Background：Little is known about change in physical activity（PA） and its relationship to all-cause mortality among old people.There is even less information about the association between PA,fitness and all-cause mo...Background：Little is known about change in physical activity（PA） and its relationship to all-cause mortality among old people.There is even less information about the association between PA,fitness and all-cause mortality among people aged 80 years and above.The objective is to investigate persistence and change in PA over 5 years as a predictor of all-cause mortality,and fitnes as a mediator of this association,among people aged 80 and 85 years at the beginning of an 18-year mortality follow-up period.Methods：Using Evergreen Project data（started in 1989）,4 study groups were formed according to self-reported changes in PA level,over a 5-year period（starting in 1989–1990 and ending in 1994–1995）：remained active（RA,control group）,changed to inactive（CI）,remained inactive（RI）,and changed to active（CA）.Mortality was followed up over the 18-year period（1994–2012）.Cox models with different covariates such as age,sex,use of alcohol,smoking,chronic diseases,and a 10 m walking test were used to analyze the association between change in PA level and mortality.Results：Compared to RA,those who decreased their PA level（CI） between baseline and follow-up had higher all-cause mortality（hazard ratio（HR=2.09;95%CI：1.63–2.69） when adjusted for age,gender,and chronic diseases.RI showed the highest all-cause mortality（HR = 2.16;95%CI：1.59–2.93）.In CA,when compared against RA,the risk of all-cause mortality was not statistically significan（HR=1.51;95%CI：0.95–2.38）.In comparison with RA,when walking speed over 10 m was added as a covariate,all-cause mortality risk was almost statistically significan only in CI（HR=1.37;95%CI：1.00–1.87）.Conclusion：Persistence and change in PA level was associated with mortality.This association was largely explained by fitnes status.Randomized controlled studies are needed to test whether maintaining or increasing PA level could lengthen the life of old people.展开更多
Weight management is affected by food choice. It is important to show how challenging an environment a grocery store is from a weight management perspective. The subjects were recruited by delivering 1,000 questionnai...Weight management is affected by food choice. It is important to show how challenging an environment a grocery store is from a weight management perspective. The subjects were recruited by delivering 1,000 questionnaires in November-December 2009 at the K-Citymarket Kolmisoppi, Kuopio, Finland. The subjects （n = 36, age 18-65） were recruited to represent consumers of varied experience in weight management. The subjects＇ shopping behavior was studied using verbal analysis protocol combined with wireless audio-visual observation, questionnaires and interviews in the K-Citymarket in April-May 2010. For two consecutive tasks, the subjects were given a shopping list of I 1 food categories. During the first task, they were asked to select a product they usually buy and during the second task, a product they would use for weight management. The subjects made their decisions routinely as there were none stimuli available at a supermarket in relation to weight management choices apart from versatile, abundant and small-sized labels all over food packages. The subjects had challenges while choosing food, such as the time taken （maximum 225 s） to find a suitable product among all the options of a wide product category, for example, 459 ready meals per product category with the energy variation from 30 to 330 kcal/100 g, and understanding all package labels properly, such as the GDA-label in relation to the nutrition content table. The subjects had practical suggestions, such as colored labels in shelves, how consumer-oriented marketing communication and services should be developed and provided by retailers cooperatively with health-care actors to promote consumers＇ awareness of food choices from the weight management perspective in groceries. For a consumer, it is important to be able to easily find and compare suitable products from a weight management point of view. Successful consumer marketing will achieve desirable results for manufacturers, retailers and consumers as well as benefit the society＇s welfare in the long run.展开更多
文摘Background：Little is known about change in physical activity（PA） and its relationship to all-cause mortality among old people.There is even less information about the association between PA,fitness and all-cause mortality among people aged 80 years and above.The objective is to investigate persistence and change in PA over 5 years as a predictor of all-cause mortality,and fitnes as a mediator of this association,among people aged 80 and 85 years at the beginning of an 18-year mortality follow-up period.Methods：Using Evergreen Project data（started in 1989）,4 study groups were formed according to self-reported changes in PA level,over a 5-year period（starting in 1989–1990 and ending in 1994–1995）：remained active（RA,control group）,changed to inactive（CI）,remained inactive（RI）,and changed to active（CA）.Mortality was followed up over the 18-year period（1994–2012）.Cox models with different covariates such as age,sex,use of alcohol,smoking,chronic diseases,and a 10 m walking test were used to analyze the association between change in PA level and mortality.Results：Compared to RA,those who decreased their PA level（CI） between baseline and follow-up had higher all-cause mortality（hazard ratio（HR=2.09;95%CI：1.63–2.69） when adjusted for age,gender,and chronic diseases.RI showed the highest all-cause mortality（HR = 2.16;95%CI：1.59–2.93）.In CA,when compared against RA,the risk of all-cause mortality was not statistically significan（HR=1.51;95%CI：0.95–2.38）.In comparison with RA,when walking speed over 10 m was added as a covariate,all-cause mortality risk was almost statistically significan only in CI（HR=1.37;95%CI：1.00–1.87）.Conclusion：Persistence and change in PA level was associated with mortality.This association was largely explained by fitnes status.Randomized controlled studies are needed to test whether maintaining or increasing PA level could lengthen the life of old people.
文摘Weight management is affected by food choice. It is important to show how challenging an environment a grocery store is from a weight management perspective. The subjects were recruited by delivering 1,000 questionnaires in November-December 2009 at the K-Citymarket Kolmisoppi, Kuopio, Finland. The subjects （n = 36, age 18-65） were recruited to represent consumers of varied experience in weight management. The subjects＇ shopping behavior was studied using verbal analysis protocol combined with wireless audio-visual observation, questionnaires and interviews in the K-Citymarket in April-May 2010. For two consecutive tasks, the subjects were given a shopping list of I 1 food categories. During the first task, they were asked to select a product they usually buy and during the second task, a product they would use for weight management. The subjects made their decisions routinely as there were none stimuli available at a supermarket in relation to weight management choices apart from versatile, abundant and small-sized labels all over food packages. The subjects had challenges while choosing food, such as the time taken （maximum 225 s） to find a suitable product among all the options of a wide product category, for example, 459 ready meals per product category with the energy variation from 30 to 330 kcal/100 g, and understanding all package labels properly, such as the GDA-label in relation to the nutrition content table. The subjects had practical suggestions, such as colored labels in shelves, how consumer-oriented marketing communication and services should be developed and provided by retailers cooperatively with health-care actors to promote consumers＇ awareness of food choices from the weight management perspective in groceries. For a consumer, it is important to be able to easily find and compare suitable products from a weight management point of view. Successful consumer marketing will achieve desirable results for manufacturers, retailers and consumers as well as benefit the society＇s welfare in the long run.
