This paper investigates effects of Hall current on flow of unsteady magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) axisymmetric second-grade fluid with suction and blowing over a sheet stretching exponentially with radius. The governing n...This paper investigates effects of Hall current on flow of unsteady magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) axisymmetric second-grade fluid with suction and blowing over a sheet stretching exponentially with radius. The governing non-linear partial differential equations describing the problem are converted to a system of non-linear ordinary differential equations by using the similarity transformations. The complex analytical solution is found by using the homotopy analysis method (HAM). The existing literature on the topic shows that it is the first study regarding the effects of Hall current on flow over an exponentially stretching sheet in cylindrical coordinates. The convergence of the obtained complex series solutions is carefully analyzed. The effects of dimensionless parameters on the radial and axial components of the velocity are illustrated through plots. Also the effects of the pertinent parameters on the shear stress at the wall are presented numerically in tabular form.展开更多
Nanotechnology is a developing field in biotechnology. The synthesis of nanoparticles is an important step in the field of nanotechnology. Overcoming the limitations of traditional methods, a green scheme for synthesi...Nanotechnology is a developing field in biotechnology. The synthesis of nanoparticles is an important step in the field of nanotechnology. Overcoming the limitations of traditional methods, a green scheme for synthesizing nanoparticles has emerged. Plants and microorganisms are mainly used for the green synthesis of metal nanoparticles. Some of the nanoparticles showed strong antimicrobial effects against different plant pathogens. Compared with microorganisms, the use of plants to synthesize nanoparticles is on the rise, and has advantages compared with microorganisms, because plants have a wide range of bio-molecular variability, which can act as blocking/stabilizing agents and reducing agents, thereby increasing reduction rate and stability of synthetic nanoparticles. Of all living things, plants seem to have the best potential for nanoparticle biosynthesis and are suitable for large-scale biosynthesis. Compared with microorganisms, the synthesis of plant-derived nanoparticles is faster and more stable. Therefore, this review focuses on the use of microbial and plant sources to synthesize nanoparticles and their applications in agriculture.展开更多
IIF(Indirect Immune Florescence)has gained much attention recently due to its importance in medical sciences.The primary purpose of this work is to highlight a step-by-step methodology for detecting autoimmune disease...IIF(Indirect Immune Florescence)has gained much attention recently due to its importance in medical sciences.The primary purpose of this work is to highlight a step-by-step methodology for detecting autoimmune diseases.The use of IIF for detecting autoimmune diseases is widespread in different medical areas.Nearly 80 different types of autoimmune diseases have existed in various body parts.The IIF has been used for image classification in both ways,manually and by using the Computer-Aided Detection(CAD)system.The data scientists conducted various research works using an automatic CAD system with low accuracy.The diseases in the human body can be detected with the help of Transfer Learning(TL),an advanced Convolutional Neural Network(CNN)approach.The baseline paper applied the manual classification to the MIVIA dataset of Human Epithelial cells(HEP)type II cells and the Sub Class Discriminant(SDA)analysis technique used to detect autoimmune diseases.The technique yielded an accuracy of up to 90.03%,which was not reliable for detecting autoimmune disease in the mitotic cells of the body.In the current research,the work has been performed on the MIVIA data set of HEP type II cells by using four well-known models of TL.Data augmentation and normalization have been applied to the dataset to overcome the problem of overfitting and are also used to improve the performance of TL models.These models are named Inception V3,Dens Net 121,VGG-16,and Mobile Net,and their performance can be calculated through parameters of the confusion matrix(accuracy,precision,recall,and F1 measures).The results show that the accuracy value of VGG-16 is 78.00%,Inception V3 is 92.00%,Dense Net 121 is 95.00%,and Mobile Net shows 88.00%accuracy,respectively.Therefore,DenseNet-121 shows the highest performance with suitable analysis of autoimmune diseases.The overall performance highlighted that TL is a suitable and enhanced technique compared to its counterparts.Also,the proposed technique is used to detect autoimmune diseases with a minimal margin of errors and flaws.展开更多
Author’s Profile(AP)may only be displayed as an article,similar to text collection of material,and must differentiate between gender,age,education,occupation,local language,and relative personality traits.In several ...Author’s Profile(AP)may only be displayed as an article,similar to text collection of material,and must differentiate between gender,age,education,occupation,local language,and relative personality traits.In several informationrelated fields,including security,forensics,and marketing,and medicine,AP prediction is a significant issue.For instance,it is important to comprehend who wrote the harassing communication.In essence,from a marketing perspective,businesses will get to know one another through examining items and websites on the internet.Accordingly,they will direct their efforts towards a certain gender or age restriction based on the kind of individuals who comment on their products.Recently many approaches have been presented many techniques to automatically detect user age and gender from the language which is based on text,documents,or comments on social media.The purpose of this research is to classify age(18–24,25–34,35–49,50–64,and 65–70)and gender(male,female)from a PAN 2014 Hotel Reviews dataset of the English language.The usage of six machine learning models is the main emphasis of this work,including the methods of Support Vector Machine(SVM),Random Forest(RF),Naive Bayes(NB),Logistic Regression(LR),Decision Tree(DT)and K-Nearest Neighbors(KNN).展开更多
In vehicular ad hoc networks(VANETs),the topology information(TI)is updated frequently due to vehicle mobility.These frequent changes in topology increase the topology maintenance overhead.To reduce the control messag...In vehicular ad hoc networks(VANETs),the topology information(TI)is updated frequently due to vehicle mobility.These frequent changes in topology increase the topology maintenance overhead.To reduce the control message overhead,cluster-based routing schemes are proposed.In clusterbased routing schemes,the nodes are divided into different virtual groups,and each group(logical node)is considered a cluster.The topology changes are accommodated within each cluster,and broadcasting TI to the whole VANET is not required.The cluster head(CH)is responsible for managing the communication of a node with other nodes outside the cluster.However,transmitting real-time data via a CH may cause delays in VANETs.Such real-time data require quick service and should be routed through the shortest path when the quality of service(QoS)is required.This paper proposes a hybrid scheme which transmits time-critical data through the QoS shortest path and normal data through CHs.In this way,the real-time data are delivered efciently to the destination on time.Similarly,the routine data are transmitted through CHs to reduce the topology maintenance overhead.The work is validated through a series of simulations,and results show that the proposed scheme outperforms existing algorithms in terms of topology maintenance overhead,QoS and real-time and routine packet transmission.展开更多
Clustering algorithms optimization can minimize topology maintenance overhead in large scale vehicular Ad hoc networks(VANETs)for smart transportation that results from dynamic topology,limited resources and noncentra...Clustering algorithms optimization can minimize topology maintenance overhead in large scale vehicular Ad hoc networks(VANETs)for smart transportation that results from dynamic topology,limited resources and noncentralized architecture.The performance of a clustering algorithm varies with the underlying mobility model to address the topology maintenance overhead issue in VANETs for smart transportation.To design a robust clustering algorithm,careful attention must be paid to components like mobility models and performance objectives.A clustering algorithm may not perform well with every mobility pattern.Therefore,we propose a supervisory protocol(SP)that observes the mobility pattern of vehicles and identies the realistic Mobility model through microscopic features.An analytical model can be used to determine an efcient clustering algorithm for a specic mobility model(MM).SP selects the best clustering scheme according to the mobility model and guarantees a consistent performance throughout VANET operations.The simulation has performed in three parts that is the central part simulation for setting up the clustering environment,In the second part the clustering algorithms are tested for efciency in a constrained atmosphere for some time and the third part represents the proposed scheme.The simulation results show that the proposed scheme outperforms clustering algorithms such as honey bee algorithm-based clustering and memetic clustering in terms of cluster count,re-afliation rate,control overhead and cluster lifetime.展开更多
Internet of Everything(IoE)indicates a fantastic vision of the future,where everything is connected to the internet,providing intelligent services and facilitating decision making.IoE is the collection of static and m...Internet of Everything(IoE)indicates a fantastic vision of the future,where everything is connected to the internet,providing intelligent services and facilitating decision making.IoE is the collection of static and moving objects able to coordinate and communicate with each other.The moving objects may consist of ground segments and ying segments.The speed of ying segment e.g.,Unmanned Ariel Vehicles(UAVs)may high as compared to ground segment objects.The topology changes occur very frequently due to high speed nature of objects in UAV-enabled IoE(Ue-IoE).The routing maintenance overhead may increase when scaling the Ue-IoE(number of objects increases).A single change in topology can force all the objects of the Ue-IoE to update their routing tables.Similarly,the frequent updating in routing table entries will result more energy dissipation and the lifetime of the Ue-IoE may decrease.The objects consume more energy on routing computations.To prevent the frequent updation of routing tables associated with each object,the computation of routes from source to destination may be limited to optimum number of objects in the Ue-IoE.In this article,we propose a routing scheme in which the responsibility of route computation(from neighbor objects to destination)is assigned to some IoE-objects in the Ue-IoE.The route computation objects(RCO)are selected on the basis of certain parameters like remaining energy and mobility.The RCO send the routing information of destination objects to their neighbors once they want to communicate with other objects.The proposed protocol is simulated and the results show that it outperform state-of-the-art protocols in terms of average energy consumption,messages overhead,throughput,delay etc.展开更多
The fiber nonlinearity and phase noise(PN)are the focused impairments in the optical communication system,induced by high-capacity transmission and high laser input power.The channels include high-capacity transmissio...The fiber nonlinearity and phase noise(PN)are the focused impairments in the optical communication system,induced by high-capacity transmission and high laser input power.The channels include high-capacity transmissions that cannot be achieved at the end side without aliasing because of fiber nonlinearity and PN impairments.Thus,addressing of these distortions is the basic objective for the 5G mobile network.In this paper,the fiber nonlinearity and PN are investigated using the assembled methodology of millimeter-wave and radio over fiber(mmWave-RoF).The analytical model is designed in terms of outage probability for the proposed mmWave-RoF system.The performance of mmWave-RoF against fiber nonlinearity and PN is studied for input power,output power and length using peak to average power ratio(PAPR)and bit error rate(BER)measuring parameters.The simulation outcomes present that the impacts of fiber nonlinearity and PNcan be balanced for a huge capacity mmWave-RoF model applying input power carefully.展开更多
Flash floods are deemed the most fatal and disastrous natural hazards globally due to their prompt onset that requires a short prime time for emergency response.Cognitive Internet of things(CIoT)technologies including...Flash floods are deemed the most fatal and disastrous natural hazards globally due to their prompt onset that requires a short prime time for emergency response.Cognitive Internet of things(CIoT)technologies including inherent characteristics of cognitive radio(CR)are potential candidates to develop a monitoring and early warning system(MEWS)that helps in efficiently utilizing the short response time to save lives during flash floods.However,most CIoT devices are battery-limited and thus,it reduces the lifetime of the MEWS.To tackle these problems,we propose a CIoTbased MEWS to slash the fatalities of flash floods.To extend the lifetime of the MEWS by conserving the limited battery energy of CIoT sensors,we formulate a resource assignment problem for maximizing energy efficiency.To solve the problem,at first,we devise a polynomial-time heuristic energyefficient scheduler(EES-1).However,its performance can be unsatisfactory since it requires an exhaustive search to find local optimum values without consideration of the overall network energy efficiency.To enhance the energy efficiency of the proposed EES-1 scheme,we additionally formulate an optimization problem based on a maximum weight matching bipartite graph.Then,we additionally propose a Hungarian algorithm-based energy-efficient scheduler(EES-2),solvable in polynomial time.The simulation results show that the proposed EES-2 scheme achieves considerably high energy efficiency in the CIoT-based MEWS,leading to the extended lifetime of the MEWS without loss of throughput performance.展开更多
We propos e a cos t-effective multi-carrier generation technique which minimizes the passive optical access network(PON) costs. In this study replacement of laser array with multi-carrier source at optical line termin...We propos e a cos t-effective multi-carrier generation technique which minimizes the passive optical access network(PON) costs. In this study replacement of laser array with multi-carrier source at optical line terminal(OLT) side in PON is addressed. With 25-GHz frequency spacing, the generated optical multi-carriers exhibit good tone to noise ratio(TNR) i. e. above 20 d B, and least amplitude difference i. e. 1.5d B. At the OLT, multi-carriers signal based multiplexed differential phase shift keying(DPSK) data from all the channels each having 10 Gbps for downlink is transmitted through 25 km single mode fiber. While the transmitted information is retrieved at optical network unit(ONU), part of the downlink signal is re-modulated using intensity modulated(IM) on-off keying(OOK) for upstream transmission at 10-Gbps. Simulation results are in good agreement with the theoretical analysis, showing error free transmission in downlink and uplink with 10 Gbps symmetric data rate at each channel. The receivedpower, both for uplink and downlink transmission, is adequate for all channels at BER of 10-9 with minimum power penalties. Power budget is calculated for different splitting ratios showing excellent system margins for any unseen losses. The proposed setup provides a cost-effective way minimizing transmission losses, and providing greater system's margin in PON architecture.展开更多
Objective:To assess the pharmaceutical quality of different brands of metronidazole manufactured,available and prescribed by the doctors of Peshawar,Pakistan.Methods:Different film-coated metronidazole products manufa...Objective:To assess the pharmaceutical quality of different brands of metronidazole manufactured,available and prescribed by the doctors of Peshawar,Pakistan.Methods:Different film-coated metronidazole products manufactured by multinational and national pharmaceutical industries and prescribed by the doctors were collected from Peshawar,Khyber Pakhtunkhwa,Pakistan.Their hysico-chemical properties were assessed,which included friability,hardness,disintegration,dissolution and weight variation tests according to the the United States Pharmacopoeia(USP)standards.Results:All the brands showed a average weight of 5.74 g for 13 tablets(products A-M).Product J had the highest weight and products D and E failed the hardness,friability and disintegration time according to USP standards.Products M,K and G,L failed disintegration test and dissolution test,respectively.Weight variation of all the products proved statistically that they were in accordance with the standards of USP.Conclusions:The study suggested that products A,F,H and J passed all the tests according to the USP standards while the rest of them did not fulfill the standards specification.展开更多
The objective of this work was to enhance the product’s quality by concentrating on the machine’s optimized efficiency.In order to increase the machine’s reliability,the basis of reliability-centered maintenance ap...The objective of this work was to enhance the product’s quality by concentrating on the machine’s optimized efficiency.In order to increase the machine’s reliability,the basis of reliability-centered maintenance approach was utilized.The purpose was to establish a planned preventive maintenance strategy to identify the machine’s critical components having a noteworthy effect on the product’s quality.The critical components were prioritized using failure mode and effect analysis(FMEA).The goal of the study was to decrease the ppm time interval for a CNC machine by simulating the projected preventive maintenance time interval.For this purpose,the simulation software ProModel 7.5 was implemented for the current preventive maintenance procedure to choose the best ppm time interval which contributed better norms.Five dissimilar optimization approaches were applied,however,the first approach yielded the prominent total system cost and the shorter ppm interval.The results of the study revealed that there was an increase of USD 1878 as a result of an increase in total system cost from USD 78,365 to USD 80,243.Preventive maintenance costs were reduced from USD 4196 to USD 2248(46%).The costs associated with good parts increased from USD 8259 to USD 8294(0.4%)and the costs associated with defective parts reduced from USD 171 to USD 3(98.25%),respectively.展开更多
OBJECTIVE:To investigate Sterculia diversifolia G.Don for potential anti-diabetic activity in the in vivo mouse model of alloxan-induced hyperglycemia.METHODS:Sterculia diversifolia(S.diversifolia)was subjected to ext...OBJECTIVE:To investigate Sterculia diversifolia G.Don for potential anti-diabetic activity in the in vivo mouse model of alloxan-induced hyperglycemia.METHODS:Sterculia diversifolia(S.diversifolia)was subjected to extraction and isolation techniques and structural characterization of the isolated compounds were performed using spectroscopic methods.The acute toxicity test was performed by orally administering S.diversifolia in doses of 500-2000 mg/kg.For the assessment of anti-hyperglycemic activity,S.diversifolia bark and leaves extracts were administered orally in doses of 50,100,and 200 mg/kg,along with metformin(150 mg/kg,i.p)as positive control,after confirmation of alloxan(150 mg/kg,i.p.)induced hyperglycemia in BALB/c mice.Serum biochemical parameters were monitored for the period of study.RESULTS:The phytochemical studies showed the presence of quercetin and kaempferol in S.diversifolia.The IC50 values in the in vivo acute toxicity study revealed the safety margin of S.diversifolia bark(1166.66 mg/kg)and leaves(683.34 mg/kg)extracts.A significant attenuation of alloxan induced hyperglycemia was produced by S.diversifolia extracts at 50 mg/kg(P<0.05),100 mg/kg(P<0.05,<0.01),and 150 mg/kg(P<0.05,<0.01,<0.001)during 1-4 h,which was comparable to metformin(P<0.001).Significant(P<0.001)improvement appeared in blood hemoglobin,protein,cholesterol,triglycerides,urea,creatinine,HDL,and LDL of the stem bark and leaves extracts treated diabetic mice.CONCLUSION:These findings connote the usefulness of S.diversifolia as an anti-diabetic in traditional medicine and this might be attributed to the presence of quercetin and kaempferol,among other phytochemicals.展开更多
We report a three-dimensional hierarchical ternary hybrid composite of molybdenum disulfide (MoS2), reduced graphene oxide (GO), and carbon nano- tubes (CNTs) prepared by a two-step process. Firstly, reduced GO-...We report a three-dimensional hierarchical ternary hybrid composite of molybdenum disulfide (MoS2), reduced graphene oxide (GO), and carbon nano- tubes (CNTs) prepared by a two-step process. Firstly, reduced GO-CNT composites with three-dimensional microstructuresare synthesized by hydrothermal treatment of an aqueous dispersion of GO and CNTs to form a composite structure via π-π interactions. Then, MoS2 nanoparticles are hydrothermally grown on the surfaces of the GO-CNT composite. This ternary composite shows superior electrocatalytic activity and stability in the hydrogen evolution reaction, with a low onset potential of only 35 mV, a Tafel slope of -38 mV.decade-1 and an apparent exchange current density of 74.25 mA.cm-2. The superior hydrogen evolution activity stemmed from the synergistic effect of MoS2 with its electrocatalytically active edge-sites and excellent electrical coupling to the underlying graphene and CNT network.展开更多
文摘This paper investigates effects of Hall current on flow of unsteady magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) axisymmetric second-grade fluid with suction and blowing over a sheet stretching exponentially with radius. The governing non-linear partial differential equations describing the problem are converted to a system of non-linear ordinary differential equations by using the similarity transformations. The complex analytical solution is found by using the homotopy analysis method (HAM). The existing literature on the topic shows that it is the first study regarding the effects of Hall current on flow over an exponentially stretching sheet in cylindrical coordinates. The convergence of the obtained complex series solutions is carefully analyzed. The effects of dimensionless parameters on the radial and axial components of the velocity are illustrated through plots. Also the effects of the pertinent parameters on the shear stress at the wall are presented numerically in tabular form.
文摘Nanotechnology is a developing field in biotechnology. The synthesis of nanoparticles is an important step in the field of nanotechnology. Overcoming the limitations of traditional methods, a green scheme for synthesizing nanoparticles has emerged. Plants and microorganisms are mainly used for the green synthesis of metal nanoparticles. Some of the nanoparticles showed strong antimicrobial effects against different plant pathogens. Compared with microorganisms, the use of plants to synthesize nanoparticles is on the rise, and has advantages compared with microorganisms, because plants have a wide range of bio-molecular variability, which can act as blocking/stabilizing agents and reducing agents, thereby increasing reduction rate and stability of synthetic nanoparticles. Of all living things, plants seem to have the best potential for nanoparticle biosynthesis and are suitable for large-scale biosynthesis. Compared with microorganisms, the synthesis of plant-derived nanoparticles is faster and more stable. Therefore, this review focuses on the use of microbial and plant sources to synthesize nanoparticles and their applications in agriculture.
基金supported by the EIAS Data Science and Blockchain Lab,College of Computer and Information Sciences,Prince Sultan University,Riyadh Saudi Arabia.
文摘IIF(Indirect Immune Florescence)has gained much attention recently due to its importance in medical sciences.The primary purpose of this work is to highlight a step-by-step methodology for detecting autoimmune diseases.The use of IIF for detecting autoimmune diseases is widespread in different medical areas.Nearly 80 different types of autoimmune diseases have existed in various body parts.The IIF has been used for image classification in both ways,manually and by using the Computer-Aided Detection(CAD)system.The data scientists conducted various research works using an automatic CAD system with low accuracy.The diseases in the human body can be detected with the help of Transfer Learning(TL),an advanced Convolutional Neural Network(CNN)approach.The baseline paper applied the manual classification to the MIVIA dataset of Human Epithelial cells(HEP)type II cells and the Sub Class Discriminant(SDA)analysis technique used to detect autoimmune diseases.The technique yielded an accuracy of up to 90.03%,which was not reliable for detecting autoimmune disease in the mitotic cells of the body.In the current research,the work has been performed on the MIVIA data set of HEP type II cells by using four well-known models of TL.Data augmentation and normalization have been applied to the dataset to overcome the problem of overfitting and are also used to improve the performance of TL models.These models are named Inception V3,Dens Net 121,VGG-16,and Mobile Net,and their performance can be calculated through parameters of the confusion matrix(accuracy,precision,recall,and F1 measures).The results show that the accuracy value of VGG-16 is 78.00%,Inception V3 is 92.00%,Dense Net 121 is 95.00%,and Mobile Net shows 88.00%accuracy,respectively.Therefore,DenseNet-121 shows the highest performance with suitable analysis of autoimmune diseases.The overall performance highlighted that TL is a suitable and enhanced technique compared to its counterparts.Also,the proposed technique is used to detect autoimmune diseases with a minimal margin of errors and flaws.
文摘Author’s Profile(AP)may only be displayed as an article,similar to text collection of material,and must differentiate between gender,age,education,occupation,local language,and relative personality traits.In several informationrelated fields,including security,forensics,and marketing,and medicine,AP prediction is a significant issue.For instance,it is important to comprehend who wrote the harassing communication.In essence,from a marketing perspective,businesses will get to know one another through examining items and websites on the internet.Accordingly,they will direct their efforts towards a certain gender or age restriction based on the kind of individuals who comment on their products.Recently many approaches have been presented many techniques to automatically detect user age and gender from the language which is based on text,documents,or comments on social media.The purpose of this research is to classify age(18–24,25–34,35–49,50–64,and 65–70)and gender(male,female)from a PAN 2014 Hotel Reviews dataset of the English language.The usage of six machine learning models is the main emphasis of this work,including the methods of Support Vector Machine(SVM),Random Forest(RF),Naive Bayes(NB),Logistic Regression(LR),Decision Tree(DT)and K-Nearest Neighbors(KNN).
基金supported by Taif University Researchers Supporting Project Number(TURSP-2020/231),Taif University,Taif,Saudi Arabia.
文摘In vehicular ad hoc networks(VANETs),the topology information(TI)is updated frequently due to vehicle mobility.These frequent changes in topology increase the topology maintenance overhead.To reduce the control message overhead,cluster-based routing schemes are proposed.In clusterbased routing schemes,the nodes are divided into different virtual groups,and each group(logical node)is considered a cluster.The topology changes are accommodated within each cluster,and broadcasting TI to the whole VANET is not required.The cluster head(CH)is responsible for managing the communication of a node with other nodes outside the cluster.However,transmitting real-time data via a CH may cause delays in VANETs.Such real-time data require quick service and should be routed through the shortest path when the quality of service(QoS)is required.This paper proposes a hybrid scheme which transmits time-critical data through the QoS shortest path and normal data through CHs.In this way,the real-time data are delivered efciently to the destination on time.Similarly,the routine data are transmitted through CHs to reduce the topology maintenance overhead.The work is validated through a series of simulations,and results show that the proposed scheme outperforms existing algorithms in terms of topology maintenance overhead,QoS and real-time and routine packet transmission.
基金The authors extend their appreciation to King Saud University for funding this work through Researchers supporting project number(RSP-2020/133),King Saud University,Riyadh,Saudi Arabia.
文摘Clustering algorithms optimization can minimize topology maintenance overhead in large scale vehicular Ad hoc networks(VANETs)for smart transportation that results from dynamic topology,limited resources and noncentralized architecture.The performance of a clustering algorithm varies with the underlying mobility model to address the topology maintenance overhead issue in VANETs for smart transportation.To design a robust clustering algorithm,careful attention must be paid to components like mobility models and performance objectives.A clustering algorithm may not perform well with every mobility pattern.Therefore,we propose a supervisory protocol(SP)that observes the mobility pattern of vehicles and identies the realistic Mobility model through microscopic features.An analytical model can be used to determine an efcient clustering algorithm for a specic mobility model(MM).SP selects the best clustering scheme according to the mobility model and guarantees a consistent performance throughout VANET operations.The simulation has performed in three parts that is the central part simulation for setting up the clustering environment,In the second part the clustering algorithms are tested for efciency in a constrained atmosphere for some time and the third part represents the proposed scheme.The simulation results show that the proposed scheme outperforms clustering algorithms such as honey bee algorithm-based clustering and memetic clustering in terms of cluster count,re-afliation rate,control overhead and cluster lifetime.
基金supported by Taif University Researchers Supporting Project number(TURSP-2020/231),Taif University,Taif,Saudi Arabia.
文摘Internet of Everything(IoE)indicates a fantastic vision of the future,where everything is connected to the internet,providing intelligent services and facilitating decision making.IoE is the collection of static and moving objects able to coordinate and communicate with each other.The moving objects may consist of ground segments and ying segments.The speed of ying segment e.g.,Unmanned Ariel Vehicles(UAVs)may high as compared to ground segment objects.The topology changes occur very frequently due to high speed nature of objects in UAV-enabled IoE(Ue-IoE).The routing maintenance overhead may increase when scaling the Ue-IoE(number of objects increases).A single change in topology can force all the objects of the Ue-IoE to update their routing tables.Similarly,the frequent updating in routing table entries will result more energy dissipation and the lifetime of the Ue-IoE may decrease.The objects consume more energy on routing computations.To prevent the frequent updation of routing tables associated with each object,the computation of routes from source to destination may be limited to optimum number of objects in the Ue-IoE.In this article,we propose a routing scheme in which the responsibility of route computation(from neighbor objects to destination)is assigned to some IoE-objects in the Ue-IoE.The route computation objects(RCO)are selected on the basis of certain parameters like remaining energy and mobility.The RCO send the routing information of destination objects to their neighbors once they want to communicate with other objects.The proposed protocol is simulated and the results show that it outperform state-of-the-art protocols in terms of average energy consumption,messages overhead,throughput,delay etc.
基金The authors acknowledge the support from the Deanship of Scientific Research,Najran University.Kingdom of Saudi Arabia,for funding this work under the research groups funding program grant code number(NU/RG/SERC/11/3).
文摘The fiber nonlinearity and phase noise(PN)are the focused impairments in the optical communication system,induced by high-capacity transmission and high laser input power.The channels include high-capacity transmissions that cannot be achieved at the end side without aliasing because of fiber nonlinearity and PN impairments.Thus,addressing of these distortions is the basic objective for the 5G mobile network.In this paper,the fiber nonlinearity and PN are investigated using the assembled methodology of millimeter-wave and radio over fiber(mmWave-RoF).The analytical model is designed in terms of outage probability for the proposed mmWave-RoF system.The performance of mmWave-RoF against fiber nonlinearity and PN is studied for input power,output power and length using peak to average power ratio(PAPR)and bit error rate(BER)measuring parameters.The simulation outcomes present that the impacts of fiber nonlinearity and PNcan be balanced for a huge capacity mmWave-RoF model applying input power carefully.
基金This work was supported in part by the Ministry of Science and ICT(MSIT)Korea,under the Information and Technology Research Center(ITRC)support program(IITP-2021-2018-0-01426)in part by the National Research Foundation of Korea(NRF)funded by the Korea government(MSIT)(No.2019R1F1A1059125).
文摘Flash floods are deemed the most fatal and disastrous natural hazards globally due to their prompt onset that requires a short prime time for emergency response.Cognitive Internet of things(CIoT)technologies including inherent characteristics of cognitive radio(CR)are potential candidates to develop a monitoring and early warning system(MEWS)that helps in efficiently utilizing the short response time to save lives during flash floods.However,most CIoT devices are battery-limited and thus,it reduces the lifetime of the MEWS.To tackle these problems,we propose a CIoTbased MEWS to slash the fatalities of flash floods.To extend the lifetime of the MEWS by conserving the limited battery energy of CIoT sensors,we formulate a resource assignment problem for maximizing energy efficiency.To solve the problem,at first,we devise a polynomial-time heuristic energyefficient scheduler(EES-1).However,its performance can be unsatisfactory since it requires an exhaustive search to find local optimum values without consideration of the overall network energy efficiency.To enhance the energy efficiency of the proposed EES-1 scheme,we additionally formulate an optimization problem based on a maximum weight matching bipartite graph.Then,we additionally propose a Hungarian algorithm-based energy-efficient scheduler(EES-2),solvable in polynomial time.The simulation results show that the proposed EES-2 scheme achieves considerably high energy efficiency in the CIoT-based MEWS,leading to the extended lifetime of the MEWS without loss of throughput performance.
基金National High Technology 863 Program of China(No.2013AA013403,2013AA013301/02,2015AA015501/02)National NSFC(No.61425022/61307086/61475024/61275158/61201151/61275074/61205066)+4 种基金NITC(No.2012DFG12110)Beijing Nova Program(No.Z141101001814048)Beijing Excellent Ph.D.Thesis Guidance Foundation(No.20121001302)are gratefully acknowledgedsupported by the Universities Ph.D.Special Research Funds(No.20120005110003/20120005120007)fund of State Key Laboratory of IPOC(BUPT)
文摘We propos e a cos t-effective multi-carrier generation technique which minimizes the passive optical access network(PON) costs. In this study replacement of laser array with multi-carrier source at optical line terminal(OLT) side in PON is addressed. With 25-GHz frequency spacing, the generated optical multi-carriers exhibit good tone to noise ratio(TNR) i. e. above 20 d B, and least amplitude difference i. e. 1.5d B. At the OLT, multi-carriers signal based multiplexed differential phase shift keying(DPSK) data from all the channels each having 10 Gbps for downlink is transmitted through 25 km single mode fiber. While the transmitted information is retrieved at optical network unit(ONU), part of the downlink signal is re-modulated using intensity modulated(IM) on-off keying(OOK) for upstream transmission at 10-Gbps. Simulation results are in good agreement with the theoretical analysis, showing error free transmission in downlink and uplink with 10 Gbps symmetric data rate at each channel. The receivedpower, both for uplink and downlink transmission, is adequate for all channels at BER of 10-9 with minimum power penalties. Power budget is calculated for different splitting ratios showing excellent system margins for any unseen losses. The proposed setup provides a cost-effective way minimizing transmission losses, and providing greater system's margin in PON architecture.
文摘Objective:To assess the pharmaceutical quality of different brands of metronidazole manufactured,available and prescribed by the doctors of Peshawar,Pakistan.Methods:Different film-coated metronidazole products manufactured by multinational and national pharmaceutical industries and prescribed by the doctors were collected from Peshawar,Khyber Pakhtunkhwa,Pakistan.Their hysico-chemical properties were assessed,which included friability,hardness,disintegration,dissolution and weight variation tests according to the the United States Pharmacopoeia(USP)standards.Results:All the brands showed a average weight of 5.74 g for 13 tablets(products A-M).Product J had the highest weight and products D and E failed the hardness,friability and disintegration time according to USP standards.Products M,K and G,L failed disintegration test and dissolution test,respectively.Weight variation of all the products proved statistically that they were in accordance with the standards of USP.Conclusions:The study suggested that products A,F,H and J passed all the tests according to the USP standards while the rest of them did not fulfill the standards specification.
基金This research is fully supported by HEC Grant of Research for publishing scientific articles.The authors fully acknowledge support from Sarhad University of Science and Information Technology for the approved fund which makes this research viable and effective.
文摘The objective of this work was to enhance the product’s quality by concentrating on the machine’s optimized efficiency.In order to increase the machine’s reliability,the basis of reliability-centered maintenance approach was utilized.The purpose was to establish a planned preventive maintenance strategy to identify the machine’s critical components having a noteworthy effect on the product’s quality.The critical components were prioritized using failure mode and effect analysis(FMEA).The goal of the study was to decrease the ppm time interval for a CNC machine by simulating the projected preventive maintenance time interval.For this purpose,the simulation software ProModel 7.5 was implemented for the current preventive maintenance procedure to choose the best ppm time interval which contributed better norms.Five dissimilar optimization approaches were applied,however,the first approach yielded the prominent total system cost and the shorter ppm interval.The results of the study revealed that there was an increase of USD 1878 as a result of an increase in total system cost from USD 78,365 to USD 80,243.Preventive maintenance costs were reduced from USD 4196 to USD 2248(46%).The costs associated with good parts increased from USD 8259 to USD 8294(0.4%)and the costs associated with defective parts reduced from USD 171 to USD 3(98.25%),respectively.
文摘OBJECTIVE:To investigate Sterculia diversifolia G.Don for potential anti-diabetic activity in the in vivo mouse model of alloxan-induced hyperglycemia.METHODS:Sterculia diversifolia(S.diversifolia)was subjected to extraction and isolation techniques and structural characterization of the isolated compounds were performed using spectroscopic methods.The acute toxicity test was performed by orally administering S.diversifolia in doses of 500-2000 mg/kg.For the assessment of anti-hyperglycemic activity,S.diversifolia bark and leaves extracts were administered orally in doses of 50,100,and 200 mg/kg,along with metformin(150 mg/kg,i.p)as positive control,after confirmation of alloxan(150 mg/kg,i.p.)induced hyperglycemia in BALB/c mice.Serum biochemical parameters were monitored for the period of study.RESULTS:The phytochemical studies showed the presence of quercetin and kaempferol in S.diversifolia.The IC50 values in the in vivo acute toxicity study revealed the safety margin of S.diversifolia bark(1166.66 mg/kg)and leaves(683.34 mg/kg)extracts.A significant attenuation of alloxan induced hyperglycemia was produced by S.diversifolia extracts at 50 mg/kg(P<0.05),100 mg/kg(P<0.05,<0.01),and 150 mg/kg(P<0.05,<0.01,<0.001)during 1-4 h,which was comparable to metformin(P<0.001).Significant(P<0.001)improvement appeared in blood hemoglobin,protein,cholesterol,triglycerides,urea,creatinine,HDL,and LDL of the stem bark and leaves extracts treated diabetic mice.CONCLUSION:These findings connote the usefulness of S.diversifolia as an anti-diabetic in traditional medicine and this might be attributed to the presence of quercetin and kaempferol,among other phytochemicals.
基金Majid Khan and Ammar Bin Yousaf contributed equally to this work. This work is supported by the China Scholarship Council (CSC), and the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Nos. 11275203 and U1232128).
文摘We report a three-dimensional hierarchical ternary hybrid composite of molybdenum disulfide (MoS2), reduced graphene oxide (GO), and carbon nano- tubes (CNTs) prepared by a two-step process. Firstly, reduced GO-CNT composites with three-dimensional microstructuresare synthesized by hydrothermal treatment of an aqueous dispersion of GO and CNTs to form a composite structure via π-π interactions. Then, MoS2 nanoparticles are hydrothermally grown on the surfaces of the GO-CNT composite. This ternary composite shows superior electrocatalytic activity and stability in the hydrogen evolution reaction, with a low onset potential of only 35 mV, a Tafel slope of -38 mV.decade-1 and an apparent exchange current density of 74.25 mA.cm-2. The superior hydrogen evolution activity stemmed from the synergistic effect of MoS2 with its electrocatalytically active edge-sites and excellent electrical coupling to the underlying graphene and CNT network.