Neurogenic potential of NG2 in neurotrauma:a systematic review

Regenerative approaches towards neuronal loss following traumatic brain or spinal cord injury have long been considered a dogma in neuroscience and remain a cutting-edge area of research.This is reflected in a large disparity between the number of studies investigating primary and secondary injury as therapeutic to rgets in spinal co rd and traumatic brain injuries.Significant advances in biotechnology may have the potential to reshape the current state-of-the-art and bring focus to primary injury neurotrauma research.Recent studies using neural-glial factor/antigen 2(NG2)cells indicate that they may differentiate into neurons even in the developed brain.As these cells show great potential to play a regenerative role,studies have been conducted to test various manipulations in neurotrauma models aimed at eliciting a neurogenic response from them.In the present study,we systematically reviewed the experimental protocols and findings described in the scientific literature,which were peer-reviewed original research articles(1)describing preclinical experimental studies,(2)investigating NG2 cells,(3)associated with neurogenesis and neurotrauma,and(4)in vitro and/or in vivo,available in PubMed/MEDLINE,Web of Science or SCOPUS,from 1998 to 2022.Here,we have reviewed a total of 1504 papers,and summarized findings that ultimately suggest that NG2 cells possess an inducible neurogenic potential in animal models and in vitro.We also discriminate findings of NG2 neurogenesis promoted by different pharmacological and genetic approaches over functional and biochemical outcomes of traumatic brain injury and spinal co rd injury models,and provide mounting evidence for the potential benefits of manipulated NG2 cell ex vivo transplantation in primary injury treatment.These findings indicate the feasibility of NG2 cell neurogenesis strategies and add new players in the development of therapeutic alternatives for neurotrauma.

Recognizing Breast Cancer Using Edge-Weighted Texture Features of Histopathology Images

Around one in eight women will be diagnosed with breast cancer at some time.Improved patient outcomes necessitate both early detection and an accurate diagnosis.Histological images are routinely utilized in the process of diagnosing breast cancer.Methods proposed in recent research only focus on classifying breast cancer on specific magnification levels.No study has focused on using a combined dataset with multiple magnification levels to classify breast cancer.A strategy for detecting breast cancer is provided in the context of this investigation.Histopathology image texture data is used with the wavelet transform in this technique.The proposed method comprises converting histopathological images from Red Green Blue(RGB)to Chrominance of Blue and Chrominance of Red(YCBCR),utilizing a wavelet transform to extract texture information,and classifying the images with Extreme Gradient Boosting(XGBOOST).Furthermore,SMOTE has been used for resampling as the dataset has imbalanced samples.The suggested method is evaluated using 10-fold cross-validation and achieves an accuracy of 99.27%on the BreakHis 1.040X dataset,98.95%on the BreakHis 1.0100X dataset,98.92%on the BreakHis 1.0200X dataset,98.78%on the BreakHis 1.0400X dataset,and 98.80%on the combined dataset.The findings of this study imply that improved breast cancer detection rates and patient outcomes can be achieved by combining wavelet transformation with textural signals to detect breast cancer in histopathology images.

Effects of ZrO_2 on the Performance of CuO-ZnO-Al_2O_3/HZSM-5 Catalyst for Dimethyl Ether Synthesis from CO_2 Hydrogenation

A series of composite catalysts were prepared by the wet mixing method, and the mass ratio of CuO-ZnO-Al2O3-ZrO2 component to HZSM-5 zeolite （molar ratio of SiO2 to Al2O3 being 25） was 2：1. The CuO-ZnO-Al2O3-ZrO2 （CuO/ZnO/Al2O3=3/6/1 by weight） component was prepared by a modified ＇two-step＇ co-precipitation method. The effects of ZrO2 on the performance of CuO-ZnO-Al2O3/HZSMo5 catalyst for dimethyl ether synthesis from CO2 hydrogenation were investigated. It was found that ZrO2 improved the properties of CuO-ZnO-Al2O3/HZSM-5 as a structural promoter.

Impacts of heavy metals on 1,2-dichloroethane biodegradation in co-contaminated soil

1,2-Dichloroethane （DCA）, a potential mutagen and carcinogen, is commonly introduced into the environment through its industrial and agricultural use. In this study, the impact of lead and mercury on DCA degradation in soil was investigated, owing to the complex co-contamination problem frequently encountered in most sites. 1,2-Dichloroethane was degraded readily in both contaminated loam and clay soils with the degradation rate constants ranging between 0.370-0.536 week-1 and 0.309-0.417 week-1, respectively. The presence of heavy metals have a negative impact on DCA degradation in both soil types, resulting in up to 24.11% reduction in DCA degradation within one week. Both biostimulation and treatment additives increased DCA degradation, with the best degradation observed upon addition of glucose and a combination of diphosphate salt and sodium chloride, leading to about 17.91% and 43.50% increase in DCA degradation, respectively. The results have promising potential for effective remediation of soils co-contaminated with chlorinated organics and heavy metals. However, the best bioremediation strategy will depend on the soil types, microbial population present in the soil matrices, nutrients availability and metal forms.

Immunoproteome analysis of soluble and membrane proteins of Shigella flexneri 2457T

AIM: To profile the immunogenic proteins of Shigella flexneri (S. flexneri) expressed during human infection using a proteomic approach. METHODS: Soluble and membrane protein extractions of S. flexneri 2457T were separated by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis (2-DE). Proteins were transferred to PVDF membrane and immunoblotted with sera from shigellosis patients. Reactive protein spots were matched to Coomassie stained gels run in parallel, cut out and trypsin digested. Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time of flight-mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF-MS) was used to determine the peptide mass fingerprints, which were searched in the MASCOT database to identify the protein. RESULTS: A total of 8 immunoreactive proteins were successfully identified from the Coomassie stained gels in three repeats. Six of these proteins have not previously been reported as immunogenic in S. flexneri. These proteins could be potential candidates for vaccine or attenuation studies. CONCLUSION: Soluble and membrane proteins of S. flexneri 2457T have been screened by 2-DE and immunoblotting with sera from shigellosis patients. Eight proteins are identified as immunogenic.

Evaluation of renal function in patients with cirrhosis:Where are we now?

In the clinical context of the patients with liver cirrhosis,accurate evaluation of the renal function is potentially crucial.Indeed,it can lead to early diagnosis of both acute kidney injury and chronic kidney disease and to reliable characterization of the renal status of the patient before performing a liver transplantation.Despite some limitations,the assay of serum creatinine(SCr)is universally used to estimate glomerular filtration rate(GFR)because of its wide availability,its simplicity and because it is inexpensive.Nevertheless,several reports show that the value of this assay to estimate GFR is strongly challenged in cirrhotic patients,especially in patients with liver failure and/or severely impaired renal function.This has led to seek new alternatives to estimate more reliably the GFR in these patients.Although the reference methods,based on the utilization of exogenous markers,allow measuring GFR and thereby constitute the"gold standard"to evaluate renal function,they are not feasible in routine clinical practice.Several studies have shown that a cystatin C(CysC)based formula perform better than the SCr-based estimates in cirrhotic patients and the estimation of GFR by these formulas could therefore lead to optimize the management of the patients.A new estimate based on CysC has been recently developed using a large number of patients and the first results regarding the evaluation of its performance are promising,making this new formula the best candidate for a reference estimate of the renal function in cirrhotic patients.

Acute drivers of neuroinflammation in traumatic brain injury

Neuroinflammation is initiated as a result of traumatic brain injury and can exacerbate evolving tissue pathology.Immune cells respond to acute signals from damaged cells,initiate neuroinflammation,and drive the pathological consequences over time.Importantly,the mechanism(s)of injury,the location of the immune cells within the brain,and the animal species all contribute to immune cell behavior following traumatic brain injury.Understanding the signals that initiate neuroinflammation and the context in which they appear may be critical for understanding immune cell contributions to pathology and regeneration.Within this paper,we review a number of factors that could affect immune cell behavior acutely following traumatic brain injury.

Residual feed intake phenotype and gender affect the expression of key genes of the lipogenesis pathway in subcutaneous adipose tissue of beef cattle

Background: Feed accounts for up to 75% of costs in beef production systems,thus any improvement in feed efficiency(FE) will benefit the profitability of this enterprise.Residual feed intake(RFI) is a measure of FE that is independent of level of production.Adipose tissue(AT) is a major endocrine organ and the primary metabolic energy reservoir.It modulates a variety of processes related to FE such as lipid metabolism and glucose homeostasis and thus measures of inter-animal variation in adiposity are frequently included in the calculation of the RFI index.The aim of this study was to determine the effect of phenotypic RFI status and gender on the expression of key candidate genes related to processes involved in energy metabolism within AT.Dry matter intake(DMI) and average daily gain(ADG) were measured over a period of 70 d for 52 purebred Simmental heifers(n = 24) and bulls(n = 28) with an initial BW±SD of 372±39.6 kg and 387±50.6 kg,respectively.Residual feed intake was calculated and animals were ranked within gender by RFI into high(inefficient; n = 9 heifers and n = 8 bulls)and low(efficient; n = 9 heifers and n = 8 bulls) groups.Results: Average daily gain ±SD and daily DMI ±SD for heifers and bul s were 1.2±0.4 kg and 9.1±0.5 kg,and 1.8±0.3 kg and 9.5±1 kg respectively.High RFI heifers and bulls consumed 10% and 15% more(P < 0.05) than their low RFI counterparts,respectively.Heifers had a higher expression of all genes measured than bulls(P < 0.05).A gender × RFI interaction was detected for HMGCS2(P < 0.05) in which high RFI bulls tended to have lower expression of HMGCS2 than low RFI bulls(P < 0.1),whereas high RFI heifers had higher expression than low RFI heifers(P < 0.05) and high RFI bulls(P < 0.05).SLC2 A4 expression was consistently higher in subcutaneous AT of low RFI animals across gender.Conclusion: The findings of this study indicate that low RFI cattle exhibit upregulation of the molecular mechanisms governing glucose metabolism in adipose tissue,in particular,glucose clearance.The decreased expression of SLC2 A4 in the inefficient cattle may result in less efficient glucose metabolism in these animals.We conclude that SLC2 A4 may be a potential biomarker for RFI in cattle.

Chemical composition and antimicrobial activity of essential oil isolated from the cultured mycelia of Ganoderma japonicum

Objective：To explore a new natural antibiotic. Methods：The chemical composition of the essential oil from Ganodermajaponicum （G. japonicum）mycelia was analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry（GC-MS）, The antimicrobial activity of the oil was evaluated against eighteen microorganisms, including bacteria, mildew and yeast by using a disc diffusion method. Furthermore, the minimum inhibitory concentrations（MIC） and the minimum bactericidal concentrations（MBC） of the essential oil against twelve clinical pathogens were determined. Results：The main components of the oil were nerolidol, decadienal, linalool and benzyl alcohol. The antimicrobial results indicated that the oil inhibited all the tested bacterium, especially Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus （MRSA） in which the antibacterial activity exhibited a MBC of 1.03 mg/ml. Conclusion： The essential oil of G. japonicum mycelium has significant inhibitory activity. It is a potential medicinal resource that can be used as a natural antibiotic.

Whole Leea macrophylla ethanolic extract normalizes kidney deposits and recovers renal impairments in an ethylene glycol-induced urolithiasis model of rats

Objective:To investigate the antilithiatic effect of the whole Leea macrophylla(L macrophylla) Roxb(Leeaeeae) ethanol extract in ediylene glycol-induced urolithiasis model of rats.Methods: Forty two seven weeks old male wistar albino rats were randomly divided into two major groups namely:preventive(n=18) and therapeutic(n=24).Preventive group was further subdivided into 3 groups of 6 rats namely:preventive control(PC),preventive lithiatic control(PLC) and preventive lithiatic L.macrophylla(PLLM).Similarly,therapeutic group was also subdivided into 4 groups of 6 rats namely:therapeutic control(TC),therapeutic lithiatic control(TLC).therapeutic lithitatic L macrophylla(TLLM) and therapeutic lithiatic cystone(TLCYS).The lithiasis was induced by 0.75%(v/v) ethylene glycol in the drinking water of all groups except the PC and TC groups.The urinary ionic parameters such as calcium,inorganic phosphate,oxalate,magnesium & creatinine and renal morphology were altered by ediylene glycol,which were partially recovered by 14 d preventive and almost fully recovered by 28 d therapeutic intervention trials with L macrophylla extract(500 mg/kg BW daily).Results:Significant difference on recovery was observed between preventive and dierapeutic interventional trials.Anti-urolithiatic effect of cystone was significantly(P【0.001) higher than extracts.L macrophylla extract was found nontoxic in the acute toxicity test.Conclusions:The results of this study demonstrated very promising antiurolithiatic effect of L.macrophylla extract with preventive and therapeutic treatments in this experimental condition.

Growth Retardation at Different Stages of Bean Seedlings Developed from Seeds Exposed to Synchrotron X-Ray Beam

Irradiated seeds of Phaseolus vulgaris cv. Rajmah using Synchroton X-Ray Beam (BL-07) at RRCAT, Indore at various doses in the range of 0.5 - 10 Gy were used to raise the seedling and the growth status at different stages was evaluated. Prior to germination, in the seeds soaked for 24 hours, the water regain remained unaffected by seed irradiation at 1 - 10 Gy doses, while the acid phosphatase activity was significantly reduced. Strong correlation (R2 = 0.685) between irradiation dose and enzyme activity also resulted. Analysing seed irradiation effect on seed development up to 4 days, % germination, germination index (GI), seedling wt, and seedling vigour were non significantly decreased at 5.0 Gy dose. The overall growth of 10 days old seedlings raised from irradiated seeds was substantially reduced at irradiation doses of 2?and 5 Gy exerting strong -ve correlation. Also % germination and seed vigour index (SVI) were prominently decreased due to seed irradiation. The nitrogen status of the seedlings, reflected by nitrate reductase activity (NRA) was significantly reduced in response to irradiation exerting strong correlation. The results demonstrate decreased phosphate mobilization in soaked seeds, time dependent decreased growth being more substantial with longer duration and reduced nitrate assimilation due to seed irradiation with Synchroton X-Ray Beam.

Differential Effect of Aluminium on Enzymes of Nitrogen Assimilation in Excised Bean Leaf Segments

Aluminium is a potent toxicant in acidic soils. The present study was taken up to analyze the effects of Al on enzymes of nitrogen assimilation in excised bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) leaf segments so as to gain an insight of the mechanism involved. Supply of 0.001 to 0.1 mM AlCl3 to excised bean leaf segments affected the in vivo nitrate reductase activity differently in the presence of various inorganic nitrogenous compounds, being inhibited with 5 mM ammonium nitrate and 10 mM ammonium chloride but enhanced with 10 mM potassium nitrate. Al effect with 50 mM KNO3 varied with time, showing an increased activity at shorter duration, but decreased at longer duration. Al effect on in vivo NRA was dependent upon the nitrate concentration, thus, inhibiting it at 0, 1 and 50 mM KNO3, while increasing at 2 and 10 mM. Further, saturating and non-saturating effects were observed in the absence and presence of Al. Al supply influenced the in vitro NRA also, being increased at 10 mM, but decreased at 50 mM KNO3. Supply of Al to excised leaf segments substantially inhibited the glutamate dehydrogenase activity in the absence as well as presence of 5 mM NH4NO3 but increased the glutamate synthase activity. Inhibition of specific glutamate dehydrogenase activity by Al supply was also observed. However, specific glutamate synthase activity was increased in the presence of NH4NO3 only. The experiments demonstrated that effect of supply of aluminium on in vivo nitrate reductase activity depended upon nitrogenous source as well as nitrate concentration and it exerted reciprocal regulation of glutamate dehydrogenase and glutamate synthase activities, which depended upon N supply too.

Antioxidant,antibacterial and cytotoxic effects of the phytochemicals of whole Leucas aspera extract

Objective:To investigate the antioxidant,antibacterial and cytotoxic activity of whole Leucas aspera(Labiatae)(L.aspera)alcoholic extract.Methods:Whole L.aspera powder was extracted by absolute ethanol(99.50%).The ethanolic extract was subjected to antioxidant,antibacterial and brine shrimp lethality assay.Results:The extract showed potent radical scavenging effect(antioxidant)with IC_(50)value of(99.58±1.22)μg/mL which was significant(P<0.01)in comparison to ascorbic acid with IC_(50)value of(1.25±0.95)μg/mL.In case of antibacterial screening,the extract showed notable antibacterial effect against the tested microbial strains.Significant(P<0.05)zone of inhibitions against Gram positive Bacillus subtilis[(12.00±1.32)mm]and Bacillus megaterium[(13.00±1.50)mm],Staphylococcus aureus[(8.00±0.50)mm]and Gram negative Salmonella typhi[(6.00±0.50)mm],Salmonella paratyphi[(8.00±1.00)mm],Shigella dysenteriae[(9.00±1.32)mm]and Vibrio cholerae[(9.00±0.66)mm]was observed.In brine shrimp lethality bioassay,the extract showed the LC_(50)value as(181.68±2.15)μg/mL which was statistically significant(P<0.01)compared to positive control vincristine sulfate[LC_(50)=(0.76±0.04)μg/mL].Conclusions:The results demonstrate that the ethanolic extract of L.aspera could be used as antibacterial,pesticidal and various pharmacologic actives.

Cadmium Effects on Enzymes of Ammonia Assimilation in Excised Etiolated Maize Leaf Segments during Greening: A Mechanistic Approach

Supply of CdCl2 in the presence of NH4NO3 to excised etiolated maize leaf segments during greening decreased the glutamine synthetase and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide reduced (NADH) dependent glutamate synthase activities, while the ferredoxin (Fd) dependent glutamate synthase and glutamate dehydrogenase activities were increased. Inclusion of inorganic nitrogen, metabolites and the inhibitor influenced the effect of Cd on glutamine synthetase activity. The % inhibition of activity caused by Cd was higher with NO3<sup style='margin-left:-6px;'>- but lower with NH4<sup style='margin-left:-6px;'>+. Glutamine, 2-oxoglutarate, glutathione and sucrose decreased the % inhibition by Cd with the more prominent effect with glutamine and sucrose. Methionine sulfoximine exerted a more prominent effect for + Cd enzyme at lower concentration. The results indicate the involvement of reciprocal effects of Cd on glutamine synthetase and glutamate dehydrogenase activities and also on NADH- and Fd-glutamate synthase activities. For the inhibitory effect of Cd on glutamine synthetase activity, NH4<sup style='margin-left:-6px;'>+, glutamine, 2-oxoglutarate, glutathione and sucrose exerted a protective effect with the sucrose being most effective.

Impact of Essential Micronutrient, Zn, on Growth and Chlorophyll Biosynthesis in Young <i>Zea mays</i>Seedlings

The present study analyses growth and chlorophyll biosynthesis in young maize seedlings in response to Zn supply over a wide range of concentrations. Supply of 0 - 5 mM ZnCl2 to 3 days old light grown maize seedlings led to gradually increased accumulation of Zn in the shoot tissue, while in the root tissue substantial increase was observed at/and above 0.1 mM ZnCl2. Zn supply significantly reduced the overall growth of maize seedlings mostly at 1 - 5 mM ZnCl2 exerting strong correlation and the observed effect was more substantial for root tissue. Amongst the biochemical parameters, increase in protein and proline content was more prominent in root tissue than the shoot, while RNA content was reduced in shoot tissue. Zn treatment to light grown seedlings significantly increased the chlorophyll, carotenoid content, while in dark grown seedlings it had marginal/no effect. Delta amino levulinic acid (ALA) content in both the regimes was increased at higher Zn concentrations. Also ALA synthesis was increased in both the regimes, but non significantly. Zn enhanced ALA dehydratase (ALAD) activity of light as well as dark grown seedlings being significant in former. The results demonstrate that the Zn accumulation and growth effect at higher Zn concentrations in maize depend upon the tissue with root as the target site and shoot growth are mainly influenced by ALA and subsequently ALAD in maize seedlings.

Biological Effects of Seed Irradiation by Synchrotron X Ray Beam in Young Bean Seedlings

Irradiated seeds of Phaseolus vulgaris cv. Rajmah using Synchrotron X Ray Beam (BL-07) in RRCAT, Indore at doses of 1, 10 and 20 Gy were used to raise the seedling and the effects on growth and biochemical constituents in 4 - 8 days, old seedlings were analyzed. The seed irradiation effect on seedling development up to about 4 - 5 days, % germination, seedling length and seedling vigor are significantly decreased at 10 and 20 Gy doses with strong -ve correlation. Other parameters, like relative water content, electrical conductivity and acid phosphatase activity are also decreased. Decrease in various biochemical constituents, like, protein and proline has shown significant reduction at 10 and 20 Gy and phenol at 1 - 20 Gy. However, peroxidase activity is increased at 1 and 10 Gy. Amongst the antioxidant enzymes, only superoxide dismutase activity has shown significant increase at 10 and 20 Gy. For seed irradiation (1 and 10 Gy) effect on seedling development up to 8 days involving transfer to hydroponic culture after 4 days, in shoot tissue, decrease in nitrate reductase activity and pigment content is observed, while nitrate reductase activity in root tissue is increased. The results demonstrate adverse effects on growth as well as biochemical constituents along with increased antioxidant effect in bean seedlings with irradiation of seeds at high dose of synchrotron X radiations. Also the nitrate assimilation and photosynthetic activity are reduced in shoot tissue with seed irradiation, however, increased nitrate reductase activity in roots suggests the involvement of NO signaling.

A Review of the Potential Issues of Pollution Caused by the Mineral Elements, Mercury, Lead and Arsenic, Its Possible Impacts on the Human Beings and the Suggested Solutions

Objective: This paper mainly discusses and summarises the potential issues of pollution caused by the Mineral elements, Mercury, Lead and Arsenic, its possible impacts on the human beings and the suggested solutions. Methods: This paper is prepared by reviewing the latest academic literatures. Result: First, this article discusses two aspects including the effects of Mercury, Lead and Arsenic on the Chinese herbal medicine and the potential issues of causing the environmental pollution. And then further study its toxicity effects and the side impacts on the human bodies in order to realize the actual circumstances people are encountering nowadays. This paper will also the corresponding its treatment method of reviews. Hope this will provide a valuable reference. Conclusion: Theses issues caused by the Mineral elements are prominent nowadays, thus the ongoing researches on the impacts of pollution and the possible solutions are regarded as highly valued in order to conserve the natural environment and meanwhile safeguard the well beings of people and the future offspring.

Smart MobiNet:A Deep Learning Approach for Accurate Skin Cancer Diagnosis

The early detection of skin cancer,particularly melanoma,presents a substantial risk to human health.This study aims to examine the necessity of implementing efficient early detection systems through the utilization of deep learning techniques.Nevertheless,the existing methods exhibit certain constraints in terms of accessibility,diagnostic precision,data availability,and scalability.To address these obstacles,we put out a lightweight model known as Smart MobiNet,which is derived from MobileNet and incorporates additional distinctive attributes.The model utilizes a multi-scale feature extraction methodology by using various convolutional layers.The ISIC 2019 dataset,sourced from the International Skin Imaging Collaboration,is employed in this study.Traditional data augmentation approaches are implemented to address the issue of model overfitting.In this study,we conduct experiments to evaluate and compare the performance of three different models,namely CNN,MobileNet,and Smart MobiNet,in the task of skin cancer detection.The findings of our study indicate that the proposed model outperforms other architectures,achieving an accuracy of 0.89.Furthermore,the model exhibits balanced precision,sensitivity,and F1 scores,all measuring at 0.90.This model serves as a vital instrument that assists clinicians efficiently and precisely detecting skin cancer.

中药三七根核糖体18S rRNA基因的序列分析

目的 研究中药三七根核糖体 18S r RNA基因的序列特征。方法 根据模式植物拟南芥的 18S r RNA的基因序列设计引物 ,对三七根的 18S r RNA 基因序列进行基因克隆、测序 ,并与模式植物拟南芥 Arabidopsis thaliana以及人参属植物喜马拉雅人参 Panax pseudoginseng Wall subsp.himalaicus var.angustifolius的相应序列进行比较。结果 通过对产于广西靖西的三七 Panax pseudoginseng Wall.var.notoginseng (Bukill) Hoo etTseng根的 18S r RNA基因进行克隆测序 ,获得了三七根的 18S r RNA基因的部分序列特征。结论 利用已完成全基因组序列测定的模式植物拟南芥的分子生物学信息来研究中药植物基源的基因组序列 ,将有助于加快中药植物基源的分子生物学研究进程。

Targeting chronic and evolving neuroinflammation following traumatic brain injury to improve long-term outcomes: insights from microglial-depletion models

Microglia,the resident innate immune cells of the central nervous system(CNS),play important roles in brain development,maintenance,and disease.As brain sentinels,microglia adopt a surveillant state in healthy tissue characterized by a ramified scanning morphology that maintains CNS homeostasis and contributes to learningassociated synaptic plasticity.