Cadmium in agricultural soils,vegetables and rice and potential health risk in vicinity of Dabaoshan Mine in Shaoguan,China

Soil cadmium(Cd)contamination resulted from mining and smelting is a major environmental concern,and health risk associated with Cd exposure to multi-media through muti-pathway is increasing.Cd concentrations in soils,vegetables and paddy rice were investigated,and potential non-carcinogenic and carcinogenic health risks exposure to Cd were estimated at six villages around the Dabaoshan Mine,South China.A total of 87 soil samples were found to exceed the China's maximum permission level(MPL)for Cd,while the highest value of 4.42 mg/kg was found near irrigation ditch associated with Hengshi River in Xinyi(XY)Village.Cd contents in vegetables and rice exceeded the maximum permissible concentration by more than five times in every village.Cadmium accumulation in plants is in the order of celery>lactuca sativa L>Chinese cabbage>Romaine lettuce>asparagus lettuce>mustard>cabbage mustard>cabbage.The mean hazard quotient(HQ)of all villages is in the range of [5.29,25.75],and the mean values of cancer risk for investigated areas are more than 10 times greater than the USEPA(2009)threshold limit value of 10-4.Moreover,human non-carcinogenic and carcinogenic risks are mainly attributable to paddy rice intake,followed by vegetables intake,soil ingestion,inhalation,and dermal contact.The results indicate that Cd has a huge potential risk on human health for the local residents.

Identification of the four rearranged hopane series in geological bodies and their geochemical significances

Saturated fractions in a total of 23 oil samples and hydrocarbon source rocks from the Songliao, Tarim,and Ordos Basins have been analyzed by GC–MS and GC–MS–MS. According to the relative retention, mass spectral characteristics, and comparison with existing literature, a complete carbon number distribution ranging from C27 to C35(without C28) in the 17a(H)-diahopane series and early-eluting rearranged hopane series is identified. Compounds in the 18a(H)-neohopane series(Ts and C29Ts) and21-methyl-28-nor-hopane series(29Nsp and 30Nsp) are also noted. These four series of rearranged hopanes seem to occur in both brackish-saline lacustrine and coal measure environments. However, the coal measure and swamp environments being under an oxic condition, compared with brackish-saline lacustrines, are presumably more helpful to the formation of 30 E. Diversity in the content and distribution patterns indicate that rearranged hopanes could serve as good indicators of organic facies, depositional environment and maturity in petroleum geology.

Geochemical characteristics and genetic types of crude oils from Qinjiatun and Qikeshu oilfields in the Lishu Fault Depression, Songliao Basin, northeastern China

The Qinjiatun and Qikeshu oilfields are new Mesozoic petroleum exploration targets in Lishu Fault Depression of Songliao Basin, northeastern China. Currently, researches on geochemistry of crude oils from Qinjiatun and Qikeshu oilfields have not been performed and the genesis of oils is still uncertain. Based on bulk analyses, the crude oils in the Qinjiatun and Qikeshu oilfields of Lishu Fault Depression from the Lower Cretaceous can be classified as three types. TypeⅠoils, from Quantou and Denglouku formations of Qikeshu oilfield, are characterized by high C24tetracyclic terpane/C26tricyclic terpanes ratios, low gammacerance/C30hopane ratios, tricyclic terpanes/hopanes ratios, C29Ts/C29norhopane ratios and 17α(H)-diahopane/17α(H)-hopane ratios, indicating a brackish lacustrine facies. TypeⅡoils, from Shahezi Formation of Qikeshu oilfield show low C24tetracyclic terpane/C26tricyclic terpanes, high gammacerance/C30hopane ratios, tricyclic terpanes/hopanes ratios, C29Ts/C29 norhopane and C30diahopane/C30hopane ratios, thus suggesting that they originated from source rocks deposited in a weak reducing brackish lacustrine environment, or clay-rich sediments. Type oilsⅢ, from some wells of Qikeshu oilfield have geochemical characteristics intermediate between those two types and may be mixture of typeⅠand Ⅱoils.

A comparison of the distributions of carbazoles and dibenzothiophenes in western Qaidam Basin, Northwest China

Variations in the distributions of carbazoles and dibenzothiophenes were investigated in a set of source rocks, which differ mainly in their maturity levels during immature-mature stages. A comparison of the distributions of carbazoles and dibenzothiophenes has revealed the main results as follows: variations in the relative amounts ①of C0-, C1-, C2-dibenzothiophenes show a low correlation with that of the corresponding carbazoles, with the former's being much higher than the latter's; variations in the relative amounts of methyldibe② nzothiophene isomers also display a low correlation with that of the corresponding methylcarbazoles, with 4-/4- +1-methyldibenzothiophene ratio ranging from 0.52 to 0.96, while the corresponding carbazole ratio of 1-/1- +4-methylcarbazole only being 0.71±0.05; the mat③ urity parameter for 4,6-/4,6- +1,4-dimethyldibenzothiohene, ranging from 0.34 to 0.75, shows a remarkable linear correlation with the corresponding ratio of 1,8-/1,8- +1,4-dimethylcarbazole(R2>0.84). The un-correlation may indicate some different geological-geochemical fates for some isomers of dibenzothiophenes and carbazoles. The high correlation may reveal a strong maturation dependence on the dimethylcarbazole distributions, indicating that attention should be paid when 1,8-/1,8- +1,4-dimethylcarbazole is used as a petroleum migration indicator.

Carbon isotopic composition and genetic types of natural gas in the Sichuan Basin, China

The origin and genetic types of natural gas in the Sichuan Basin are still disputed.To classify the origin and genetic types in different areas,the paper analyzes the carbon isotopic composition of gases and geologic features in the Sichuan Basin.The results showed that the gas sourced from terrestrial layers is typically characterized by terrestrial origin and was mainly accumulated nearby to form reservoir.The carbon isotopic composition of gas showed a normal combination sequence distribution,suggesting that natural gas in continental strata is not affected by secondary alteration or that this deformation is very weak.The gas source is singular,and only gas from the southern and northern Sichuan Basin shows the characteristic of mixed sources.However,marine gas presents the characteristics of an oil-formed gas.The carbon isotopic composition of natural gas in the western and central part of the basin mostly distributes in a normal combination sequence,and few of them showed an inversion,indicating that the gas perhaps had not experienced secondary alteration.The carbon isotopic composition of marine-origin gas in the southern,northern and eastern Sichuan Basin displays a completely different distribution pattern,which is probably caused by different mixing ratio of gas with multi-source and multi-period.

The Gas-Source Study of Gas Hydrates in Wuli and Muli Permafrost Region of Qinghai-Tibet Plateau

1 Introduction Muli permafrost region is located in the south Qilian Mountain of the northem Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, which belongs to Kunlun Mountain terrain in geo-tectonics （Fig.l）. The average elevation of the region is 4100m and the thickness of the permafrost is about 60 to 100m （ZHOU Youwu, etc, 2000; PAN Yulu, etc, 2008）.

Genesis study of high abundant 17α(H)-diahopanes in Lower Cretaceous lacustrine source rocks of the Lishu Fault Depression, Songliao Basin, Northeast China

Relatively abundant 17α(H)-diahopanes have been detected in the lower cretaceous lacustrine source rocks from the Lishu Fault Depression in the Songliao Basin Northeast China. Rich long chain tricyclic terpanes(carbon number up to C35) and gammacerane have been observed in those source rocks with relatively abundant 17α(H)-diahopanes, which is rarely seen in previous reports. In this paper, the formation of 17α(H)-diahopanes has been discussed from three aspects including maturity, oxidation-reduction nature of depositional environment and parent material composition by the GC/MS analyses. The results reveal that maturity and oxidation-reduction nature of depositional environment have little effect on the formation of 17α(H)-diahopanes in the investigated area. However, the positive correlation between long-chain tricyclic terpanes and 17α(H)-diahopanes argues strongly for a common origin, and the origin is related to the algaes in saline water environment. The algaes in saline water environment may be a kind of origin of 17α(H)-diahopanes.

Characteristics of biomarker in source rocks of Linxi Formation in Taohaiyingzi region, Zhalute basin

Based on gas chromatography and gas chromatography mass spectrometry techniques, the authors researched biomarker characteristics of the Linxi Formation source rocks in the area of Taohaiyingzi, and analyzed the information and petroleum geological significance that were indicated by source of organic matter, sedimentary environment, maturity and so on. Gas chromatography peak of saturated hydrocarbons from Linxi Formation source rocks showed ‘‘the former peak'' of the single peak distribution and the C23-dominant main peak. This indicates that the main source of organic matter was mixed organic matter; Pr/Ph ratios ranged from 0.3 to 0.6, indicating a strongly reducing sedimentary environment.Molecular fossil assemblages in Linxi Formation source rocks were abundant in tricyclic terpane with long side chains, had high level of gammacerane, and showed dominant distribution of C27 steranes. Gammacerane ratios range from 0.15 to 0.29, with an average of 0.19, implying that Linxi Formation hydrocarbon source rocks were formed in the environment of micro-saltwater water to half-saltwater water. The hopanes/steranes ratios are mainly between 0.6 and 1.0, with an average of 0.84, implying that bacteria and algae had almost the samecontribution to organic matter. C27 steranes abundance is high and the ratio of C27steranes/C29 steranes is 1.13,showing that algae is the main source of hydrocarbon precursors.

Geochemical characteristics of Lower Permian coal-measure source rocks in Northeast Ordos Basin

General characteristics and biomarker distributions of Lower Permian coal-measure source rocks in northeastern Ordos Bsain have been analyzed in this paper. The results show that the source rocks are type Ⅲ kerogen, thermally mature, with high content of total organic carbon. The extracts of the source rock samples with different lithologies from Well Su 27 feature high Pr/Ph ratios, high C19 TT and C24 Te, high rearranged hopanes, a predominance of C29 sterane in regular steranes, and the absence of C30 4-methylsteranes. These data suggest that the source rocks were deposited in suboxic to oxic conditions with dominantly terrigenous higher plant input. In contrast, the source rocks from wells Shuang 1 and Yu 20, are characterized by low Pr/Ph ratios, low C19 TT and C24 Te, high C23 TT, similar content of C27 sterane and C29 sterane, and the presence of C30 4-methylsteranes, showing that the source rocks were deposited in reducing environment with algae and/or microorganisms and terrigenous higher plant input.

A Preliminary Review on the Metallogeny of Pb-Zn Deposits in China

Lead and zinc resources are abundant in China, with the reserves of 100 million tons ranking only second in the world. There are more than 3000 lead-zinc mine areas nationwide. The classification of lead-zinc （Pb-Zn） deposits has been a highly controversial issue. From the standpoint of evaluating the potential of mineral resources, we construct a Pb-Zn deposit predictive type of classification scheme, and propose a Pb-Zn deposit comprehensive classification scheme （including 5 classes and 13 sub-types） that regards mineralization as the primary factor and the ore rock as secondary. According to the temporal and spatial distribution of Pb-Zn deposits, we conclude that a multi-period, multi-cycle orogenic environment is the most favorable for lead-zinc deposit growth, that the Proterozoic is the major eon for the growth of igneous-type deposits, the Paleozoic is an important development era for sedimentary Pb-Zn deposits, and the Mesozoic and Cenozoic are the heyday eras of magmatic type lead-zinc deposits. On this basis, we analyse the relationship between tectonic evolution and Pb-Zn metallogenic, and propose that the key factors determining geological mineralization are the metallogenic epoch of mineralization and tectonic environment, which determine the temporal and spatial distribution.

The controls on the composition of biodegraded oils in the Liuhua11-1 Oilfield, Pearl River Mouth Basin, South China Sea

(1) The geochemical characteristics of extracted oils in three oil columns from the Liuhua11-1 Oilfield in the Pearl River Mouth Basin of South China Sea were analyzed in detail. The results show that the oil of Liuhua 11-1 Oilfield is generated from a single source rock, and belongs to maturate oil and their maturities have little difference.(2) The characteristics of saturated hydrocarbon gas chromatography,bulk composition, concentrations of biomarkers and gas chromatography–mass spectrometry of saturated hydrocarbon indicate that all samples studied were biodegraded, and the maximal level of biodegradation is less than PM level 6.(3) Bulk composition and the degree of biodegradation presented excellent gradient variations in the oil columns, and the highest degradation rates occurred at or near the oil–water contact(OWC). The key biomarkers of steranes and terpanes and maturity parameters of saturated hydrocarbon were not affected by degradation, which means that they are stable in slight to moderately biodegraded oils. Across the oilfield, the degree of biodegradation of LH11-1-3 was higher than that of LH11-1-1A and LH 11-1-4 in general.(4) We infer that the strong hydrodynamic conditions(tectonic control) and high reservoir temperatures(50–65 °C) are the primary controllers of the degree of oil biodegradation in the Liuhua 11-1 Oilfield and the late hydrocarbon accumulation may also have an important effect. The bulk composition and degree of biodegradation with excellent gradient variations in the oil columns were obviously controlled by the vertical distance from its in situ place to OWC. The highest supply of nutrient at the OWC results in high abundance of microorganisms and the highest degradation rate. And the lateral variation in level of biodegradation across the oil reservoir may be mainly control by the salinity of bottom water, the supply of nutrient and the energy of the bottom water.

Quantitative Analysis of Mg in Pipeline Dirt Based on Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy

In order to maintain the pipeline better and remove the dirt more effectively, it was necessary to analyze the contents of elements in dirt. Mg in soil outside of the pipe and the dirt inside of the pipe was quantitatively analyzed and compared by using the laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy （LIBS）. Firstly, Mg was quantitatively analyzed on the basis of Mg I 285.213 nm by calibration curve for integrated intensity and peak intensity of the spectrum before and after subtracting noise, respectively. Then calibration curves on the basis of Mg II 279.553 nm and Mg II 280.270 nm were analyzed. The results indicated that it is better to use integrated intensity after subtracting noise of the spectrum line with high relative intensity to make the calibration curve.

The distribution characteristic and its significance of compound specific isotopic composition of aromatic hydrocarbon from marine source rock and oil in the Tarim Basin, western China

Aromatic hydrocarbons are generally main distillation of crude oil and organic extract of source rocks. Bicyclic and tricyclic aromatic hydrocarbons can be purified by two-step method of chromatography on alumina. Carbon isotopic composition of individual aromatic hydrocarbons is affected not only by thermal maturity, but also by organic matter input, depositional environment, and hydrocarbon generation process based on the GC-IRMS analysis of Upper Ordovician, Lower Ordovician, and Cambrian source rocks in different areas in the Tarim Basin, western China. The subgroups of aromatic hydrocarbons as well as individual aromatic compound, such as 1-MP, 9-MP, and 2,6-DMP from Cambrian-Lower Ordovician section show more depleted 13 C distribution. The 13 C value difference between Cambrian-Lower Ordovician section and Upper Ordovician source rocks is up to 16.1‰ for subgroups and 14‰ for individual compounds. It can provide strong evidence for oil source correlation by combing the 13 C value and biomarker distribution of different oil and source rocks from different strata in the Tarim Basin. Most oils from Tazhong area have geochemical characteristics such as more negative 13C9-MP value, poor gammacerane, and abundant homohopanes, which indicate that Upper Ordovician source rock is the main source rock. In contrast, oils from Tadong area and some oils from Tazhong area have geochemical characteristics such as high 13C9-MP value, abundant gammacerane, and poor homohopanes, which suggest that the major contributor is Cambrian-Lower Ordovician source rock.

The biosorption of Cr（VI） ions by dried biomass obtained from a chromium-resistant bacterium

The biosorption potential of many different kinds of biomaterials has been widely studied. However, there is little data on the biosorption mechanism of Cr（VI） by dried biomass. So the bio-removal of Cr（VI） ions from aqueous solutions was investigated using dried biomass from a chromium-resistant bacterium. The bacterium was isolated from dewatered sludge samples that were obtained from a sewage treatment plant. Equilibrium and kinetic experiments were performed at different metal concentra- tions, pH values, and biosorbents dosages. The biomass was characterized using scanning electron microscopy and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. The functional groups in the Bacillus cereus biomass which may play a role in the biosorption process were identified by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The biosorption process was found to be highly pH dependent and the optimum pH for the adsorption of Cr（VI） was 2.0：k0.3 at 30-4-2 ℃. The experimental data fit well with Langmuir and Freundlich models as well as a pseudo-second order kinetic model. The mechanism for the biosorption was also studied by fitting the kinetic data with an intra-particle diffusion model and a Boyd plot. External mass transfer was found to be the rate-determining step for the adsorption process. Biosorption could be an alternative mechanism besides bio-oxidation and bio-reduction for the bioremediation of heavy metals.