A profound split is evident during the period 1670-1730 in the way European scholars and commentators attempted to understand and describe classical Chinese thought. For some, Confucianism acknowledged divine creation...A profound split is evident during the period 1670-1730 in the way European scholars and commentators attempted to understand and describe classical Chinese thought. For some, Confucianism acknowledged divine creation and divine governance of the world, immortality of the soul and other elements of Natural Theology. The Radical Enlightenment thinkers, however, and also some Christian scholars denied that Confucianism was based on Natural Theology or pervaded by belief in divine providence, characterizing it rather as monist, naturalist and Spinozist. The disagreement proved fundamental in several respects and proved divisive for the Church, as well as European thought more generally, producing a series of lively disputes that continued over several decades.展开更多
This paper aims to evaluate how Chart Buddhism played a part in Buddhist discourses reflecting an increased sense of legitimacy in ninth-century East Asia. It may not surprise us that the sinicisation of Buddhism impl...This paper aims to evaluate how Chart Buddhism played a part in Buddhist discourses reflecting an increased sense of legitimacy in ninth-century East Asia. It may not surprise us that the sinicisation of Buddhism implies a process of identity construction to place China in the centre. Culture and religion joined together in this process, first in China and then in Korea. However, the location of centrality or marginality was not fixed in Buddhist ontology. Rather, innovative Buddhist intellects such as Ch＇oe Ch＇iwon （b. 857 A.D.） ventured to create a reversal of centre and margin. In Ch＇oe Ch＇iwon＇s inscriptions for four Korean Son schools （the total of nine schools are also known as nine mountains）, an attempt to supersede China through Chan Buddhism is conspicuous. It is particularly inter- esting to note that, in the context of the cross-border transmission of Buddhism, the mobility of ＂Chan patriarchs＂ was essential in maintaining the legitimacy and continuity. This characteristic of the mobility of Chan patriarchs is seen in the Korean masters depicted by Ch＇oe Ch＇iwon＇s, namely Chingam, Ranghye and Chijong.展开更多
文摘A profound split is evident during the period 1670-1730 in the way European scholars and commentators attempted to understand and describe classical Chinese thought. For some, Confucianism acknowledged divine creation and divine governance of the world, immortality of the soul and other elements of Natural Theology. The Radical Enlightenment thinkers, however, and also some Christian scholars denied that Confucianism was based on Natural Theology or pervaded by belief in divine providence, characterizing it rather as monist, naturalist and Spinozist. The disagreement proved fundamental in several respects and proved divisive for the Church, as well as European thought more generally, producing a series of lively disputes that continued over several decades.
文摘This paper aims to evaluate how Chart Buddhism played a part in Buddhist discourses reflecting an increased sense of legitimacy in ninth-century East Asia. It may not surprise us that the sinicisation of Buddhism implies a process of identity construction to place China in the centre. Culture and religion joined together in this process, first in China and then in Korea. However, the location of centrality or marginality was not fixed in Buddhist ontology. Rather, innovative Buddhist intellects such as Ch＇oe Ch＇iwon （b. 857 A.D.） ventured to create a reversal of centre and margin. In Ch＇oe Ch＇iwon＇s inscriptions for four Korean Son schools （the total of nine schools are also known as nine mountains）, an attempt to supersede China through Chan Buddhism is conspicuous. It is particularly inter- esting to note that, in the context of the cross-border transmission of Buddhism, the mobility of ＂Chan patriarchs＂ was essential in maintaining the legitimacy and continuity. This characteristic of the mobility of Chan patriarchs is seen in the Korean masters depicted by Ch＇oe Ch＇iwon＇s, namely Chingam, Ranghye and Chijong.
