha curcas L.Oil with Trace Acid Catalyst

Biodiesel produced from crude Jatropha curcas L.oil with trace sulfuric acid catalyst(0.02%-0.08% oil) was investigated at 135-184 ℃.Both esterification and transesterification can be well carried out simultane-ously.Factors affecting the process were investigated,which included the reaction temperature,reaction time,the molar ratio of alcohol to oil,catalyst amount,water content,free fatty acid(FFA) and fatty acid methyl ester(FAME) content.Under the conditions at 165 ℃,0.06%(by mass) H2SO4 of the oil mass,1.6 MPa and 20:1 methanol/oil ratio,the yield of glycerol reached 84.8% in 2 hours.FFA and FAME showed positive effect on the transesterification in certain extent.The water mass content below 1.0% did not show a noticeable effect on trans-esterification.Reaction kinetics in the range of 155 ℃ to 175 ℃ was also measured.

Differences in pectoral fin spine morphology between vocal and silent clades of catfishes (Order Siluriformes): Ecomorphological implications

Stridulatory sound-producing behavior is widespread across catfish families, but some are silent. To understand why, we compared spine morphology and ecotype of silent and vocal clades. We determined vocal ability of laboratory specimens during disturbance behavior. Vocal families had bony （not flexible or segmented） spines, well-developed anterior and/or posterior serrations, and statistically significantly longer spines. We compared morphology of the proximal end of the pectoral spine between vocal and silent species. For vocal taxa, microscopic rounded or bladed ridges or knobs were present on the dorsal process. Most silent species had reduced processes with exclusively smooth, convoluted, or honeycombed surfaces very similar to spine-locking surfaces, or they had novel surfaces （beaded, vacuolated, cobwebbed）. Most callichthyids had ridges but many were silent during disturbance. All doradid, most auchenipterid and most mochokid species were vocal and had ridges or knobs. Within the Auchenipteridae, vocal species had spines with greater weight and serration development but not length. Silent auchenipterids had thin, brittle, distally segmented spines with few microscopic serrations on only one margin and a highly reduced dorsal process lacking any known vocal morphology. Silent auchenipterids are derived and pelagic, while all vocal genera are basal and benthopelagic. This is the first phylogenetic evidence for stridulation mechanism loss within catfishes. Phylogenetic mapping of vocal ability, spine condition, and ecotype revealed the repeated presence of silence and vocal taxa, short and long spines, and ecotype shifts within clades. The appearance and loss of vocal behavior and supporting morphologies may have facilitated diversification among catfishes [Current Zoology 56 （1）： 73 89 2010].

Integrating beneficiaries into assessment of ecosystem services from managed forests at the Hubbard Brook Experimental Forest,USA

Background：Forests contribute to human wellbeing through the provision of important ecosystem services.Methods：In this study,we investigated how the perceived importance of ecosystem services may impact the overall benefit provided by managed watersheds at the Hubbard Brook Experimental Forest over a 45-year period,using standardized measures of service capacity weighted by service importance weights derived from a survey of beneficiaries.Results：The capacity of watersheds to regulate water flow and quality was high in all watersheds throughout the study period,whereas cultural services such as scenic beauty declined after harvest.Impacts on greenhouse gas regulation depended on the efficiency with which harvested biomass was used.Surveys revealed that stakeholders placed high value on all ecosystem services,with regulating and cultural services seen as more important than provisioning services.When service metrics were weighted by survey responses and aggregated into a single measure,total service provision followed the same overall trend as greenhouse gas regulation.Where biomass use was less efficient in terms of greenhouse gas emissions,harvesting resulted in an overall ＂ecosystem service debt＂;where use was more efficient,this ＂ecosystem service debt＂ was reduced.Beneficiaries＇ educational backgrounds significantly affected overall assessment of service provision.Beneficiaries with college or university degrees incurred smaller ＂ecosystem service debts＂ and were less negatively affected by harvesting overall.Conclusions：This study highlights the importance of including empirical measures of beneficiary preference when attempting to quantify overall provision of ecosystem services to human beneficiaries over time.

Visual Impact Assessment: Where Have We Come from and Where Are We Going?

This paper is a historical overview of the development of visual impact assessment (VIA) methodology as implemented by US Federal agencies from the 1960s until the current time. VIA methods are to be used as part of environmental impact assessment for projects which could have significant impact on landscape aesthetics. Also included are methodological challenges with current large-scale renewable energy development in the US and Europe.

Wide transcriptional investigation unravel novel insights of the on-tree maturation and postharvest ripening of‘Abate Fetel’pear fruit

To decipher the transcriptomic regulation of the on-tree fruit maturation in pear cv.‘Abate Fetel’,a RNA-seq transcription analysis identified 8939 genes differentially expressed across four harvesting stages.These genes were grouped into 11 SOTA clusters based on their transcriptional pattern,of which three included genes upregulated while the other four were represented by downregulated genes.Fruit ripening was furthermore investigated after 1 month of postharvest cold storage.The most important variation in fruit firmness,production of ethylene and volatile organic compounds were observed after 5 days of shelf-life at room temperature following cold storage.The role of ethylene in controlling the ripening of‘Abate Fetel’pears was furthermore investigated through the application of 1-methylcyclopropene,which efficiently delayed the progression of ripening by reducing fruit softening and repressing both ethylene and volatile production.The physiological response of the interference at the ethylene receptor level was moreover unraveled investigating the expression pattern of 12 candidate genes,initially selected to validate the RNA-seq profile.This analysis confirmed the effective role of the ethylene competitor in downregulating the expression of cell wall(PG)and ethylene-related genes(ACS,ACO,ERS1,and ERS2),as well as inducing one element involved in the auxin signaling pathway(Aux/IAA),highlighting a possible cross-talk between these two hormones.The expression patterns of these six elements suggest their use as molecular toolkit to monitor at molecular level the progression of the fruit on-tree maturation and postharvest ripening.

由谷氨酸合成具有光学活性的齿小蠹二烯醇

齿小蠹二烯醇(Ipsdienol,2-甲基-6-甲叉基-2,7-辛二烯-4-醇,1)是手性昆虫信息素.S(+)对映体,它首次从齿小蠹(Ips paraconfusus Lanier)的粪便中分离出来.后来又发现其它种小蠹虫的信息素也含有这种成份.R(-)齿小蠹二烯醇是另外一种齿小蠹(Ips pini)信息素的主要组份.Mori,Ohloff 等报道三种方法合成光学活性的齿小蠹二烯醇.所用手性原料为 R(+)甘油醛缩丙酮、R(+)羟基丁二酸及(+)或(-)马鞭烯酮(verbenone).

Performance Art and the Seduction of Theatricality

Born of the America of 1960s, performance art comes along as a celebration of presentation rather than re-presentation, as a display form of art, and an art form that does not admit of duplication. This paper presents a reading of the seductive power of performance art as rooted in our theatrical nature. I will address performance art as an emancipated form of the theatrical, where by ＂theatrical＂ I mean a specific mode of presentation and a specific mode of perception： the mode of presentation of the self to the social and the mode of perception of the self through the social. Performance art, I will argue, is hardly an anomaly of our time. Rather, its source of disturbance and fascination lies in the natural, though excessive manifestation of our theatrical nature. By its appeal to the shocking, the perilous, or the mundane even, this form of art confirms what Paul Woodruff has addressed as ＂the necessity of watching and being watched.＂ Performance art shows us the danger of self-presentation, the recognition of the other gaze as the self＇s greatest need and greatest fear. It needs no words. Mere action is more seductive than speech and does not accept speech in return. Once it has been performed, it is no longer. In Nietzsche＇s words, it celebrates the fleeting moment＇s ＂greatest weight.＂ As Samuel Beckett used to tell his actors, performance artists seem to tell their spectators： ＂Go on failing. Go on. Only next time, try to fail better.＂

Swann in Spain： Proust＇s Ghost in the Novels of Javier Marias

Since the publication of Coraz6n tan blanco （A Heart so White） （1992）, many critics have compared the Spanish novelist Javier Marias to Marcel Proust. Both favor long, meandering sentences, in which they insert voluminous asides. In thematic terms, their narratives are constantly involved with meditation over the extent to which we can understand the past, or the degree to which we can know either ourselves or others. Beyond their common preoccupation with time and memory, I will consider some remarkable similarities between Marias＇ and Proust＇s formative years and the role translation played in the development of their style. I will show the many ways in which Proust ＂haunts＂ Marias： in his metaphorical use of the translating practice, in his love of deferral, and in his brooding first-person narrators, racked by the anxiety of ignorance.

The Utility of 1000 - 500 mb Thickness and Weather Type as a Rain-Snow Divide: A 30-Year Study at Albany, NY

Winter synoptic conditions that produce snowfall with bitterly cold temperatures create both social and economic hazards in the capital city of Albany, NY. Sometimes these systems are forecasted in error to produce rain or mixed precipitation. It is beneficial for meteorologists to better understand the commonly used 5400 and 1300 GPM line to better forecast rain versus snow events. Other studies have looked into the use of the 5400 GPM (540 dm) line but none have assessed the validity of this boundary with respect to weather type characterization at Albany. This study aims to determine the reliability of the widely referenced guides for depicting the rain-snow line, and improve forecast aids for the vertical atmosphere during winter precipitation events. The mean daily 500, 850, 925 and 1000 mb heights and weather type frequency of the Spatial Synoptic Classification between November and March of 1980 - 2012 are analyzed. Results indicate that the standard vertical boundaries are inaccurate indicators of a rain versus snow event in Albany. More reasonable rain-snow cut offs for the 1000 - 500 and 1000 - 850 mb thicknesses are 5222 and 1262 GPM. For the 1000 - 925 mb level, 606 GPM is a helpful aid of identifying the rain-snow boundary. Further scrutinizing by weather type indicates that the rain-snow boundary also varies depending on what air mass/weather type is present on a given day. For instance, when the most prominent weather type is observed over Albany (Dry Polar), at the 1000 - 850 mb and 1000 - 500 mb layers, a boundary of 1242 GPM and 5152 GPM is found to be most representative. Results indicate only for the rarest of winter weather types observed over Albany, Moist Tropical, are the standard cut offs useful. Determining the reliability of this precipitation indicator at a specific station, like Albany, could enable meteorologists in other regions of the country to draw parallels between weather type, precipitation, and thickness in their forecast zones.

High Sensitivity C-Reactive Protein Associated with Different Health Predictors in Middle-Aged and oldest old Chinese

Objective To describe the distribution of plasma high sensitivity C-reactive protein （hsCRP） and explore the relationship between hsCRP and metabolic risk factors among residents living in longevity areas of China. Methods 268 individuals aged between 40 and 59 years and 506 individuals aged over 90 years were selected from 5 longevity areas of China to participate in a cross section longitudinal cohort study. The participants were interviewed with general health related questionnaire to collect their demographic, behavioral and lifestyle data, as well as their chronic conditions, and meanwhile their physical and biomedical parameters including waist circumference （WC）, blood pressure （BP）, hsCRP, plasma lipids, and fasting blood glucose （FBG） were measured. Results The median of hsCRP was 0.99 mg/L in the middle-aged group and 2.76 mg/L in the oldest old group. No significant gender difference was observed between the above two groups. Among the oldest old individuals, 36.56% had an hsCRP level 〉3.0 mg/L. The prevalence of high hsCRP was 26.79% in the middle-aged group. The results of stepwise multiple linear regression analyses showed that HDL-C was independently associated with In （hsCRP） concentration in the middle-aged group, whereas In （TG）, HDL-C and FBG were correlated after adjustment for gender, study site, smoking, drinking, education and BMI in the oldest old group. Conclusion HDL-C is a stronger predictor of elevated hsCRP than other metabolic factors in the middle-aged population. For the oldest old persons, high TG, low HDL-C, and FBG predict elevated plasma hsCRP.

Evidence for a female-produced, long range pheromone of Anoplophora glabripennis （Coleoptera Cerambycidae）

Volatiles from female Asian longhorned beetle （ ALB ）, Anoplophora glabripenhis, were evaluated as candidate sex pheromone components. Previous studies on ALB have revealed several antennally active compounds from virgin females; however the origins and activity of these compounds were not apparent and require further investigation. We tested the hypothesis that one or more of the ALB contact sex pheromones is a precursor that undergoes abiotic oxidation to yield volatile pheromone components, and evaluated the activity of these compounds using laboratory and field bioassays. Gas chromatogra- phy coupled electroantennography detection （GC-EAD） analysis indicated the presence of three antennally active aldehydes （heptanal, nonanal, and hexadecanal） in female cuticular extracts exposed to ozone or UV and visible light. In laboratory bioassays using a Y-tube olfactometer, males were preferentially attracted to ozonized female body washes over crude body washes. Similarly, synthetic formulations of these compounds were preferred over controls in the olfactometer. Field trapping experiments conducted from 2006 to 2008 in Ningxia, China showed that synthetic lures of the three aldehydes formulated in a ratio simulating that of virgin females attracted more beetles compared to controls, and that combinations of these aldehydes, linalool oxide, and host kairomones captured more beetles than controls, and captured significantly more males.

Horizontal and vertical gene transfer drive sediment antibiotic resistome in an urban lagoon system

Rapid urbanization has resulted in pervasive occurrence of antibiotic resistance genes(ARGs)in urban aquatic ecosystems.However,limited information is available concerning the ARG profiles and the forces responsible for their assembly in urban landscape lagoon systems.Here,we employed high-throughput quantitative PCR(HT-q PCR)to characterize the spatial variations of ARGs in surface and core sediments of Yundang Lagoon,China.The results indicated that the average richness and absolute abundance of ARGs were 11 and 53 times higher in the lagoon sediments as compared to pristine reference Tibetan lake sediments,highlighting the role of anthropogenic activities in ARG pollution.Co-occurrence network analysis indicated that various anaerobic prokaryotic genera belonging to Alpha-,Deltaproteobacteria,Bacteroidetes,Euryarchaeota,Firmicutes and Synergistetes were the potential hosts of ARGs.The partial least squares-path modeling(PLS-PM)analysis revealed positive and negative indirect effects of physicochemical factors and heavy metals on the lagoon ARG profiles,via biotic factors,respectively.The horizontal(mediated by mobile genetic elements)and vertical(mediated by prokaryotic communities)gene transfer may directly contribute the most to drive the abundance and composition of ARGs,respectively.Furthermore,the neutral community model demonstrated that the assembly of sediment ARG communities was jointly governed by deterministic and stochastic processes.Overall,this study provides novel insights into the diversity and distribution of ARGs in the benthic habitat of urban lagoon systems and underlying mechanisms for the spread and proliferation of ARGs.

Protecting healthcare personnel from 2019-nCoV infection risks:lessons and suggestions

The outbreak of a novel coronavirus disease(COVID-19,caused by the 2019-nCoV infection)in December 2019 is one of the most severe public health emergencies since the founding of People’s Republic of China in 1949.Healthcare personnel(HCP)nationwide are facing heavy workloads and high risk of infection,especially those who care for patients in Hubei Province.Sadly,as of February 20,2020,over two thousand COVID-19 cases are confirmed among HCP from 476 hospitals nationwide,with nearly 90%of them from Hubei Province.Based on literature search and interviews with some HCP working at Wuhan,capital city of Hubei,we have summarized some of the effective measures taken to reduce infection among HCP,and also made suggestions for improving occupational safety during an infectious disease outbreak.The experience and lessons learned should be a valuable asset for international health community to contain the ongoing COVID-19 epidemic around the world.

Enhanced degradation of organic contaminants using catalytic activity of carbonaceous structures:A strategy for the reuse of exhausted sorbents

Generation of hydroxyl radicals(·OH)is the basis of advanced oxidation process(AOP).This study investigates the catalytic activity of microporous carbonaceous structure for in-situ generation of·OH radicals.Biochar(BC)was selected as a representative of carbon materials with a graphitic structure.The work aims at assessing the impact of BC structure on the activation of H2O_(2),the reinforcement of the persistent free radicals(PFRs)in BC using heavy metal complexes,and the subsequent AOP.Accordingly,three different biochars(raw,chemically-and physiochemically-activated BCs)were used for adsorption of two metal ions(nickel and lead)and the degradation of phenol(100 mg/L)through AOP.The results demonstrated four outcomes:(1)The structure of carbon material,the identity and the quantity of the metal complexes in the structure play the key roles in the AOP process.(2)the quantity of PFRs on BC significantly increased(by 200%)with structural activation and metal loading.(3)Though the Pb-loaded BC contained a larger quantity of PFRs,Ni-loaded BC exhibited a higher catalytic activity.(4)The degradation efficiency values for phenol by modified biochar in the presence of H2O_(2) was 80.3%,while the removal efficiency was found to be 17%and 22%in the two control tests,with H2O_(2)(no BC)and with BC(no H2O_(2)),respectively.Overall,the work proposes a new approach for dual applications of carbonaceous structures;adsorption of metal ions and treatment of organic contaminants through in-situ chemical oxidation(ISCO).

Solvability and thermal response of cellulose with different crystal configurations

Cellulose is a biodegradable and renewable natural material that it is naturally resistant to breaking and modification. Moreover, the crystalline structure of cellulose is a major factor restricting its industrial utilization. In this study, cellulose polymorphs were prepared from natural cellulose, and their solvability and thermal response were investigated. Using liquid- and solid-state NMR signals, the distinct types and dissolving states of cellulose polymorphs were identified. The thermal behavior of the polymorphic forms of cellulose-d was also evaluated, and cellulose Ⅱ exhibited the poorest thermal stability and a unique exothermic reaction.

Interactions of complement proteins C1q and factor H with lipid A and Escherichia coli:further evidence that factor H regulates the classical complement pathway

Proteins of the complement system are known to interact with many charged substances.We recently characterized binding of C1q and factor H to immobilized and liposomal anionic phospholipids.Factor H inhibited C1q binding to anionic phospholipids,suggesting a role for factor H in regulating activation of the complement classical pathway by anionic phospholipids.To extend this finding,we examined interactions of C1q and factor H with lipid A,a well-characterized activator of the classical pathway.We report that C1q and factor H both bind to immobilized lipid A,lipid A liposomes and intact Escherichia coli TG1.Factor H competes with C1q for binding to these targets.Furthermore,increasing the factor H:C1q molar ratio in serum diminished C4b fixation,indicating that factor H diminishes classical pathway activation.The recombinant forms of the Cterminal,globular heads of C1q A,B and C chains bound to lipid A and E.coli in a manner qualitatively similar to native C1q,confirming that C1q interacts with these targets via its globular head region.These observations reinforce our proposal that factor H has an additional complement regulatory role of down-regulating classical pathway activation in response to certain targets.This is distinct from its role as an alternative pathway downregulator.We suggest that under physiological conditions,factor H may serve as a downregulator of bacterially-driven inflammatory responses,thereby finetuning and balancing the inflammatory response in infections with Gram-negative bacteria.

Brain weight predicts yawn duration across domesticated dog breeds

Previous research shows that yawning enhances intracranial circulation and regulates brain temperature. Consistent with these functional outcomes, yawn duration correlates positively with interspecies variation in brain weight across mammals, with robust relationships documented at both the taxonomic rank of class and the more restricted scale of family (e.g., Felidae). This study provides the first investigation into whether differences in brain weight within a single species, domesticated dogs Canis lupus familiaris, can predict intraspecific variation in yawn duration. Measures of yawn duration were obtained from public videos available online and then paired with previously published brain and body weight data of different dog breeds. The final sample consisted of 272 yawns from 198 dogs across 23 breeds. Consistent with recent studies, we find robust correlations between yawn duration and brain weight across breeds. Moreover, these correlations remain significant after controlling for differences in body weight across breeds. These findings replicate and extend upon past work in this area and provide further support that yawns evolved to serve an important and large-scale neurophysiologic function.

Initial results for urban metal distributions in house dusts of Syracuse,New York,USA

A program of house dust sample collection and analysis has begun in Syracuse,New York,USA,in order to determine the feasibility of a geography-based exposure assessment for urban metals.The sampling program,and the protocols it employs,is described for two different types of wipe media,Ghost Wipes and Whatman Filters.Preliminary results show that strong spatial patterns of floor dust loading(mg dust per square foot)can be observed for data aggregated at a spatial scale of about 1600 m(~2.5 km^(2)).Floor dust metal concentrations were similar to those found in other urban environments,with some regional variation.The median floor dust Pb concentration was~108 mg·kg^(-1)for this initial data set of~264 sampled residential locations,and varied from 50 to 1100 mg Pb·kg^(-1).

Taizhou’s COVID-19 prevention and control experience with telemedicine features

The outbreak of coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19)has spread rapidly around the world.As of May 30,2020,a total of 84568 confirmed COVID-19 cases have been recorded in China,with a mortality rate of approximately 5.5%.Taizhou is a prefecture-level city in Zhejiang Province.A total of 146 cases were diagnosed in this epidemic,with a fatality rate of 0%.This condition is due to the establishment of an“Internet+”diagnosis and treatment model based on online medical application(APP),telemedicine,WeChat service,and consultation hotline in Taizhou.Taizhou led in opening the“COVID-19 Prevention and Treatment Special Line”in China,which is conducive to pre-hospital screening,suppressing social panic,and clinical support.Hospitals also carried out related online lectures and popularization of science.We summarize Taizhou’s COVID-19 prevention and control experience with telemedicine features,with a view to providing reference for the control of the epidemic at home and abroad.