Penicillium simplicissimum was cultured and preserved on the potato dextrose agar(PDA)medium.PDA-RBBR(Remazal Brilliant Blue R)medium was used for the screening of the strains,which is able to produce enzymes.After th...Penicillium simplicissimum was cultured and preserved on the potato dextrose agar(PDA)medium.PDA-RBBR(Remazal Brilliant Blue R)medium was used for the screening of the strains,which is able to produce enzymes.After the mutation process in Penicillium simplicissimum induced by chemical reagent and ultraviolet radiation,a high laccase-producing strains Penicillium simplicissimum was obtained.When 5 m L diethyl sulfate(2%)was mixed along with 5 m L spore suspension for 30 min,chemical mutagenesis reached its best condition.And the optimum conditions of UV mutagenesis were that spore suspension was irradiated for 4 min under 15 W UV lamp at a distance of 30 cm.The highest activity of C_5E_4 strains was 4.80 U/g over 18%higher than the maximum laccase activity of original microorganism.Five generations of the mutant strains were cultured,and the laccase activity of the strains was measured.The result showed that C_5E_4 strains can product laccase of the five subcultures stably.展开更多
Energy limitation of traditional Wireless Sensor Networks(WSNs)greatly confines the network lifetime due to generating and processing massive sensing data with a limited battery.The energy harvesting WSN is a novel ne...Energy limitation of traditional Wireless Sensor Networks(WSNs)greatly confines the network lifetime due to generating and processing massive sensing data with a limited battery.The energy harvesting WSN is a novel network architecture to address the limitation of traditional WSN.However,existing coverage and deployment schemes neglect the environmental correlation of sensor nodes and external energy with respect to physical space.Comprehensively considering the spatial correlation of the environment and the uneven distribution of energy in energy harvesting WSN,we investigate how to deploy a collection of sensor nodes to save the deployment cost while ensuring the target perpetual coverage.The Confident Information Coverage(CIC)model is adopted to formulate the CIC Minimum Deployment Cost Target Perpetual Coverage(CICMTP)problem to minimize the deployed sensor nodes.As the CICMTP is NP-hard,we devise two approximation algorithms named Local Greedy Threshold Algorithm based on CIC(LGTA-CIC)and Overall Greedy Search Algorithm based on CIC(OGSA-CIC).The LGTA-CIC has a low time complexity and the OGSA-CIC has a better approximation rate.Extensive simulation results demonstrate that the OGSA-CIC is able to achieve lower deployment cost and the performance of the proposed algorithms outperforms GRNP,TPNP and EENP algorithms.展开更多
Purpose: Online reviews on tourism attractions provide important references for potential tourists to choose tourism spots. The main goal of this study is conducting sentiment analysis to facilitate users comprehendin...Purpose: Online reviews on tourism attractions provide important references for potential tourists to choose tourism spots. The main goal of this study is conducting sentiment analysis to facilitate users comprehending the large scale of the reviews, based on the comments about Chinese attractions from Japanese tourism website 4 Travel.Design/methodology/approach: Different statistics-and rule-based methods are used to analyze the sentiment of the reviews. Three groups of novel statistics-based methods combining feature selection functions and the traditional term frequency-inverse document frequency(TF-IDF) method are proposed. We also make seven groups of different rulesbased methods. The macro-average and micro-average values for the best classification results of the methods are calculated respectively and the performance of the methods are shown.Findings: We compare the statistics-based and rule-based methods separately and compare the overall performance of the two method. According to the results, it is concluded that the combination of feature selection functions and weightings can strongly improve the overall performance. The emotional vocabulary in the field of tourism(EVT), kaomojis, negative and transitional words can notably improve the performance in all of three categories. The rule-based methods outperform the statistics-based ones with a narrow advantage.Research limitation: Two limitations can be addressed: 1) the empirical studies to verify the validity of the proposed methods are only conducted on Japanese languages; and 2) the deep learning technology is not been incorporated in the methods.Practical implications: The results help to elucidate the intrinsic characteristics of the Japanese language and the influence on sentiment analysis. These findings also provide practical usage guidelines within the field of sentiment analysis of Japanese online tourism reviews.Originality/value: Our research is of practicability. Currently, there are no studies that focus on the sentiment analysis of Japanese reviews about Chinese attractions.展开更多
The existing early-warning system in metro construction are generally based on traditional single-sensor data and simple analytic model, which makes it difficult to deal with the complex and comprehensive environment ...The existing early-warning system in metro construction are generally based on traditional single-sensor data and simple analytic model, which makes it difficult to deal with the complex and comprehensive environment in metro construction. In this paper, the framework of early-warning threshold for metro construction collapse risk based on D-S evidence theory and rough set is built. By combining the primary data fusion collected based on rough set with the secondary data fusion which is based on D-S evidence theory, the integration of multiple information in metro construction is realized and the risk assessment methods are optimized. A case trial based on Hangzhou metro construction collapse accident is also carried out to exemplify the framework. The empirical analysis guarantees the completeness and independence of the prediction information, and realizes the dynamic prediction of the variation trend of metro construction collapse risk.展开更多
Honghu Lake, which is listed in the Ramsar Convention, was found to be contaminated with elevated nutrients to a certain extent.This study investigated the seasonal variation of major nutrients and probabilistic eutro...Honghu Lake, which is listed in the Ramsar Convention, was found to be contaminated with elevated nutrients to a certain extent.This study investigated the seasonal variation of major nutrients and probabilistic eutrophic state in surface water from Honghu Lake. Average concentrations of total nitrogen(TN), total phosphorus(TP), chlorophyll-a(Chl-a), chemical oxygen demand(COD_(Mn)) and transparency(SD) in summer and winter generally exceeded Grade III of the Chinese environmental quality standards for surface water(GB 3838-2002), with the exception of COD_(Mn)in winter. Mean concentrations of Chl-a and COD_(Mn) in summer were higher than that in winter, while mean concentrations of TN, TP and SD were slightly higher in winter. The improved probabilistic comprehensive trophic level index(PTLI) method based on stochastic-fuzzy theory was established to evaluate the eutrophic state in Honghu Lake. Compared with the Monte-Carlo sampling method, the Latin Hypercube sampling(LH-TFN) method was selected for the evaluation simulation due to its efficiency and stability. Evaluation results indicated that mean PTLI in summer(69.70) and winter(61.96) were both subordinated to Grade IV(Medium eutrophication). The corresponding reliability of eutrophication level subordinating to Grade IV in summer was of relatively low reliability(51.27%),which might mislead decision makers to some extent and suggest recheck. The probabilistic eutrophication level in summer developed with a trend from medium to severe eutrophication. Sensitivity analysis illustrated that COD_(Mn)and Chl-a were the priority pollutants in summer, with the contributions to PTLI of 43.3% and 22.5% respectively. Chl-a was the priority pollutant in winter, with the contribution to PTLI up to 51.3%.展开更多
Safety accidents occure frequently during metro construction, which are mainly caused by human factors, and the incidence of accidents can be increased due to the overlap of human factors and physical factors. The hum...Safety accidents occure frequently during metro construction, which are mainly caused by human factors, and the incidence of accidents can be increased due to the overlap of human factors and physical factors. The human factors are taken as breakthrough to make early warning for the human insecurity factors in the metro construction, which can effectively reduce the occurrence of safety accidents. This paper proposes the principle of total monitoring and early-warning management. The unsafe behaviors in metro construction when approaching the hazardous area and non-standard safety prevention measures are analyzed to design and model the early warning process of unsafe behaviors in metro construction. Finally, the model is analyzed and verified using actual examples.展开更多
Legal affair simulation is on the basis of information technology, and can simulate legal scene. College students do legal experiments with virtual reality scene. This helps to train college students. Petri net has no...Legal affair simulation is on the basis of information technology, and can simulate legal scene. College students do legal experiments with virtual reality scene. This helps to train college students. Petri net has not only strict math definition to analyze the dynamic behavior of models, but also intuitive graphic expression. Petri net is used to model for legal process. Reduction rules of Petri net are used to analyze the correctness of the system. At last Java Business Process Management(JBPM) technology is used to realize legal affair simulation models, models are transformed into flow charts. Simulation software deduces processes of legal affair. Many college students have improved their ability with the software, the fact proves that the method is effective.展开更多
Transposable elements(TEs)are a major determinant of eukaryotic genome size.The collective properties of a genomic TE community reveal the history of TE/host evolutionary dynamics and impact present-day host structure...Transposable elements(TEs)are a major determinant of eukaryotic genome size.The collective properties of a genomic TE community reveal the history of TE/host evolutionary dynamics and impact present-day host structure and function,from genome to organism levels.In rare cases,TE community/genome size has greatly expanded in animals,associated with increased cell size and changes to anatomy and physiology.Here,we characterize the TE landscape of the genome and transcriptome in an amphibian with a giant genome—the caecilian Ichthyophis bannanicus,which we show has a genome size of 12.2 Gb.Amphibians are an important model system because the clade includes independent cases of genomic gigantism.The I.bannanicus genome differs compositionally from other giant amphibian genomes,but shares a low rate of ectopic recombination-mediated deletion.We examine TE activity using expression and divergence plots;TEs account for 15%of somatic transcription,and most superfamilies appear active.We quantify TE diversity in the caecilian,as well as other vertebrates with a range of genome sizes,using diversity indices commonly applied in community ecology.We synthesize previous models that integrate TE abundance,diversity,and activity,and test whether the caecilian meets model predictions for genomes with high TE abundance.We propose thorough,consistent characterization of TEs to strengthen future comparative analyses.Such analyses will ultimately be required to reveal whether the divergent TE assemblages found across convergent gigantic genomes reflect fundamental shared features of TE/host genome evolutionary dynamics.展开更多
Brain-derived neurotrophic factor(BDNF)regulates a variety of biological processes predominantly via binding to the transmembrane receptor tyrosine kinase TrkB.It is a potential therapeutic target in numerous neurolog...Brain-derived neurotrophic factor(BDNF)regulates a variety of biological processes predominantly via binding to the transmembrane receptor tyrosine kinase TrkB.It is a potential therapeutic target in numerous neurological,mental and metabolic disorders.However,the lack of efficient means to deliver BDNF into the body imposes an insurmountable hurdle to its clinical application.To address this challenge,we initiated a cell-based drug screening to search for small molecules that act as the TrkB agonist.7,8-Dihydroxyflavone(7,8-DHF)is our first reported small molecular TrkB agonist,which has now been extensively validated in various biochemical and cellular systems.Though binding to the extracellular domain of TrkB,7,8-DHF triggers TrkB dimerization to induce the downstream signaling.Notably,7,8-DHF is orally bioactive that can penetrate the brain blood barrier(BBB)to exert its neurotrophic activities in the central nervous system.Numerous reports suggest 7,8-DHF processes promising therapeutic efficacy in various animal disease models that are related to deficient BDNF signaling.In this review,we summarize our current knowledge on the binding activity and specificity,structure-activity relationship,pharmacokinetic and metabolism,and the pre-clinical efficacy of 7,8-DHF against some human diseases.展开更多
Microplastics(MPs)are widely present in a variety of environmental media and have attracted more and more attention worldwide.However,the effect of MPs on the interaction between heavy metals and soil,especially in so...Microplastics(MPs)are widely present in a variety of environmental media and have attracted more and more attention worldwide.However,the effect of MPs on the interaction between heavy metals and soil,especially in soil solid fraction level,is not well understood.In this study,batch experiments were performed to investigate the adsorption characteristics of Cd in bulk soil and three soil solid fractions(i.e.particulate organo matter(POM),organic-mineral compounds(OMC),and mineral)with or without polypropylene(PP)MPs.The results showed that the addition of PP-MPs reduced the Cd adsorption capacity of the bulk soil in aqueous solution,and the effects varied with PP-MPs dose and aging degree.Whereas,the responses of the three fractions to PP-MPs were different.In presence of PP-MPs,the POM and OMC fractions showed negative adsorption effects,while the mineral fraction showed positive adsorption.For the bulk soil,POM and OMC fractions,the adsorption isotherm fitted to the Langmuir model better than the Freundlich model,whereas,the Freundlich isotherm model was more fitted for the mineral fraction.Combined with the comprehensive analysis of the partitioning coefficients,XRD and FTIR results,it was found that OMC fraction extremely likely play a leading role in the bulk soil adsorption of Cd in this study.Overall,the effect of MPs on adsorption capacity of the bulk soil for Cd may be determined by the proportion of POM,OMC,and mineral fractions in the soil,but further confirmation is needed.展开更多
基金Projects(51178172,51308076,51408206,51578222)supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of ChinaProject(113049A)supported by the Ministry of Education of China
文摘Penicillium simplicissimum was cultured and preserved on the potato dextrose agar(PDA)medium.PDA-RBBR(Remazal Brilliant Blue R)medium was used for the screening of the strains,which is able to produce enzymes.After the mutation process in Penicillium simplicissimum induced by chemical reagent and ultraviolet radiation,a high laccase-producing strains Penicillium simplicissimum was obtained.When 5 m L diethyl sulfate(2%)was mixed along with 5 m L spore suspension for 30 min,chemical mutagenesis reached its best condition.And the optimum conditions of UV mutagenesis were that spore suspension was irradiated for 4 min under 15 W UV lamp at a distance of 30 cm.The highest activity of C_5E_4 strains was 4.80 U/g over 18%higher than the maximum laccase activity of original microorganism.Five generations of the mutant strains were cultured,and the laccase activity of the strains was measured.The result showed that C_5E_4 strains can product laccase of the five subcultures stably.
基金supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.61871209,No.62272182 and No.61901210)Shenzhen Science and Technology Program under Grant JCYJ20220530161004009+2 种基金Natural Science Foundation of Hubei Province(Grant No.2022CF011)Wuhan Business University Doctoral Fundamental Research Funds(Grant No.2021KB005)in part by Artificial Intelligence and Intelligent Transportation Joint Technical Center of HUST and Hubei Chutian Intelligent Transportation Co.,LTD under project Intelligent Tunnel Integrated Monitoring and Management System.
文摘Energy limitation of traditional Wireless Sensor Networks(WSNs)greatly confines the network lifetime due to generating and processing massive sensing data with a limited battery.The energy harvesting WSN is a novel network architecture to address the limitation of traditional WSN.However,existing coverage and deployment schemes neglect the environmental correlation of sensor nodes and external energy with respect to physical space.Comprehensively considering the spatial correlation of the environment and the uneven distribution of energy in energy harvesting WSN,we investigate how to deploy a collection of sensor nodes to save the deployment cost while ensuring the target perpetual coverage.The Confident Information Coverage(CIC)model is adopted to formulate the CIC Minimum Deployment Cost Target Perpetual Coverage(CICMTP)problem to minimize the deployed sensor nodes.As the CICMTP is NP-hard,we devise two approximation algorithms named Local Greedy Threshold Algorithm based on CIC(LGTA-CIC)and Overall Greedy Search Algorithm based on CIC(OGSA-CIC).The LGTA-CIC has a low time complexity and the OGSA-CIC has a better approximation rate.Extensive simulation results demonstrate that the OGSA-CIC is able to achieve lower deployment cost and the performance of the proposed algorithms outperforms GRNP,TPNP and EENP algorithms.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China under the grant #71373286 and # 71603189the Major Project of the Ministry of Education of China (Grant No. 17JZD034)
文摘Purpose: Online reviews on tourism attractions provide important references for potential tourists to choose tourism spots. The main goal of this study is conducting sentiment analysis to facilitate users comprehending the large scale of the reviews, based on the comments about Chinese attractions from Japanese tourism website 4 Travel.Design/methodology/approach: Different statistics-and rule-based methods are used to analyze the sentiment of the reviews. Three groups of novel statistics-based methods combining feature selection functions and the traditional term frequency-inverse document frequency(TF-IDF) method are proposed. We also make seven groups of different rulesbased methods. The macro-average and micro-average values for the best classification results of the methods are calculated respectively and the performance of the methods are shown.Findings: We compare the statistics-based and rule-based methods separately and compare the overall performance of the two method. According to the results, it is concluded that the combination of feature selection functions and weightings can strongly improve the overall performance. The emotional vocabulary in the field of tourism(EVT), kaomojis, negative and transitional words can notably improve the performance in all of three categories. The rule-based methods outperform the statistics-based ones with a narrow advantage.Research limitation: Two limitations can be addressed: 1) the empirical studies to verify the validity of the proposed methods are only conducted on Japanese languages; and 2) the deep learning technology is not been incorporated in the methods.Practical implications: The results help to elucidate the intrinsic characteristics of the Japanese language and the influence on sentiment analysis. These findings also provide practical usage guidelines within the field of sentiment analysis of Japanese online tourism reviews.Originality/value: Our research is of practicability. Currently, there are no studies that focus on the sentiment analysis of Japanese reviews about Chinese attractions.
基金Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(71603284)the Humanity and Social Science Research Foundation of Ministry of Education(16YJC630068)
文摘The existing early-warning system in metro construction are generally based on traditional single-sensor data and simple analytic model, which makes it difficult to deal with the complex and comprehensive environment in metro construction. In this paper, the framework of early-warning threshold for metro construction collapse risk based on D-S evidence theory and rough set is built. By combining the primary data fusion collected based on rough set with the secondary data fusion which is based on D-S evidence theory, the integration of multiple information in metro construction is realized and the risk assessment methods are optimized. A case trial based on Hangzhou metro construction collapse accident is also carried out to exemplify the framework. The empirical analysis guarantees the completeness and independence of the prediction information, and realizes the dynamic prediction of the variation trend of metro construction collapse risk.
基金supported by the Humanities and Social Sciences Foundation of Ministry of Education of China(Grant No.17YJCZH081)Natural Science Foundation of Hubei Province and the Science and Technology Research Project of Hubei Provincial Education Department(Grant No.B2017601)
文摘Honghu Lake, which is listed in the Ramsar Convention, was found to be contaminated with elevated nutrients to a certain extent.This study investigated the seasonal variation of major nutrients and probabilistic eutrophic state in surface water from Honghu Lake. Average concentrations of total nitrogen(TN), total phosphorus(TP), chlorophyll-a(Chl-a), chemical oxygen demand(COD_(Mn)) and transparency(SD) in summer and winter generally exceeded Grade III of the Chinese environmental quality standards for surface water(GB 3838-2002), with the exception of COD_(Mn)in winter. Mean concentrations of Chl-a and COD_(Mn) in summer were higher than that in winter, while mean concentrations of TN, TP and SD were slightly higher in winter. The improved probabilistic comprehensive trophic level index(PTLI) method based on stochastic-fuzzy theory was established to evaluate the eutrophic state in Honghu Lake. Compared with the Monte-Carlo sampling method, the Latin Hypercube sampling(LH-TFN) method was selected for the evaluation simulation due to its efficiency and stability. Evaluation results indicated that mean PTLI in summer(69.70) and winter(61.96) were both subordinated to Grade IV(Medium eutrophication). The corresponding reliability of eutrophication level subordinating to Grade IV in summer was of relatively low reliability(51.27%),which might mislead decision makers to some extent and suggest recheck. The probabilistic eutrophication level in summer developed with a trend from medium to severe eutrophication. Sensitivity analysis illustrated that COD_(Mn)and Chl-a were the priority pollutants in summer, with the contributions to PTLI of 43.3% and 22.5% respectively. Chl-a was the priority pollutant in winter, with the contribution to PTLI up to 51.3%.
基金Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(71603284)the Humanity and Social Science Research Foundation of Ministry of Education PRC(16YJC630068)the China Postdoctoral Science Foundation(2019T120718,2018M630918).
文摘Safety accidents occure frequently during metro construction, which are mainly caused by human factors, and the incidence of accidents can be increased due to the overlap of human factors and physical factors. The human factors are taken as breakthrough to make early warning for the human insecurity factors in the metro construction, which can effectively reduce the occurrence of safety accidents. This paper proposes the principle of total monitoring and early-warning management. The unsafe behaviors in metro construction when approaching the hazardous area and non-standard safety prevention measures are analyzed to design and model the early warning process of unsafe behaviors in metro construction. Finally, the model is analyzed and verified using actual examples.
基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.61602518)
文摘Legal affair simulation is on the basis of information technology, and can simulate legal scene. College students do legal experiments with virtual reality scene. This helps to train college students. Petri net has not only strict math definition to analyze the dynamic behavior of models, but also intuitive graphic expression. Petri net is used to model for legal process. Reduction rules of Petri net are used to analyze the correctness of the system. At last Java Business Process Management(JBPM) technology is used to realize legal affair simulation models, models are transformed into flow charts. Simulation software deduces processes of legal affair. Many college students have improved their ability with the software, the fact proves that the method is effective.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.31570391 to WJ)the National Key R&D Program of China(Grant No.2016YFC0503200)the National Science Foundation of USA(Grant No.1911585 to RLM)
文摘Transposable elements(TEs)are a major determinant of eukaryotic genome size.The collective properties of a genomic TE community reveal the history of TE/host evolutionary dynamics and impact present-day host structure and function,from genome to organism levels.In rare cases,TE community/genome size has greatly expanded in animals,associated with increased cell size and changes to anatomy and physiology.Here,we characterize the TE landscape of the genome and transcriptome in an amphibian with a giant genome—the caecilian Ichthyophis bannanicus,which we show has a genome size of 12.2 Gb.Amphibians are an important model system because the clade includes independent cases of genomic gigantism.The I.bannanicus genome differs compositionally from other giant amphibian genomes,but shares a low rate of ectopic recombination-mediated deletion.We examine TE activity using expression and divergence plots;TEs account for 15%of somatic transcription,and most superfamilies appear active.We quantify TE diversity in the caecilian,as well as other vertebrates with a range of genome sizes,using diversity indices commonly applied in community ecology.We synthesize previous models that integrate TE abundance,diversity,and activity,and test whether the caecilian meets model predictions for genomes with high TE abundance.We propose thorough,consistent characterization of TEs to strengthen future comparative analyses.Such analyses will ultimately be required to reveal whether the divergent TE assemblages found across convergent gigantic genomes reflect fundamental shared features of TE/host genome evolutionary dynamics.
基金This work is supported by grant from National Institute of Health(NS045627)to KYe.
文摘Brain-derived neurotrophic factor(BDNF)regulates a variety of biological processes predominantly via binding to the transmembrane receptor tyrosine kinase TrkB.It is a potential therapeutic target in numerous neurological,mental and metabolic disorders.However,the lack of efficient means to deliver BDNF into the body imposes an insurmountable hurdle to its clinical application.To address this challenge,we initiated a cell-based drug screening to search for small molecules that act as the TrkB agonist.7,8-Dihydroxyflavone(7,8-DHF)is our first reported small molecular TrkB agonist,which has now been extensively validated in various biochemical and cellular systems.Though binding to the extracellular domain of TrkB,7,8-DHF triggers TrkB dimerization to induce the downstream signaling.Notably,7,8-DHF is orally bioactive that can penetrate the brain blood barrier(BBB)to exert its neurotrophic activities in the central nervous system.Numerous reports suggest 7,8-DHF processes promising therapeutic efficacy in various animal disease models that are related to deficient BDNF signaling.In this review,we summarize our current knowledge on the binding activity and specificity,structure-activity relationship,pharmacokinetic and metabolism,and the pre-clinical efficacy of 7,8-DHF against some human diseases.
基金This work was Supported by the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities,Zhongnan University of Economics and Law(Nos.2722020JCG065,2722021BX026 and 202151413).
文摘Microplastics(MPs)are widely present in a variety of environmental media and have attracted more and more attention worldwide.However,the effect of MPs on the interaction between heavy metals and soil,especially in soil solid fraction level,is not well understood.In this study,batch experiments were performed to investigate the adsorption characteristics of Cd in bulk soil and three soil solid fractions(i.e.particulate organo matter(POM),organic-mineral compounds(OMC),and mineral)with or without polypropylene(PP)MPs.The results showed that the addition of PP-MPs reduced the Cd adsorption capacity of the bulk soil in aqueous solution,and the effects varied with PP-MPs dose and aging degree.Whereas,the responses of the three fractions to PP-MPs were different.In presence of PP-MPs,the POM and OMC fractions showed negative adsorption effects,while the mineral fraction showed positive adsorption.For the bulk soil,POM and OMC fractions,the adsorption isotherm fitted to the Langmuir model better than the Freundlich model,whereas,the Freundlich isotherm model was more fitted for the mineral fraction.Combined with the comprehensive analysis of the partitioning coefficients,XRD and FTIR results,it was found that OMC fraction extremely likely play a leading role in the bulk soil adsorption of Cd in this study.Overall,the effect of MPs on adsorption capacity of the bulk soil for Cd may be determined by the proportion of POM,OMC,and mineral fractions in the soil,but further confirmation is needed.