The Provision of Active After-School Clubs for Children in English Primary Schools: Implications for Increasing Children’s Physical Activity

Introduction: The transition from primary to secondary school is a period when physical activity (PA) declines. Interventions delivered during curriculum time have had limited impact on PA. The after-school period may offer a valuable opportunity to increase children’s PA. In order to identify how best to implement after-school PA interventions for older primary school children, more information regarding the provision of after-school clubs is required. This paper examined the current after-school club provision of English primary schools. Methods: All state-funded primary schools in England (n = 15,307) were sent an online questionnaire in two phases during 2013. Schools were asked about the active and non-active after-school clubs on offer to year 5 and year 6 pupils and the days on which they run, the number of children attending each after-school club, who funds the club and who leads the club. Results: Responding schools (501) were reasonably representative of the national profile. Of the 2413 clubs reported, more non-active than active clubs (5.3 vs. 4.8 per school) were described. Football was the most frequently reported activity (offered by 79.5% of schools), with netball and dance being offered by 45.3% and 44.1% of schools, respectively. A high proportion of clubs was funded by schools or parents (88.6%) and more than 40% were led by external parties. Conclusions: A number of PA programmes are provided after-school but current provision is dominated by team sports and thus, there is a need for non-sport specific PA clubs. Furthermore, there is a need to find cost-effective methods of delivering after-school PA programmes.

Validity and Reliability of Chinese Physical Activity Questionnaire for Children Aged 10-17 Years

Objective This study is aimed to report the development,the reliability and validity of the Chinese Children Physical Activity Questionnaire(CCPAQ)which was designed for the assessment of physical activity pattern in young population in China.Methods The CCPAQ was administered for two times in 119 children(mean age 13.1±2.4 years;boys 47%)to examine reliability by using intraclass correlation coefficients.Validity was determined in 106 participants by agreement with the CCPAQ measures and the objective method,the ActiGraph accelerometer.Data on physical activity patter n including time spe nt on d iff ere nt intensi ties and total physical activity,sedentary behavior as well as physical activity energy expenditure were used to assess the validity with Spearman's correlation coefficient and the Bland-Altman plots.Results The reliability coefficient of the CCPAQ ranged from 0.63-0.93(Intra-class correlation coefficient).Spearman's correlation coefficient for validity of time spent on total physical activity and sedentary behavior were all 0.32(P<0.001),and for physical activity energy expenditure was 0.58(P<0.001).Time spent on moderate-to-vigorous physical activity and light physical activity showed a relatively low correlation with the accelerometer(rho=0.20,P=0.040;rho=0.19,P=0.054).Conclusion The CCPAQ appears to be a promising and feasible method to assess physical activity pattern in Chinese children.

控烟健康传播核心信息循证指南制定方案

背景吸烟和被动吸烟已经是严重的公共卫生问题。采取有效的控烟措施迫在眉睫,依托新、旧媒体的控烟健康传播是一个重要的手段,但因研究证据纷繁复杂和公众健康素养较低等问题成效甚微。在控烟健康传播领域,也没有相关循证指南可以参考和遵循。目的概括控烟健康传播核心信息循证指南的制定流程,保障科学和循证地完成控烟健康传播核心信息循证指南的制定。方法介绍本指南的制定方案,包括指导方法与成员设置、指南适用范围、构建问题和结局指标的收集与遴选、循证证据、受众偏好与价值观调查、经济学分析、形成推荐意见并达成共识,以及指南的发布、更新、传播、实施与后效评价等过程。结果本指南制定方案已完成指南指导委员会、共识专家组、秘书组的组建和注册(注册号:IPGRP-2020CN072),形成了吸烟的影响、被动吸烟的影响、吸烟对药物吸收代谢与用药安全的影响和戒烟对生活质量与健康状况的改善等研究问题和结局指标。并拟于2022年发表本指南全文及解读,计划每5年对本指南进行更新。结论本指南制定方案有助于提高控烟健康传播有效性,并为后续健康传播相关领域指南的形成提供结构化建议。

Physical Activity and Sedentary Behaviors among Chinese Children: Recent Trends and Correlates

Objective This study was aimed at examining the trends and correlates of physical activity(PA)and sedentary behaviors among Chinese children.Methods A total of 4,341 subjects(6,936 observations)aged 6–17 years who participated in the China Health and Nutrition Survey(2004–2015)were included.Of the subjects,41%participated in the survey twice or more.Random-effects ordinal regression models and repeated-measures mixed-effects models were used to examine the PA trends.Quantile regression models were applied to examine the factors influencing PA and sedentary behaviors.Results From 2004 to 2015,the prevalence of physical inactivity among Chinese children aged 6–17 years increased by 5.5%[odds ratio(OR),1.51;95%confidence interval(CI),1.19–1.90;P<0.001].The PA volume declined by 5.8 metabolic equivalent of task-hr/week(P<0.001),and the time spent in sedentary behaviors increased by 1.8 hr/week(P<0.001).Age,ethnicity,and region showed significant effects on the PA volume across the quartiles(P<0.001).Across the quartiles,sedentary time was significantly higher in the children residing in urban areas(P<0.001)or areas with high urbanization levels(P≤0.005)than in their counterparts.Conclusions A declining PA trend among Chinese children aged 6–17 years was observed from 2004 to2015,and certain subgroups and geographical areas are at higher risk of physical inactivity.

Validity and Reliability of the Wristband Activity Monitor in Free-living Children Aged 10-17 Years

Objective In this study we aimed to examine the reliability and validity of the wristband activity monitor against the accelerometer for children.Methods A total of 99 children(mean age = 13.0 ± 2.5 y) wore the two monitors in a free-living context for 7 days. Reliability was measured by intraclass correlation to evaluate consistency over time.Repeated-measures analyses of variance was used to detect differences across days. Spearman’s correlation coefficient(rho), median of absolute percentage error, and Bland-Altman analyses were performed to assess the validity of the wristband against the Acti Graph accelerometer. The optimal number of repeated measures for the wristband was calculated by using the Spearman-Brown prophecy formula.Results The wristband had high reliability for all variables, although physical activity data were different across 7 days. A strong correlation for steps(rho: 0.72, P < 0.001), and moderate correlations for time spent on total physical activity(rho: 0.63, P < 0.001) and physical activity energy expenditure(rho: 0.57, P < 0.001) were observed between the wristband and the accelerometer. For different intensities of physical activity, weak to moderate correlations were found(rho: 0.38 to 0.55, P < 0.001).Conclusion The wristband activity monitor seems to be reliable and valid for measurement of overall children’s physical activity, providing a feasible objective method of physical activity surveillance in children.

Designing extra-curricular dance programs: UK physical education and dance teachers’ perspectives

Many girls do not engage in sufficient physical activity (PA). Dance is a popular form of PA among UKsecondary school-aged girls and extracurricular dance programs delivered by dance specialists may provide an alternative way to increase PA amongst girls aged 11 - 12. The purpose of this study was to explore the views of physical education and dance teachers on the structure, content and delivery of an extra-curricular dance-based PA intervention for adolescent girls. Methods: Semi-structured qualitative interviews were conducted with eleven physical education teachers and eleven dance teachers, and were analyzed using thematic analysis. Results: Themes identified addressed key logistical and content/delivery-based factors to be considered when designing a dance-based PA intervention. Logistical factors included optimizing participant recruitment and aligning external providers with school behavior management policies. Content/delivery factors focused on teacher-student rapport, facilitating dance competence, and balancing teacher and student-led time. Conclusions: This formative study highlighted that an extra-curricular dance-based PA intervention would be welcomed inUK schools. A number of considerations central to the design and delivery of such a program were identified from key user groups which can be used to inform the development of school-based dance (and non-dance) interventions aimed at increasing PA amongst adolescent girls.