Lithium-sulfur batteries(LSBs)are promising alternative energy storage devices to the commercial lithium-ion batteries.However,the LSBs have several limitations including the low electronic conductivity of sulfur(5...Lithium-sulfur batteries(LSBs)are promising alternative energy storage devices to the commercial lithium-ion batteries.However,the LSBs have several limitations including the low electronic conductivity of sulfur(5×10^-30S cm^-1),associated lithium polysulfides(PSs),and their migration from the cathode to the anode.In this study,a separator coated with a Ketjen black(KB)/Nafion composite was used in an LSB with a sulfur loading up to 7.88 mg cm^-2to mitigate the PS migration.A minimum specific capacity(Cs)loss of 0.06%was obtained at 0.2 C-rate at a high sulfur loading of 4.39 mg cm^-2.Furthermore,an initial areal capacity up to 6.70 mAh cm^-2 was obtained at a sulfur loading of 7.88 mg cm^-2.The low Cs loss and high areal capacity associated with the high sulfur loading are attributed to the large surface area of the KB and sulfonate group(SO3^-)of Nafion,respectively,which could physically and chemically trap the PSs.展开更多
The effect of cold high pressure densification(CHPD)on anisotropy of the critical current density(Jc)in《in situ》single core binary and alloyed MgB2 tapes has been determined as a function of temperatures at 4.2 K,20...The effect of cold high pressure densification(CHPD)on anisotropy of the critical current density(Jc)in《in situ》single core binary and alloyed MgB2 tapes has been determined as a function of temperatures at 4.2 K,20 K and 25 K as well as at applied magnetic fields up to 19 T.The study includes binary and C4H6O5(malic acid)doped MgB2 tapes before and after CHPD.It is remarkable that the CHPD process not only improved the Jc values,in particular at the higher magnetic fields,but also decreased the anisotropy ratio,Г=JC^///JC^⊥In binary MgB2 tapes,the anisotropy factor F increases with higher aspect ratios,even after applying CHPD.In malic acid(C4H6O5)doped tapes,however,the application of CHPD leads only to small enhancements ofГ,even for higher aspect ratios.This is attributed to the higher carbon content in the MgB2 filaments,which in turn is a consequence of the reduced chemical reaction path in the densified filaments.At all applied field values,it was found that CHPD processed C4H6O5 doped tapes exhibit an almost isotropic behavior.This constitutes an advantage in view of industrial magnet applications using wires with square or slightly rectangular configuration.展开更多
The hydrogen evolution reaction(HER) through electrocatalysis is promising for the production of clean hydrogen fuel. However,designing the structure of catalysts,controlling their electronic properties,and manipulati...The hydrogen evolution reaction(HER) through electrocatalysis is promising for the production of clean hydrogen fuel. However,designing the structure of catalysts,controlling their electronic properties,and manipulating their catalytic sites are a significant challenge in this field. Here,we propose an electrochemical surface restructuring strategy to design synergistically interactive phosphorus-doped carbon@MoP electrocatalysts for the HER. A simple electrochemical cycling method is developed to tune the thickness of the carbon layers that cover on MoP core,which significantly influences HER performance. Experimental investigations and theoretical calculations indicate that the inactive surface carbon layers can be removed through electrochemical cycling,leading to a close bond between the MoP and a few layers of coated graphene. The electronsdonated by the MoP core enhance the adhesion and electronegativity of the carbon layers;the negatively charged carbon layers act as an active surface. The electrochemically induced optimization of the surface/interface electronic structures in the electrocatalysts significantly promotes the HER. Using this strategy endows the catalyst with excellent activity in terms of the HER in both acidic and alkaline environments(current density of 10 mA cm^(-2) at low overpotentials,of 68 mV in 0.5 M H_(2)SO_(4) and 67 mV in 1.0 M KOH).展开更多
Bismuth vanadate(BiVO_(4))is a promising photoanode material for efficient photoelectrochemical(PEC)water splitting,whereas its performance is inhibited by detrimental surface states.To solve the problem,herein,a low-...Bismuth vanadate(BiVO_(4))is a promising photoanode material for efficient photoelectrochemical(PEC)water splitting,whereas its performance is inhibited by detrimental surface states.To solve the problem,herein,a low-cost organic molecule 1,3,5-benzenetricarboxylic acid(BTC)is selected for surface passivation of BiVO_(4) photoanodes(BVOs),which also provides bonding sites for Co^(2+)to anchor,resulting in a Co-BTC-BVO photoanode.Owing to its strong coordination with metal ions,BTC not only passivates surface states of BVO,but also provides bonding between BVO and catalytic active sites(Co^(2+))to form a molecular cocatalyst.Computational study and interfacial charge kinetic investigation reveal that chemical bonding formed at the interface greatly suppresses charge recombination and accelerates charge transfer.The obtained Co-BTC-BVO photoanode exhibits a photocurrent density of 4.82 mA/cm^(2) at 1.23 V vs.reversible hydrogen electrode(RHE)and a low onset potential of 0.22 VRHE under AM 1.5 G illumination,which ranks among the best photoanodes coupled with Co-based cocatalysts.This work presents a novel selection of passivation layers and emphasizes the significance of interfacial chemical bonding for the construction of efficient photoanodes.展开更多
Photocatalysis. which utilizes solar energy to trigger chemical reactions, is one of the most desirable solar-energy-conversion approaches. Graphitic carbon nitride (g-C3N4). as an attractive metal-free photocatalys...Photocatalysis. which utilizes solar energy to trigger chemical reactions, is one of the most desirable solar-energy-conversion approaches. Graphitic carbon nitride (g-C3N4). as an attractive metal-free photocatalyst, has drawn worldwide research interest in the area of solar energy conversion due to its easy synthesis, earth-abundant nature, physicochemical stability and visible-light-responsive properties. Over the past ten years, g-C3N4 based photocatalysts have experienced intensive exploration, and great progress has been achieved. However, the solar conversion efficiency is still far from industrial applications due to the wide bandgap, severe charge recombination, and lack of surface active sites. Many strategies have been proposed to enhance the light absorption, reduce the recombination of charge carriers and accelerate the surface kinetics. This work makes a crucial review about the main contributions of various strategies to the light harvesting, charge separation and surface kinetics of g-C3N4 photocatalyst. Furthermore, the evaluation measurements for the enhanced light harvesting, reduced charge recombination and accelerated surface kinetics will be discussed. In addition, this review proposes future trends to enhance the photocatalytic performance of g-C3N4 photocatalyst for the solar energy conversion.展开更多
Coupling graphitic carbon nitride(CN)with carbonaceous materials is an effective strategy to improve photocatalytic performance,but the contributions of carbonaceous materials are not fully understood.Herein,a new typ...Coupling graphitic carbon nitride(CN)with carbonaceous materials is an effective strategy to improve photocatalytic performance,but the contributions of carbonaceous materials are not fully understood.Herein,a new type of carbon/CN(CCN)complex photocatalyst is synthesized with a 6-fold enhancement of H2 evolution rate compared to that of pristine CN.The role of carbon in photocatalytic H2 evolution reaction is systemically studied and it is experimentally and theoretically revealed that carbon mainly contributes to the improved capability of exciton dissociation and enhanced electric conductivity for charge transfer,leading to an increased population of photo-carriers for photocatalytic reactions.Interestingly,the enhanced light absorption originated from carbon barely generates charge carriers for H2 evolution activity.These new findings will inspire the rational design of carbon-based photocatalysts for efficient solar fuel production.展开更多
Electrochemically reducing CO_(2)to ethanol is attractive but suffers from poor selectivity.Tandem catalysis that integrates the activation of CO_(2)to an intermediate using one active site and the subsequent formatio...Electrochemically reducing CO_(2)to ethanol is attractive but suffers from poor selectivity.Tandem catalysis that integrates the activation of CO_(2)to an intermediate using one active site and the subsequent formation of hydrocarbons on the other site offers a promising approach,where the control of the intermediate transfer between different catalytic sites is challenging.We propose an internally self-feeding mechanism that relies on the orientation of the mass transfer in a hierarchical structure and demonstrate it using a one-dimensional(1D)tandem core-shell catalyst.Specifically,the carbon-coated Ni-core(Ni/C)catalyzes the transformation of CO_(2)-to-CO,after which the CO intermediates are guided to diffuse to the carbon-coated Cu-shell(Cu/C)and experience the selective reduction to ethanol,realizing the orientated key intermediate transfer.Results show that the Faradaic efficiency for ethanol was 18.2%at-1 V vs.RHE(V_(RHE))for up to 100 h.The following mechanism study supports the hypothesis that the CO_(2)reduction on Ni/C generates CO,which is further reduced to ethanol on Cu/C sites.Density functional theory calculations suggest a combined effect of the availability of CO intermediate in Ni/C core and the dimerization of key∗CO intermediates,as well as the subsequent proton-electron transfer process on the Cu/C shell.展开更多
Hollow multishelled structure(HoMS),a promising and complex multifunctional structural system,features at least two shells that are separated by internal voids.The unique structure endows it with numerous advantages i...Hollow multishelled structure(HoMS),a promising and complex multifunctional structural system,features at least two shells that are separated by internal voids.The unique structure endows it with numerous advantages including low density,high loading capacity,large specific surface area,facilitated mass transport,and multiple spatial confinement effect.In the past twenty years,benefiting from the booming development of synthesis methods,various HoMS materials have been prepared and show promising applications in diverse areas.展开更多
The lithium sulfur batteries(LSBs) are considered as one of the promising next generation energy storage devices due to the high theoretical specific capacity of sulfur(1675 m Ah g-1), naturally available, low cost.Ho...The lithium sulfur batteries(LSBs) are considered as one of the promising next generation energy storage devices due to the high theoretical specific capacity of sulfur(1675 m Ah g-1), naturally available, low cost.However, the practical LSBs are impeded by the well-known "shuttle effect" combined with other technical drawbacks. The "shuttle effect" causes rapid capacity decay, severe self-discharging and low active material utilization. The polysulfide(PS) which has lone pair electrons in each sulfur atom is considered as Lewis base and shows strong affinity to various polar, Lewis acid and catenation interactive materials but very weakly interacts with the non-polar conductive carbons. The "shuttle effect" occurs due to the diffusion of high order PS from the cathode to the anode and then low-order PS back to the cathode. The PS is polar and, due to a lone pair of electrons associated with the sulfur atom, is considered a Lewis base. As such, the PS shows a strong affinity with various polar and Lewis acid materials. In addition, a more novel trapping can be performance through a catenation reaction. For LSBs to compete with the state-of-the-art lithium ion batteries(LIBs), the LSB areal capacity need to be ~6 m Ah cm-2(which is proportional to sulfur loading). To achieve this target the PS shuttling needs to mitigate, which can be achieved through using functional materials. This review addresses the aforementioned phenomena by considering the PS phase interacts with the various functional materials and how this impacts areal capacity and cycling stability of LSBs.展开更多
Semiconductor-based solar water splitting is regarded as one of the most promising technologies for clean hydrogen produc-tion.The rational design of semiconductor materials is critically important to achieve high sol...Semiconductor-based solar water splitting is regarded as one of the most promising technologies for clean hydrogen produc-tion.The rational design of semiconductor materials is critically important to achieve high solar-to-hydrogen(STH)con-version efficiencies towards practical applications.A rich family of tungsten-and molybdenum-based materials have been developed as both photocatalysts and cocatalysts for solar-hydrogen production in the past years,providing more opportunities to achieve high solar-to-hydrogen(STH)efficiencies.In this review article,we comprehensively review the recent progress of tungsten-and molybdenum-based materials for solar-hydrogen production.In particular,the strengths and drawbacks of each material system are critically discussed,followed by an overview of the emerging strategies to improve their performances.Finally,the key challenges and possible research directions of tungsten-and molybdenum-based materials are presented,which would provide useful information for the design of efficient semiconductor materials for solar-hydrogen production.展开更多
Nitrogen-doped carbon materials as promising oxygen reduction reaction(ORR) electrocatalysts attract great interest in fuel cells and metal-air batteries because of their relatively high activity, high surface area, h...Nitrogen-doped carbon materials as promising oxygen reduction reaction(ORR) electrocatalysts attract great interest in fuel cells and metal-air batteries because of their relatively high activity, high surface area, high conductivity and low cost. To maximize their catalytic efficiency, rational design of efficient electrocatalysts with rich exposed active sites is highly desired. Besides, due to the complexity of nitrogen species, the identification of active nitrogen sites for ORR remains challenging. Herein, we develop a facile and scalable template method to construct high-concentration nitrogen-doped carbon hollow frameworks(NC), and reveal the effect of different nitrogen species on theirORRactivity on basis of experimental analysis and theoretical calculations. The formation mechanism is clearly revealed, including low-pressure vapor superassembly of thin zeolitic imidazolate framework(ZIF-8) shell on ZnO templates,in situ carbonization and template removal. The obtained NC-800 displays better ORR activity compared with other NC-700 and NC-900 samples. Our results indicate that the superior ORR activity of NC-800 is mainly attributed to its content balance of three nitrogen species. The graphitic N and pyrrolic N sites are responsible for lowering the working function, while the pyridinic N and pyrrolic N sites as possible active sites are beneficial for increasing the density of states.展开更多
Photoelectrochemical water splitting is a sustainable path to generate valuable hydrogen using sunlight and water as the only inputs.Despite significant efforts to date,it is still a challenge to achieve photoelectrod...Photoelectrochemical water splitting is a sustainable path to generate valuable hydrogen using sunlight and water as the only inputs.Despite significant efforts to date,it is still a challenge to achieve photoelectrode with superior performance and long-term stability.Many bismuth-based semiconductor materials have demonstrated excellent visible light harvesting capability and suitable band edge for water splitting.Herein,we summarized the latest studies conducted on bismuth-based photoelectrodes for photoelectrochemical water splitting.Specifically,photoelectrochemical properties of copper bismuth oxide(CuBi_(2)O_(4)),bismuth ferrites(BiFeO_(3),Bi_(2)Fe_(4)O_(9)),bismuth vanadate(BiVO_(4)),bismuth tungstate(Bi_(2)WO_(6)),bismuth molybdate(Bi_(2)MoO_(6))and bismuth oxyhalids(BiOX,X=I,Cl,Br)are presented.Strategies to achieve high stability and photolectrochemical performance were discussed in the aspects of nanostructure formation,heterostructure assembly,practical defect engineering,preferential facet growth and oxygen evolution catalyst incorporation.展开更多
Aluminum-ion batteries(AIBs)are promising next-generation batteries systems because of their features of low cost and abundant aluminum resource.However,the inferior rate capacity and poor all-climate performance,espe...Aluminum-ion batteries(AIBs)are promising next-generation batteries systems because of their features of low cost and abundant aluminum resource.However,the inferior rate capacity and poor all-climate performance,especially the decayed capacity under low temperature,are still critical challenges toward high-specific-capacity AIBs.Herein,we report a binder-free and freestanding metal-organic framework-derived FeS_(2)@C/carbon nanotube(FeS_(2)@C/CNT)as a novel all-climate cathode in AIBs working under a wide temperature window between−25 and 50℃ with exceptional flexibility.The resultant cathode not only drastically suppresses the side reaction and volu-metric expansion with high capacity and long-term stability but also greatly enhances the kinetic process in AIBs with remarkable rate capacity(above 151 mAh g^(−1) at 2 A g^(−1))at room temperature.More importantly,to break the bottleneck of the inherently low capacity in graphitic material-based all-climate AIBs,the new hierarchical conductive composite FeS_(2)@C/CNT highly promotes the all-climate performance and delivers as high as 117 mAh g^(−1) capacity even under−25°C.The well-designed metal sulfide electrode with remarkable performance paves a new way toward all-climate and flexible AIBs.展开更多
CONSPECTUS:Perovskite photovoltaics have witnessed overwhelming success owing to their high power conversion efficiency,low voltage deficit,sensitive photoelectric response and good operational stability.However,solut...CONSPECTUS:Perovskite photovoltaics have witnessed overwhelming success owing to their high power conversion efficiency,low voltage deficit,sensitive photoelectric response and good operational stability.However,solution-processed,polycrystalline perovskite films inevitably contain a high density of crystallographic defects,such as uncoordinated ions and dangling bonds at the surfaces and grain boundaries,which can result in charge recombination,thus causing energy loss and impaired device performance.These intrinsic imperfections can be remedied through a chemically induced intermarriage between halide perovskites of soft crystallographic nature and judiciously designed exotic ligand molecules.Utilizing rational molecular design of the component moieties,i.e.,the core and tail functional groups,the ligand molecules can be endowed with both more comprehensive and salient advantages to further boost device performance,thus setting perovskite photovoltaics on course for a more prosperous future.展开更多
Phase separation in conversion/alloying-based anodes easily causes crystal disintegration and leads to bad cycling performance.Tin monophosphide(SnP)is an excellent anode material for sodium ion battery due to its uni...Phase separation in conversion/alloying-based anodes easily causes crystal disintegration and leads to bad cycling performance.Tin monophosphide(SnP)is an excellent anode material for sodium ion battery due to its unique three-dimensional crystallographic layered structure.In this work,we report the in situ growth of ultrafine SnP nanocrystals within Ti_(3)C_(2)T_(x)MXene interlayers.The MXene framework is used as a conductive matrix to provide high ionic/electrical transfer paths and reduce the Na^(+)diffusion barrier in the electrode.In situ and ex situ measurements reveal that the synergy between small SnP crystal domains and the confinement provided by the MXene host prevents mechanical disintegration and major phase separation during the sodiation and desodiation cycles.The resultant electrode exhibits fast Na^(+)storage kinetics and excellent cycling stability for over 1000 cycles.A full cell assembled with this new SnP-based anode and a Na_(3)V_(2)(PO_(4))_(3)cathode delivers a high energy density of 265.4 Wh kg^(-1)and a power density of 3252.4 W kg^(-1),outperforming most sodium-ion batteries reported to date.展开更多
Photoelectrochemical(PEC)water splitting is regarded as a promising way for solar hydrogen production,while the fast development of photovoltaic-electrolysis(PV-EC)has pushed PEC research into an embarrassed situation...Photoelectrochemical(PEC)water splitting is regarded as a promising way for solar hydrogen production,while the fast development of photovoltaic-electrolysis(PV-EC)has pushed PEC research into an embarrassed situation.In this paper,a comparison of PEC and PV-EC in terms of efficiency,cost,and stability is conducted and briefly discussed.It is suggested that the PEC should target on high solar-to-hydrogen efficiency based on cheap semiconductors in order to maintain its role in the technological race of sustainable hydrogen production.展开更多
Lithium ion batteries using Ni-Co-Mn ternary oxide materials(NCMs)and Ni-Co-Al materials(NCAs)as the cathode materials are dominantly employed to power the electric vehicles(EVs).Increasing the driving range of EVs ne...Lithium ion batteries using Ni-Co-Mn ternary oxide materials(NCMs)and Ni-Co-Al materials(NCAs)as the cathode materials are dominantly employed to power the electric vehicles(EVs).Increasing the driving range of EVs necessitates an increase of Ni content to improve the energy densities,which,however,degrades the cycle stability.Here we review the doping/coating of tungsten and related elements to improve the electrochemical performance of these cathodes especially the cycle stability.The selection of tungsten and related elements is based on their special properties including the high valence state,strong bonding with oxygen and the large ionic radius.The improvement of cycle stability mainly results from two features:(1)the enhancement of bulk structure stability upon doping(Mo,W,Ta,Nb)and(2)the resistance of side reactions of electrode/electrolyte by the surficial layer induced by direct coating(V,W,Nb)or bulk doping.For the recent high Ni materials,the formation of Ni2+and its migration to the Li layer induced by these doped/coated tungsten-related elements,and the presence of spinel or rock-salt phase before cycling contributes to improving the cycle stability.The key challenges are the selection of an optimized additive concentration and the fundamental understanding of the reaction mechanism,which will provide insightful guidance for maximizing the electrochemical performance of the state-of-the-art lithium-ion batteries at minimal additional process costs.展开更多
Graphitic carbon nitride(g-C3N4,CN)exhibits inefficient charge separation,deficient CO2 adsorption and activation sites,and sluggish surface reaction kinetics,which have been recognized as the main barriers to its app...Graphitic carbon nitride(g-C3N4,CN)exhibits inefficient charge separation,deficient CO2 adsorption and activation sites,and sluggish surface reaction kinetics,which have been recognized as the main barriers to its application in CO2 photocatalytic reduction.In this work,carbon quantum dot(CQD)decoration and oxygen atom doping were applied to CN by a facile one-step hydrothermal method.The incorporated CQDs not only facilitate charge transfer and separation,but also provide alternative CO2 adsorption and activation sites.Further,the oxygen-atom-doped CN(OCN),in which oxygen doping is accompanied by the formation of nitrogen defects,proves to be a sustainable H^+ provider by facilitating the water dissociation and oxidation half-reactions.Because of the synergistic effect of the hybridized binary CQDs/OCN addressing the three challenging issues of the CN based materials,the performance of CO2 photocatalytic conversion to CH4 over CQDs/OCN-x(x represents the volume ratio of laboratory-used H2O2(30 wt.%)in the mixed solution)is dramatically improved by 11 times at least.The hybrid photocatalyst design and mechanism proposed in this work could inspire more rational design and fabrication of effective photocatalysts for CO2 photocatalytic conversion with a high CH4 selectivity.展开更多
基金the Australian Government and University of Queensland for the research training program scholarship and research facilities used in this study.
文摘Lithium-sulfur batteries(LSBs)are promising alternative energy storage devices to the commercial lithium-ion batteries.However,the LSBs have several limitations including the low electronic conductivity of sulfur(5×10^-30S cm^-1),associated lithium polysulfides(PSs),and their migration from the cathode to the anode.In this study,a separator coated with a Ketjen black(KB)/Nafion composite was used in an LSB with a sulfur loading up to 7.88 mg cm^-2to mitigate the PS migration.A minimum specific capacity(Cs)loss of 0.06%was obtained at 0.2 C-rate at a high sulfur loading of 4.39 mg cm^-2.Furthermore,an initial areal capacity up to 6.70 mAh cm^-2 was obtained at a sulfur loading of 7.88 mg cm^-2.The low Cs loss and high areal capacity associated with the high sulfur loading are attributed to the large surface area of the KB and sulfonate group(SO3^-)of Nafion,respectively,which could physically and chemically trap the PSs.
基金This work was supported by the Australian Research Council(Grant No.LP160101784)A.K.thanks the Researchers Supporting Project(RSP-2019/127)King Saud University,Riyadh,Saudi Arabia for the support.This work was performed in part at the Queensland node of the Australian National Fabrication Facility,a company established under the National Collaborative Research Infrastructure Strategy to provide nano-and microfabrication facilities for Australia's researchers.M.M.acknowledges an internal funding project of the University of Osijek(ZUP-2018).
文摘The effect of cold high pressure densification(CHPD)on anisotropy of the critical current density(Jc)in《in situ》single core binary and alloyed MgB2 tapes has been determined as a function of temperatures at 4.2 K,20 K and 25 K as well as at applied magnetic fields up to 19 T.The study includes binary and C4H6O5(malic acid)doped MgB2 tapes before and after CHPD.It is remarkable that the CHPD process not only improved the Jc values,in particular at the higher magnetic fields,but also decreased the anisotropy ratio,Г=JC^///JC^⊥In binary MgB2 tapes,the anisotropy factor F increases with higher aspect ratios,even after applying CHPD.In malic acid(C4H6O5)doped tapes,however,the application of CHPD leads only to small enhancements ofГ,even for higher aspect ratios.This is attributed to the higher carbon content in the MgB2 filaments,which in turn is a consequence of the reduced chemical reaction path in the densified filaments.At all applied field values,it was found that CHPD processed C4H6O5 doped tapes exhibit an almost isotropic behavior.This constitutes an advantage in view of industrial magnet applications using wires with square or slightly rectangular configuration.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 21975286 and 21473254)the Special Project Fund of “Taishan Scholar” of Shandong Province (Grant No. ts201511017)+2 种基金the QLUT Special Funding for Distinguished Scholars (Grant No. 2419010420)the project ZR2020QE058 supported by Shandong Provincial Natural Science Foundationthe Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities (Grant Nos. YCX2020050,18CX06030A,and 17CX02039A)。
文摘The hydrogen evolution reaction(HER) through electrocatalysis is promising for the production of clean hydrogen fuel. However,designing the structure of catalysts,controlling their electronic properties,and manipulating their catalytic sites are a significant challenge in this field. Here,we propose an electrochemical surface restructuring strategy to design synergistically interactive phosphorus-doped carbon@MoP electrocatalysts for the HER. A simple electrochemical cycling method is developed to tune the thickness of the carbon layers that cover on MoP core,which significantly influences HER performance. Experimental investigations and theoretical calculations indicate that the inactive surface carbon layers can be removed through electrochemical cycling,leading to a close bond between the MoP and a few layers of coated graphene. The electronsdonated by the MoP core enhance the adhesion and electronegativity of the carbon layers;the negatively charged carbon layers act as an active surface. The electrochemically induced optimization of the surface/interface electronic structures in the electrocatalysts significantly promotes the HER. Using this strategy endows the catalyst with excellent activity in terms of the HER in both acidic and alkaline environments(current density of 10 mA cm^(-2) at low overpotentials,of 68 mV in 0.5 M H_(2)SO_(4) and 67 mV in 1.0 M KOH).
基金The authors would like to acknowledge financial support from the Australian Research Council through its DP and FF programs. Mu Xiao acknowledges support from the Australian Government Research Training Program Scholarship. Financial support from the National Natural Science Foundation of China (513228201) is also highly appreciated.
基金support from the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.51672173,U1733130)Shanghai Science and Technology Committee(Nos.21ZR1435700,18520744700, 18JC1410500)Shanghai Jiao Tong University Medical Engineering Cross Research Program(No.YG2023ZD18).
文摘Bismuth vanadate(BiVO_(4))is a promising photoanode material for efficient photoelectrochemical(PEC)water splitting,whereas its performance is inhibited by detrimental surface states.To solve the problem,herein,a low-cost organic molecule 1,3,5-benzenetricarboxylic acid(BTC)is selected for surface passivation of BiVO_(4) photoanodes(BVOs),which also provides bonding sites for Co^(2+)to anchor,resulting in a Co-BTC-BVO photoanode.Owing to its strong coordination with metal ions,BTC not only passivates surface states of BVO,but also provides bonding between BVO and catalytic active sites(Co^(2+))to form a molecular cocatalyst.Computational study and interfacial charge kinetic investigation reveal that chemical bonding formed at the interface greatly suppresses charge recombination and accelerates charge transfer.The obtained Co-BTC-BVO photoanode exhibits a photocurrent density of 4.82 mA/cm^(2) at 1.23 V vs.reversible hydrogen electrode(RHE)and a low onset potential of 0.22 VRHE under AM 1.5 G illumination,which ranks among the best photoanodes coupled with Co-based cocatalysts.This work presents a novel selection of passivation layers and emphasizes the significance of interfacial chemical bonding for the construction of efficient photoanodes.
基金the Australian Research Council for the financial support through its DP and FF programsthe Australian Government for the financial support through the Australian Government Research Training Program ScholarshipThe financial support from National Science Foundation of China(No.513228201)
文摘Photocatalysis. which utilizes solar energy to trigger chemical reactions, is one of the most desirable solar-energy-conversion approaches. Graphitic carbon nitride (g-C3N4). as an attractive metal-free photocatalyst, has drawn worldwide research interest in the area of solar energy conversion due to its easy synthesis, earth-abundant nature, physicochemical stability and visible-light-responsive properties. Over the past ten years, g-C3N4 based photocatalysts have experienced intensive exploration, and great progress has been achieved. However, the solar conversion efficiency is still far from industrial applications due to the wide bandgap, severe charge recombination, and lack of surface active sites. Many strategies have been proposed to enhance the light absorption, reduce the recombination of charge carriers and accelerate the surface kinetics. This work makes a crucial review about the main contributions of various strategies to the light harvesting, charge separation and surface kinetics of g-C3N4 photocatalyst. Furthermore, the evaluation measurements for the enhanced light harvesting, reduced charge recombination and accelerated surface kinetics will be discussed. In addition, this review proposes future trends to enhance the photocatalytic performance of g-C3N4 photocatalyst for the solar energy conversion.
基金This work was supported by the National Key Research and De- velopment Program of China (2016YFB0301701) the National Nat- ural Science Foundation of China (91434114, 21376254)+2 种基金 the Major National Scientific Instrument Development Project (21427814) the Instrument Developing Project of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (YZ201641) the International Partnership Program for Creative Re-search Teams, Chinese Academy of Sciences, and the Supercomput- ing Center of USTC (University of Science and Technology of China).
基金support from Australian Research Council(ARC)through the Discovery and Laureate Fellowship programs is greatly acknowledged.
文摘Coupling graphitic carbon nitride(CN)with carbonaceous materials is an effective strategy to improve photocatalytic performance,but the contributions of carbonaceous materials are not fully understood.Herein,a new type of carbon/CN(CCN)complex photocatalyst is synthesized with a 6-fold enhancement of H2 evolution rate compared to that of pristine CN.The role of carbon in photocatalytic H2 evolution reaction is systemically studied and it is experimentally and theoretically revealed that carbon mainly contributes to the improved capability of exciton dissociation and enhanced electric conductivity for charge transfer,leading to an increased population of photo-carriers for photocatalytic reactions.Interestingly,the enhanced light absorption originated from carbon barely generates charge carriers for H2 evolution activity.These new findings will inspire the rational design of carbon-based photocatalysts for efficient solar fuel production.
基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China(U20A20131 and 51425302)National Key R&D Program of China(2022YFF0712200,2021YFA1202802).
文摘Electrochemically reducing CO_(2)to ethanol is attractive but suffers from poor selectivity.Tandem catalysis that integrates the activation of CO_(2)to an intermediate using one active site and the subsequent formation of hydrocarbons on the other site offers a promising approach,where the control of the intermediate transfer between different catalytic sites is challenging.We propose an internally self-feeding mechanism that relies on the orientation of the mass transfer in a hierarchical structure and demonstrate it using a one-dimensional(1D)tandem core-shell catalyst.Specifically,the carbon-coated Ni-core(Ni/C)catalyzes the transformation of CO_(2)-to-CO,after which the CO intermediates are guided to diffuse to the carbon-coated Cu-shell(Cu/C)and experience the selective reduction to ethanol,realizing the orientated key intermediate transfer.Results show that the Faradaic efficiency for ethanol was 18.2%at-1 V vs.RHE(V_(RHE))for up to 100 h.The following mechanism study supports the hypothesis that the CO_(2)reduction on Ni/C generates CO,which is further reduced to ethanol on Cu/C sites.Density functional theory calculations suggest a combined effect of the availability of CO intermediate in Ni/C core and the dimerization of key∗CO intermediates,as well as the subsequent proton-electron transfer process on the Cu/C shell.
基金This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.21931012,21821005,92163209,52272097,52202354,22293043,52261160573,52072369,and 52301296)the Zhongke-Yuneng Joint R&D Center Program,China(No.ZKYN2022008).
文摘Hollow multishelled structure(HoMS),a promising and complex multifunctional structural system,features at least two shells that are separated by internal voids.The unique structure endows it with numerous advantages including low density,high loading capacity,large specific surface area,facilitated mass transport,and multiple spatial confinement effect.In the past twenty years,benefiting from the booming development of synthesis methods,various HoMS materials have been prepared and show promising applications in diverse areas.
文摘The lithium sulfur batteries(LSBs) are considered as one of the promising next generation energy storage devices due to the high theoretical specific capacity of sulfur(1675 m Ah g-1), naturally available, low cost.However, the practical LSBs are impeded by the well-known "shuttle effect" combined with other technical drawbacks. The "shuttle effect" causes rapid capacity decay, severe self-discharging and low active material utilization. The polysulfide(PS) which has lone pair electrons in each sulfur atom is considered as Lewis base and shows strong affinity to various polar, Lewis acid and catenation interactive materials but very weakly interacts with the non-polar conductive carbons. The "shuttle effect" occurs due to the diffusion of high order PS from the cathode to the anode and then low-order PS back to the cathode. The PS is polar and, due to a lone pair of electrons associated with the sulfur atom, is considered a Lewis base. As such, the PS shows a strong affinity with various polar and Lewis acid materials. In addition, a more novel trapping can be performance through a catenation reaction. For LSBs to compete with the state-of-the-art lithium ion batteries(LIBs), the LSB areal capacity need to be ~6 m Ah cm-2(which is proportional to sulfur loading). To achieve this target the PS shuttling needs to mitigate, which can be achieved through using functional materials. This review addresses the aforementioned phenomena by considering the PS phase interacts with the various functional materials and how this impacts areal capacity and cycling stability of LSBs.
文摘Semiconductor-based solar water splitting is regarded as one of the most promising technologies for clean hydrogen produc-tion.The rational design of semiconductor materials is critically important to achieve high solar-to-hydrogen(STH)con-version efficiencies towards practical applications.A rich family of tungsten-and molybdenum-based materials have been developed as both photocatalysts and cocatalysts for solar-hydrogen production in the past years,providing more opportunities to achieve high solar-to-hydrogen(STH)efficiencies.In this review article,we comprehensively review the recent progress of tungsten-and molybdenum-based materials for solar-hydrogen production.In particular,the strengths and drawbacks of each material system are critically discussed,followed by an overview of the emerging strategies to improve their performances.Finally,the key challenges and possible research directions of tungsten-and molybdenum-based materials are presented,which would provide useful information for the design of efficient semiconductor materials for solar-hydrogen production.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (51832004 and 51521001)the National Key Research and Development Program of China (2016YFA0202603)+2 种基金the Natural Science Foundation of Hubei Province (2019CFA001)the Programme of Introducing Talents of Discipline to Universities (B17034)the Yellow Crane Talent (Science & Technology) Program of Wuhan City。
文摘Nitrogen-doped carbon materials as promising oxygen reduction reaction(ORR) electrocatalysts attract great interest in fuel cells and metal-air batteries because of their relatively high activity, high surface area, high conductivity and low cost. To maximize their catalytic efficiency, rational design of efficient electrocatalysts with rich exposed active sites is highly desired. Besides, due to the complexity of nitrogen species, the identification of active nitrogen sites for ORR remains challenging. Herein, we develop a facile and scalable template method to construct high-concentration nitrogen-doped carbon hollow frameworks(NC), and reveal the effect of different nitrogen species on theirORRactivity on basis of experimental analysis and theoretical calculations. The formation mechanism is clearly revealed, including low-pressure vapor superassembly of thin zeolitic imidazolate framework(ZIF-8) shell on ZnO templates,in situ carbonization and template removal. The obtained NC-800 displays better ORR activity compared with other NC-700 and NC-900 samples. Our results indicate that the superior ORR activity of NC-800 is mainly attributed to its content balance of three nitrogen species. The graphitic N and pyrrolic N sites are responsible for lowering the working function, while the pyridinic N and pyrrolic N sites as possible active sites are beneficial for increasing the density of states.
基金the support by Australian Research Council through its DP and DECRA programsthe support from Research Training Program(RTP),University of Queensland for providing financial support through University of Queensland Research Training Tuition Fee Offset and University of Queensland Research Training Stipend。
文摘Photoelectrochemical water splitting is a sustainable path to generate valuable hydrogen using sunlight and water as the only inputs.Despite significant efforts to date,it is still a challenge to achieve photoelectrode with superior performance and long-term stability.Many bismuth-based semiconductor materials have demonstrated excellent visible light harvesting capability and suitable band edge for water splitting.Herein,we summarized the latest studies conducted on bismuth-based photoelectrodes for photoelectrochemical water splitting.Specifically,photoelectrochemical properties of copper bismuth oxide(CuBi_(2)O_(4)),bismuth ferrites(BiFeO_(3),Bi_(2)Fe_(4)O_(9)),bismuth vanadate(BiVO_(4)),bismuth tungstate(Bi_(2)WO_(6)),bismuth molybdate(Bi_(2)MoO_(6))and bismuth oxyhalids(BiOX,X=I,Cl,Br)are presented.Strategies to achieve high stability and photolectrochemical performance were discussed in the aspects of nanostructure formation,heterostructure assembly,practical defect engineering,preferential facet growth and oxygen evolution catalyst incorporation.
基金financial support for Australian Research Council through its Discovery and Linkage Programsperformed in part at Australian Microscopy&Microanalysis Research Facility at the Centre for Microscopy and Microanalysis,the University of Queensland(UQ)+3 种基金The authors also acknowledge National Natural Science Foundation of China(51901100 and 51871119)Jiangsu Provincial Founds for Natural Science Foundation(BK20180015)China Postdoctoral Science Foundation(2018M640481 and 2019T120426)Jiangsu Postdoctoral Research Fund(2019K003)。
文摘Aluminum-ion batteries(AIBs)are promising next-generation batteries systems because of their features of low cost and abundant aluminum resource.However,the inferior rate capacity and poor all-climate performance,especially the decayed capacity under low temperature,are still critical challenges toward high-specific-capacity AIBs.Herein,we report a binder-free and freestanding metal-organic framework-derived FeS_(2)@C/carbon nanotube(FeS_(2)@C/CNT)as a novel all-climate cathode in AIBs working under a wide temperature window between−25 and 50℃ with exceptional flexibility.The resultant cathode not only drastically suppresses the side reaction and volu-metric expansion with high capacity and long-term stability but also greatly enhances the kinetic process in AIBs with remarkable rate capacity(above 151 mAh g^(−1) at 2 A g^(−1))at room temperature.More importantly,to break the bottleneck of the inherently low capacity in graphitic material-based all-climate AIBs,the new hierarchical conductive composite FeS_(2)@C/CNT highly promotes the all-climate performance and delivers as high as 117 mAh g^(−1) capacity even under−25°C.The well-designed metal sulfide electrode with remarkable performance paves a new way toward all-climate and flexible AIBs.
基金The authors acknowledge financial support from the National Key R&D Program of China(2019YFB1503200)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(22005355)+1 种基金the Guangdong Basic and Applied Basic Research Foundation(2019A1515110770)L.Wang acknowledges the financial support from ARC through its Discovery Program.
文摘CONSPECTUS:Perovskite photovoltaics have witnessed overwhelming success owing to their high power conversion efficiency,low voltage deficit,sensitive photoelectric response and good operational stability.However,solution-processed,polycrystalline perovskite films inevitably contain a high density of crystallographic defects,such as uncoordinated ions and dangling bonds at the surfaces and grain boundaries,which can result in charge recombination,thus causing energy loss and impaired device performance.These intrinsic imperfections can be remedied through a chemically induced intermarriage between halide perovskites of soft crystallographic nature and judiciously designed exotic ligand molecules.Utilizing rational molecular design of the component moieties,i.e.,the core and tail functional groups,the ligand molecules can be endowed with both more comprehensive and salient advantages to further boost device performance,thus setting perovskite photovoltaics on course for a more prosperous future.
基金The authors gratefully thank the Australian Research Council through its Discovery,DECRA,Future Fellowship,Laureate Fellowship and Linkage Programs of DP180103430,DE180100749,LP160100905,FT200100279,LP170100392 and FL190100139.
文摘Phase separation in conversion/alloying-based anodes easily causes crystal disintegration and leads to bad cycling performance.Tin monophosphide(SnP)is an excellent anode material for sodium ion battery due to its unique three-dimensional crystallographic layered structure.In this work,we report the in situ growth of ultrafine SnP nanocrystals within Ti_(3)C_(2)T_(x)MXene interlayers.The MXene framework is used as a conductive matrix to provide high ionic/electrical transfer paths and reduce the Na^(+)diffusion barrier in the electrode.In situ and ex situ measurements reveal that the synergy between small SnP crystal domains and the confinement provided by the MXene host prevents mechanical disintegration and major phase separation during the sodiation and desodiation cycles.The resultant electrode exhibits fast Na^(+)storage kinetics and excellent cycling stability for over 1000 cycles.A full cell assembled with this new SnP-based anode and a Na_(3)V_(2)(PO_(4))_(3)cathode delivers a high energy density of 265.4 Wh kg^(-1)and a power density of 3252.4 W kg^(-1),outperforming most sodium-ion batteries reported to date.
基金This work was supported by the Australian Research Council through its Discovery Programs,DECRA and Laureate Fellowship。
文摘Photoelectrochemical(PEC)water splitting is regarded as a promising way for solar hydrogen production,while the fast development of photovoltaic-electrolysis(PV-EC)has pushed PEC research into an embarrassed situation.In this paper,a comparison of PEC and PV-EC in terms of efficiency,cost,and stability is conducted and briefly discussed.It is suggested that the PEC should target on high solar-to-hydrogen efficiency based on cheap semiconductors in order to maintain its role in the technological race of sustainable hydrogen production.
基金financially supported by the Australian CRC-P project“Value-added cobalt refining technologies powering advanced batteries”,administered by Pure Battery Technologies Pty LtdAustralian Research Council through its Laureate Fellowship and Linkage Projects
文摘Lithium ion batteries using Ni-Co-Mn ternary oxide materials(NCMs)and Ni-Co-Al materials(NCAs)as the cathode materials are dominantly employed to power the electric vehicles(EVs).Increasing the driving range of EVs necessitates an increase of Ni content to improve the energy densities,which,however,degrades the cycle stability.Here we review the doping/coating of tungsten and related elements to improve the electrochemical performance of these cathodes especially the cycle stability.The selection of tungsten and related elements is based on their special properties including the high valence state,strong bonding with oxygen and the large ionic radius.The improvement of cycle stability mainly results from two features:(1)the enhancement of bulk structure stability upon doping(Mo,W,Ta,Nb)and(2)the resistance of side reactions of electrode/electrolyte by the surficial layer induced by direct coating(V,W,Nb)or bulk doping.For the recent high Ni materials,the formation of Ni2+and its migration to the Li layer induced by these doped/coated tungsten-related elements,and the presence of spinel or rock-salt phase before cycling contributes to improving the cycle stability.The key challenges are the selection of an optimized additive concentration and the fundamental understanding of the reaction mechanism,which will provide insightful guidance for maximizing the electrochemical performance of the state-of-the-art lithium-ion batteries at minimal additional process costs.
基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.51578488)Zhejiang Provincial “151” Talents Program,the Program for Zhejiang Leading Team of S&T Innovation(No.2013TD07)Changjiang Scholar Incentive Program(Ministry of Education,China,2009)。
文摘Graphitic carbon nitride(g-C3N4,CN)exhibits inefficient charge separation,deficient CO2 adsorption and activation sites,and sluggish surface reaction kinetics,which have been recognized as the main barriers to its application in CO2 photocatalytic reduction.In this work,carbon quantum dot(CQD)decoration and oxygen atom doping were applied to CN by a facile one-step hydrothermal method.The incorporated CQDs not only facilitate charge transfer and separation,but also provide alternative CO2 adsorption and activation sites.Further,the oxygen-atom-doped CN(OCN),in which oxygen doping is accompanied by the formation of nitrogen defects,proves to be a sustainable H^+ provider by facilitating the water dissociation and oxidation half-reactions.Because of the synergistic effect of the hybridized binary CQDs/OCN addressing the three challenging issues of the CN based materials,the performance of CO2 photocatalytic conversion to CH4 over CQDs/OCN-x(x represents the volume ratio of laboratory-used H2O2(30 wt.%)in the mixed solution)is dramatically improved by 11 times at least.The hybrid photocatalyst design and mechanism proposed in this work could inspire more rational design and fabrication of effective photocatalysts for CO2 photocatalytic conversion with a high CH4 selectivity.