Advances in Research and Application of Fish Scale Collagen

To study the current application and development of fish scale collagen at home and abroad, this paper reviews the structural properties, methods of extracting collagen from fish scale and the applications of collagen in biological medicine, food and chemical industries, cosmetics and other fields, discusses the utilization value of fish scale collagen, to provide a theoretical basis for future development and application of fish scale collagen.

Etiology analysis for term newborns with severe hyperbilirubinemia in eastern Guangdong of China

BACKGROUND Neonatal hyperbilirubinemia is one of the common diseases of newborns that typically presents with yellow staining of skin,resulting in sequelaes such as hearing loss,motor and intellectual development disorders,and even death.The pathogenic factors of neonatal hyperbilirubinemia are complex.Different cases of hyperbilirubinemia may have a single or mixed etiology.AIM To explore the etiological characteristics of severe hyperbilirubinemia in term newborns of eastern Guangdong of China.METHODS Term newborns with severe hyperbilirubinemia in one hospital from January 2012 to December 2021 were retrospectively analyzed.The etiology was determined according to the laboratory results and clinical manifestations.RESULTS Among 1602 term newborns with hyperbilirubinemia in eastern Guangdong of China,32.20%(580/1602)was severe hyperbilirubinemia.Among the causes of severe hyperbilirubinemia,neonatal hemolysis accounted for 15.17%,breast milk jaundice accounted for 12.09%,infection accounted for 10.17%,glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase(G6PD)deficiency accounted for 9.14%,and the coexistence of multiple etiologies accounted for 6.55%,unknown etiology accounted for 41.72%.ABO hemolysis and G6PD deficiency were the most common causes in the 20 cases with bilirubin encephalopathy.94 severe hyperbilirubinemia newborns were tested for uridine diphosphate glucuronosyl transferase 1A1(UGT1A1)*6 variant(rs4148323,c.211G>A,p.Arg71Gly),9 cases were 211 G to A homozygous variant,37 cases were 211 G to A heterozygous variant,and 48 cases were wild genotypes.CONCLUSION The main cause for severe hyperbilirubinemia and bilirubin encephalopathy in eastern Guangdong of China were the hemolytic disease of the newborns,G6PD deficiency and infection.UGT1A1 gene variant was also a high-risk factor for neonatal hyperbilirubinemia.Targeted prevention and treatment according to the etiology may reduce the occurrence of bilirubin encephalopathy and kernicterus.

Research Progress of Low Temperature Preservation Technology for Aquatic Products

Aquatic products are highly perishable because of the biological characteristics.So it is very important to study the preservation of aquatic products.Low temperature preservation technology is the earliest and most widely used technology.This paper introduced the research progress of low temperature preservation technology for aquatic products at home and abroad,and pointed out some problems and the future development trend of low temperature preservation.It provides a basis for the development of the aquatic product processing.

Analysis of cardiovascular disease-related NF-κB-regulated genes and microRNAs in TNFα-treated primary mouse vascular endothelial cells

Activated nuclear factor-κB(NF-κB)plays an important role in the development of cardiovascular disease(CVD)through its regulated genes and microRNAs(miRNAs).However,the gene regulation profile remains unclear.In this study,primary mouse vascular endothelial cells(pMVECs)were employed to detect CVD-related NF-κB-regulated genes and miRNAs.Genechip assay identified 77 NF-κB-regulated genes,including 45 upregulated and 32 downregulated genes,in tumor necrosis factorα(TNFα)-treated pMVECs.Ten of these genes were also found to be regulated by NF-κB in TNFα-treated He La cells.Quantitative real-time PCR(q RT-PCR)assay confirmed the upregulation of Egr1,Tnf,and Btg2 by NF-κB in the TNFα-treated p MVECs.The functional annotation revealed that many NF-κB-regulated genes identified in pMVECs were clustered into classical NF-κB-involved biological processes.Genechip assay also identified 26 NF-κB-regulated miRNAs,of which 21 were upregulated and 5 downregulated,in the TNFα-treated pMVECs.Further analysis showed that nine of the identified genes are regulated by seven of these mi RNAs.Finally,among the identified NF-κB-regulated genes and miRNAs,5 genes and 12 miRNAs were associated with CVD by miRWalk and genetic association database analysis.Taken together,these findings show an intricate gene regulation network raised by NF-κB in TNFα-treated p MVECs.The network provides new insights for understanding the molecular mechanism underlying the progression of CVD.

High uric acid model in Caenorhabditis elegans

To establish experimental high uric acid model in C.elegans.Hypoxanthine,adenine,xanthine,and uric acid were used to treat C.elegans and then hyperuricemic C.elegans was evaluated by allopurinol.Hyperuricemic C.elegans were obtained after normal worms were treated by xanthine(0.25 mg/mL,18 h).For hyperuricemic worms,there was a statistically significant increase in the uric acid level(p<0.001)and a lower drug damage(p>0.05).Moreover,the model was proved to keep a high uric acid level for up to 12 h.After given allopurinol(0.25 mg/mL,12 h),the uric acid of hyperuricemic C.elegans had a significant reduction by 15%.Furthermore,xanthine oxidase activity in hyperuricemic C.elegans showed a statistically significant increase(p<0.001),which resulted in a raised uric acid content.A high uric acid model with low drug damage and high efficiency and stability was established in C.elegans after simply xanthine treatment.

Pleurotus nebrodensis polysaccharide(PN-S) enhances the immunity of immunosuppressed mice

In the present study, the effects of Pleurotus nebrodensis polysaccharide(PN-S) on the immune functions of immunosuppressed mice were determined. The immunosuppressed mouse model was established by treating the mice with cyclophosphamide(40 mg/kg/2d, CY) through intraperitoneal injection. The results showed that PN-S administration significantly reversed the CY-induced weight loss, increased the thymic and splenic indices, and promoted proliferation of T lymphocyte, B lymphocyte, and macrophages. PN-S also enhanced the activity of natural killer cells and increased the immunoglobulin M(Ig M) and immunoglobulin G(Ig G) levels in the serum. In addition, PN-S treatment significantly increased the phagocytic activity of mouse peritoneal macrophages. PN-S also increased the levels of interleukin-6(IL-6), tumor necrosis factor-α(TNF-α), interferon-γ(INF-γ), and nitric oxide(NOS) in splenocytes. q RT-PCR results also indicated that PN-S increased the m RNA expression of IL-6, TNF-α, INF-γ, and nitric oxide synthase(i NOS) in the splenocytes. These results suggest that PN-S treatment enhances the immune function of immunosuppressed mice. This study may provide a basis for the application of this fungus in adjacent immunopotentiating therapy against cancer and in the treatment of chemotherapy-induced immunosuppression.

Genetic investigation of haemoglobinopathies in a large cohort of asymptomatic individuals reveals a higher carrier rate for b-thalassaemia in Sichuan Province (Southwestern China)

The incidence of haemoglobinopathy is high in China,especially south of the Yangtze River.However,the exact status of haemoglobinopathy in Sichuan is unknown.To carry out a detailed research of haemoglobinopathy in individuals living in Sichuan,13,298 subjects without clinical symptoms who were living in Sichuan Province,with an age distribution of 5e73 years,were included in this study.Between March 2014 and July 2017,these subjects received examinations at the Medical Lab of Chengdu Women’s&Children’s Central Hospital.Mean corpuscular volume(MCV)<82 fL or mean corpuscular haemoglobin(MCH)<27 pg was used to indicate haemoglobinopathy carriers.Abnormal haemoglobin was screened by electrophoresis,and genes were sequenced to identify genotypes.Genotype diagnosis of alpha-and beta-thalassaemia was carried out by using PCR and shunt hybridization.There were 638 suspected haemoglobinopathy carriers(4.80%,638/13,298).DNA sequencing identified 6 subjects with abnormal haemoglobin genotypes and 15 subjects with Hb E.The frequency of heterozygosity for thalassaemia was 4.12%(1.48%for α-thalassaemia and 2.61%for β-thalassaemia)in Sichuan Province.The mutation spectrum of α-thalassaemia consisted of the five most common mutations:–^(SEA),-α^(3.7),-α^(4.2),α^(CS),and α^(QS).Seven types of β-thalassaemia mutation were found in this study:CD41-42(-TTCT)was the most frequent(28.47%),followed by 17(A>T),28(A>G),and IVS-Ⅱ-654(C>T).The main abnormal haemoglobin genotype(HbE)and thalassaemia genotype(–^(SEA),CD41-42(-TTCT))were consistent with those in other regions of China,but the carrier rate of β-thalassaemia in Sichuan was higher than that of α-thalassaemia.

Expression of multi-domain type III antifreeze proteins from the Antarctic eelpout (Lycodichths dearborni) in transgenic tobacco plants improves cold resistance

Type III antifreeze proteins(AFPIIIs)are a group of small globular proteins found in some polar fishes to protect them against freezing damage.Transgenic expression of AFPs has been shown to confer cold tolerance to commercially important plants and animals.We have previously isolated multiple AFPIII genes in the Antarctic eelpout(Lycodichthys dearborni)that encode larger AFPIII isoforms with up to 12 of the conventional domains.Here we have introduced the fish AFPIII genes that encode for the monomer(ld1),dimer(ld2),trimer(ld3)and tetramer(ld4)AFPIII isoforms in tobacco plants.Pot-grown 4-week-old transgenic tobacco plants were exposed to cold stress at 4◦C for 30 days and the results show that ld1,ld2,ld3 and ld4 transgenic plants present relatively lower electrolyte leakage and lower content of malondialdehyde(MDA),but accumulated higher content of proline when compared to control plants.This indicates considerable improved membrane integrity under low temperature stress and improvement of the plant cold resistance.The plants transformed with the AFPIII tetramer-and trimer-domains demonstrated a higher cold-tolerant levels when compared with plants transformed with the dimer-and monomer AFPIII domains.Our study further supports that fish AFPIIIs,especially the multidomain proteins,protect cells from non-freezing hypothermic stresses,apart from there well-known function as ice inhibitors molecules at freezing temperature.

The polysaccharide isolated from Pleurotus nebrodensis(PN-S) shows immune-stimulating activity in RAW264.7 macrophages

A novel Pleurotus nebrodensis polysaccharide(PN-S) was purified andcharacterized,and its immune-stimulating activity was evaluated in RAW264.7 macrophages.PN-S induced the proliferation of RAW264.7 cells in a dose-dependent manner,as determined by the MTT assay.After exposure to PN-S,the phagocytosis of the macrophages was significantly improved,with remarkable changes in morphology being observed.Flow cytometric analysis demonstrated that PN-S promoted RAW264.7 cells to progress through S and G2/M phases.PN-S treatment enhanced the productions of interleukin-6(IL-6),nitric oxide(NO),interferon gamma(INF-γ),and tumor necrosis factor-α(TNF-α) in the macrophages,with up-regulation of m RNA expressions of interleukin-6(IL-6),inducible nitric oxide synthase(i NOS),interferon gamma(INF-γ) and tumor necrosis factor-α(TNF-α) being observed in a dose-dependent manner,as measured by q RT-PCR.In conclusion,these results suggest that the purified PN-S can improve immunity by activating macrophages.