Modified Black Widow Optimization-Based Enhanced Threshold Energy Detection Technique for Spectrum Sensing in Cognitive Radio Networks

This study develops an Enhanced Threshold Based Energy Detection approach(ETBED)for spectrum sensing in a cognitive radio network.The threshold identification method is implemented in the received signal at the secondary user based on the square law.The proposed method is implemented with the signal transmission of multiple outputs-orthogonal frequency division multiplexing.Additionally,the proposed method is considered the dynamic detection threshold adjustments and energy identification spectrum sensing technique in cognitive radio systems.In the dynamic threshold,the signal ratio-based threshold is fixed.The threshold is computed by considering the Modified Black Widow Optimization Algorithm(MBWO).So,the proposed methodology is a combination of dynamic threshold detection and MBWO.The general threshold-based detection technique has different limitations such as the inability optimal signal threshold for determining the presence of the primary user signal.These limitations undermine the sensing accuracy of the energy identification technique.Hence,the ETBED technique is developed to enhance the energy efficiency of cognitive radio networks.The projected approach is executed and analyzed with performance and comparison analysis.The proposed method is contrasted with the conventional techniques of theWhale Optimization Algorithm(WOA)and GreyWolf Optimization(GWO).It indicated superior results,achieving a high average throughput of 2.2 Mbps and an energy efficiency of 3.8,outperforming conventional techniques.

Low Cost,Low Power Magnetic IEDs Detection Method Using Biaxial Magnetometry Digital Sensors

The magnetic improvised explosive devices(IEDs), also commonly known as a type of a sticky bomb, is simply constructed devices yet very lethal. This paper puts forward the idea of an electronic compass that is capable of sensing the change of a magnetic field generated by a magnet and translating it into interpretable data, which could act as the base for the further studies and assist in developing a greener automated system for detecting this device. The electronic compass is specifically chosen for reducing power consumption of systems in addition to the fact that it is available at a low cost.

Formaldehyde vapour sensing property of electrospun NiO nanograins

Beads free polyvinyl alcohol(PVA)/NiO nanofibers with an average diameter of 400 nm were successfully prepared through the electrospinning method.NiO nanograins were formed along the axis of the nanofiber due to the calcination of asspun fibers for 24 h at 450℃ and their presence was confirmed by FESEM.NiO nanograins were characterized by XRD,XPS and FTIR.The characterization results showed the presence of NiO in nanograins and its polycrystalline nature with ionic states.The sensing studies of NiO nanograins were performed towards the pulmonary disease breath markers and they showed better response towards formaldehyde vapour at 350℃.Calcined NiO grains showed a good response towards the 11-1145 ppm of formaldehyde vapour at the operating temperature of 350℃.NiO nanograins also showed quick response time(37 s)and recovery time(14 s)towards 46 ppm of formaldehyde.A sensing mechanism was proposed for the formaldehyde vapour interaction at 350℃ with NiO nanograins.

Optimal operation of integrated energy system including power thermal and gas subsystems

As a form of hybrid multi-energy systems,the integrated energy system contains different forms of energy such as power,thermal,and gas which meet the load of various energy forms.Focusing mainly on model building and optimal operation of the integrated energy system,in this paper,the dist-flow method is applied to quickly calculate the power flow and the gas system model is built by the analogy of the power system model.In addition,the piecewise linearization method is applied to solve the quadratic Weymouth gas flow equation,and the alternating direction method of multipliers(ADMM)method is applied to narrow the optimal results of each subsystem at the coupling point.The entire system reaches its optimal operation through multiple iterations.The power-thermal-gas integrated energy system used in the case study includes an IEEE-33 bus power system,a Belgian 20 node natural gas system,and a six node thermal system.Simulation-based calculations and comparison of the results under different scenarios prove that the power-thermal-gas integrated energy system enhances the flexibility and stability of the system as well as reducing system operating costs to some extent.

Measurement-induced nonlocality based on affinity

Measurement-induced nonlocality(MIN),a quantum correlation measure for bipartite systems,is an indicator of maximal global effects due to locally invariant von Neumann projective measurements.It is originally defined as the maximal square of the Hilbert-Schmidt norm of the difference between pre-and post-measurement states.In this article,we propose a new form of MIN based on affinity.This quantity satisfies all the criteria of a bona fide measure of quantum correlation measures.This quantity is evaluated for both arbitrary pure and 2×n dimensional(qubit-qudit)mixed states.The operational meaning of the proposed quantity is interpreted in terms of the interferometric power of the quantum state.We apply these results on two-qubit mixed states,such as the Werner,isotropic and Bell diagonal states.

Bio-inspired cryptosystem on the reciprocal domain:DNA strands mutate to secure health data

Healthcare and telemedicine industries are relying on technology that is connected to the Internet.Digital health data are more prone to cyber attacks because of the treasure trove of personal data they possess.This necessitates protection of digital medical images and their secure transmission.In this paper,an encryption technique based on DNA mutated with Lorenz and Lüchaotic attractors is employed to generate high pseudo-random key streams.The proposed chaos-DNA cryptic system operates on the integer wavelet transform(IWT)domain and a bio-inspired crossover,mutation unit for enhancing the confusion and diffusion phase in an approximation coefficient.Finally,an XOR operation is performed with a quantised chaotic set from the developed combined attractors.The algorithm attains an average entropy of 7.9973,near-zero correlation with an NPCR of 99.642%,a UACI of 33.438%,and a keyspace of 10~(203).Further,the experimental analyses and NIST statistical test suite have been designed such that the proposed medical image encryption technique has the potency to withstand any statistical,differential,and brute force attacks.