Comparative Study on Energy Consumption Structure of Ordinary Rural Households and Rural Tourism Households in Zhejiang Province, China

With the rapid development of rural tourism in China, more and more rural households operate a rural tourism business. The purpose of this study is to understand the energy consumption characteristic of ordinary rural households (ORHs) and rural tourism households (RTHs) in the mountainous area and islands area in Zhejiang province. 225 households were surveyed, including 185 ORHs and 40 RTHs, based on a field survey in Quzhou (mountainous area) and Zhoushan (islands area). Results reveal that energy consumption of ORHs is low, but energy comsumption of RTHs is high, about 3 to 5 times higher than that of ORHs. Given the results, the government and RTHs should pay more attention to take measures to reduce energy comsumption. Meanwhile, the factors affecting households’ energy consumption are also analyzed. Energy consumption of ORHs is affected by frequently used area, family income level and permanent population. Then energy consumption of RTHs is mainly related to the total building area, number of air conditioner (AC), number of guestrooms and family income level.

Sex ratio, floral traits, and genetic variation of androdioecious Osmanthus fragrans L. (Oleaceae) and the implications for maintenance of high male frequency

Several examples of androdioecy appear to have evolved from dioecy and have low male frequency(<0.5).However,the evolutionary pathway to androdioecy in Oleaceae may come from hermaphroditism.Osmanthus fragrans L.has a 1:1 sex ratio in nature populations.Significant differences are observed not only in flowering phenology but also in some floral traits between males and hermaphrodites.The protandry in the same population and the protogyny in the same plant may promote the xenogamy between genders.The majority of flower traits related with the pollen production are different between males and hermaphrodites.Males bear more flowering nodes,and more flowers per node,and larger anther in all three populations.This characteristic demonstrated that males have more male advantage than hermaphrodites.Population genetic structure of O.fragrans is genetically homogeneous at the species level,and most variations exist within a population.The percentage of variation among populations(13%)and between males and hermaphrodites(0%)is low.Moreover,genetic differentiation was very low between genders not only among populations but also in the same population.This genetic variation could be attributed to the occurrence of high levels of xenogamy between genders.Therefore,high male frequency and more male fitness advantage in males are the essential conditions for this mating system,which plays an important role during population reproduction and regeneration.The 1:1 sex ratio could be the result of integrative effects of sexual system,mating system,and reproductive success.

Research on Energy Consumption of Traditional Natural Villages in Transition: A Case Study in Zhejiang Province

Traditional agriculture is in the direction of increasing integration of the primary industry, secondary industry, and tertiary industry in Zhejiang province. A survey was undertaken on energy consumption of traditional natural villages by taking Anji Ligeng village for an example. This paper firstly studied rural buildings, rural family structure, occupants’ activity and the usage of household appliances in the form of a questionnaire. Then, the household energy resource structure and energy consumption structure were analyzed and compared with other surveys. The results show that, the electric energy consumption was 6 kWh/(m2•a), which was far less than urban residential household. In rural household energy resource structure, the proportion of non-commercial energy resource was higher than commercial energy resource. Firewood accounted for 83%, electricity for 12%, LPG for 3% and solar energy for 2%. In building energy consumption structure, cooking and hot water took up 33%, appliances 31%, lighting 20%, heating 12%, cooling 4%. In all influential factors, frequently used area, number of air conditioner per household and building function were obviously correlated with energy consumption;income, building shape factor and window to wall area ratio had no correlation with energy consumption in the low energy consumption area.

Survey and Field Measurement on Residential Lifestyle and Energy Use in Rural China

In the middle of May to September 2014, the research team conducted survey and field measurement on rural residential energy consumption and environment condition in China’s local city in order to grasp the lifestyle pattern and its correlation on energy use in the demand side. In this paper, the analyses of people lifestyle and summer energy consumption will be presented through statistical analyses based on data which collected from questionnaire survey. The results of questionnaire were presented and discussed. Based on the questionnaire results, we classified the housing types into several groups then compared the energy use of each type. The major influential factors on housing energy consumption were analyzed and the results were discussed. The results of field measurement during summer which conducted to several types of houses were also discussed. Finally, the results will propose some strategies on lowering housing energy use in the village. Further, the results will give conceptual layout to find the correlation between environmental quality, thermal condition, and energy consumption.

旱区小麦植株竞争导致的公地悲剧,是源自遗传性状还是源自可塑性性状?

作物的生长冗余,也就是营养器官的过度生长,常常对作物产量不利,因此被称为作物的‘公地悲剧’。作物品种内相邻植株之间的资源竞争也会导致可塑性的营养器官的过度生长,因此被称为可塑性的公地悲剧。然而,目前有关这种可塑性的公地悲剧如何响应不同作物品种和不同的资源水平的研究较少。本研究设计了盆栽实验来探索这一问题。为设置根系竞争和无竞争两种处理,把同品种两个植株栽种在同一花盆中,分别用尼龙和塑料进行隔离;采用了两个小麦品种(古老品种和尚头和现代品种92-46),设置了两个资源水平处理。研究结果表明,与92-46相比,和尚头品种把资源更多地分配给茎叶,更少地分配给种子。异速生长数据显示,在24对尼龙隔离和塑料隔离处理的比较中,只有4对显示出程度很小的差异。异速生长数据还显示,相比和尚头品种,92-46品种对增加资源的响应程度更小。基于有限样本大小,本研究揭示了作物地上部分营养生长和繁殖生长之间的权衡关系。正是这种权衡关系,导致了和尚头小麦品种的‘公地悲剧’式生长,同时也使得92-46小麦品种的种子产量得以提升。小麦的公地悲剧更可能是源自遗传性状(比如古老品种的生长冗余),而不太可能是源自植株的可塑性冗余生长。现代小麦品种92-46可能采用了节约型的资源利用方式,而古老品种则采取的是消耗型策略。综上所述,本研究表明育种工作者应当选育个体竞争力低的基因型。