Clostridioides difficile(formerly called Clostridium difficile,C.difficile)infection(CDI)is listed as an urgent threat on the 2019 antibiotic resistance threats report in the United States by the Centers for Disease C...Clostridioides difficile(formerly called Clostridium difficile,C.difficile)infection(CDI)is listed as an urgent threat on the 2019 antibiotic resistance threats report in the United States by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.Early detection and appropriate disease management appear to be essential.Meanwhile,although the majority of cases are hospital-acquired CDI,community-acquired CDI cases are also on the rise,and this vulnerability is not limited to immunocompromised patients.Gastrointestinal treatments and/or gastrointestinal tract surgeries may be required for patients diagnosed with digestive diseases.Such treatments could suppress or interfere with the patient’s immune system and disrupt gut flora homeostasis,creating a suitable microecosystem for C.difficile overgrowth.Currently,stool-based non-invasive screening is the first-line approach to CDI diagnosis,but the accuracy is varied due to different clinical microbiology detection methods;therefore,improving reliability is clearly required.In this review,we briefly summarised the life cycle and toxicity of C.difficile,and we examined existing diagnostic approaches with an emphasis on novel biomarkers such as microRNAs.These biomarkers can be easily detected through noninvasive liquid biopsy and can yield crucial information about ongoing pathological phenomena,particularly in CDI.展开更多
Viral hepatitis C is responsible for a large burden of disease worldwide.Treatment of hepatitis C infection is currently undergoing a revolution with the development of new direct acting antivirals that offer higher c...Viral hepatitis C is responsible for a large burden of disease worldwide.Treatment of hepatitis C infection is currently undergoing a revolution with the development of new direct acting antivirals that offer higher cure rates and fewer side effects than other medications currently available.Treatment options for children,although well-defined and evidencebased,are limited relative to adults as there are few trials regarding the use of these newly developed agents in children.With so much optimism in the development of novel therapeutic options for hepatitis C,it is timely to review and summarize the current standard of care treatment and indications for treatment of chronic hepatitis C in children.We provide here an overview of recent drug developments and their potential for use in children.展开更多
文摘Clostridioides difficile(formerly called Clostridium difficile,C.difficile)infection(CDI)is listed as an urgent threat on the 2019 antibiotic resistance threats report in the United States by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.Early detection and appropriate disease management appear to be essential.Meanwhile,although the majority of cases are hospital-acquired CDI,community-acquired CDI cases are also on the rise,and this vulnerability is not limited to immunocompromised patients.Gastrointestinal treatments and/or gastrointestinal tract surgeries may be required for patients diagnosed with digestive diseases.Such treatments could suppress or interfere with the patient’s immune system and disrupt gut flora homeostasis,creating a suitable microecosystem for C.difficile overgrowth.Currently,stool-based non-invasive screening is the first-line approach to CDI diagnosis,but the accuracy is varied due to different clinical microbiology detection methods;therefore,improving reliability is clearly required.In this review,we briefly summarised the life cycle and toxicity of C.difficile,and we examined existing diagnostic approaches with an emphasis on novel biomarkers such as microRNAs.These biomarkers can be easily detected through noninvasive liquid biopsy and can yield crucial information about ongoing pathological phenomena,particularly in CDI.
文摘Viral hepatitis C is responsible for a large burden of disease worldwide.Treatment of hepatitis C infection is currently undergoing a revolution with the development of new direct acting antivirals that offer higher cure rates and fewer side effects than other medications currently available.Treatment options for children,although well-defined and evidencebased,are limited relative to adults as there are few trials regarding the use of these newly developed agents in children.With so much optimism in the development of novel therapeutic options for hepatitis C,it is timely to review and summarize the current standard of care treatment and indications for treatment of chronic hepatitis C in children.We provide here an overview of recent drug developments and their potential for use in children.
