Resilience and response:Unveiling the impacts of extreme droughts on forests through integrated dendrochronological and remote sensing analyses

Extreme droughts are anticipated to have detrimental impacts on forest ecosystems,especially in water-limited regions,due to the influence of climate change.However,considerable uncertainty remains regarding the patterns in species-specific responses to extreme droughts.Here,we conducted a study integrating dendrochronology and remote sensing methods to investigate the mosaic-distributed maple-oak(native)natural forests and poplar plantations(introduced)in the Horqin Sandy Land,Northeast China.We assessed the impacts of extreme droughts on tree performances by measuring interannual variations in radial growth and vegetation index.The results showed that precipitation and self-calibrated palmer drought severity index(scPDSI)are the major factors influencing tree-ring width index(RWI)and normalized difference vegetation index(NDVI).The severe droughts between 2000 and 2004 resulted in reduced RWI in the three studied tree species as well as led to NDVI reductions in both the maple-oak natural forests and the poplar plantations.The RWI reached the nadir during the2000-2004 severe droughts and remained at low levels two years after the severe drought,creating a legacy effect.In contrast to the lack of significant correlation between RWI and scPDSI,NDVI exhibited a significant positive correlation with scPDSI indicating the greater sensitivity of canopy performance to droughts than radial growth.Furthermore,interspecific differences in RWI and NDVI responses were observed,with the fast-growing poplar species experiencing a more significant RWI decrease and more negative NDVI anomaly during severe droughts than native species,highlighting the species-specific trade-offs between drought resilience and growth rate.This study emphasizes the importance of combining tree-level radial growth with landscape-scale canopy remote sensing to understand forest resilience and response.Our study improves our understanding of forest responses to extreme drought and highlights species differences in climate responses,offering crucial insights for optimizing species selection in sustainable afforestation and forest management in water-limited regions under the influence of climate change.

A dual-RPA based lateral flow strip for sensitive,on-site detection of CP4-EPSPS and Cry1Ab/Ac genes in genetically modified crops

Traditional transgenic detection methods require high test conditions and struggle to be both sensitive and efficient.In this study,a one-tube dual recombinase polymerase amplification(RPA)reaction system for CP4-EPSPS and Cry1Ab/Ac was proposed and combined with a lateral flow immunochromatographic assay,named“Dual-RPA-LFD”,to visualize the dual detection of genetically modified(GM)crops.In which,the herbicide tolerance gene CP4-EPSPS and the insect resistance gene Cry1Ab/Ac were selected as targets taking into account the current status of the most widespread application of insect resistance and herbicide tolerance traits and their stacked traits.Gradient diluted plasmids,transgenic standards,and actual samples were used as templates to conduct sensitivity,specificity,and practicality assays,respectively.The constructed method achieved the visual detection of plasmid at levels as low as 100 copies,demonstrating its high sensitivity.In addition,good applicability to transgenic samples was observed,with no cross-interference between two test lines and no influence from other genes.In conclusion,this strategy achieved the expected purpose of simultaneous detection of the two popular targets in GM crops within 20 min at 37°C in a rapid,equipmentfree field manner,providing a new alternative for rapid screening for transgenic assays in the field.

OsFK1 encodes C-14 sterol reductase,which is involved in sterol biosynthesis and affects premature aging of leaves in rice

The enzyme C-14 sterol reductase is involved in biosynthesis of brassinosteroids(BR)and sterols,as well as plant development.OsFK1,a member of the sterol biosynthesis pathway located in the endoplasmic reticulum(ER),encodes C-14 sterol reductase.However,there is little research on the function of C-14 sterol reductase in rice.Compared with the wild type,an osfk1 mutant showed dwarf phenotype and premature aging in the second leaf during the trefoil stage,and abnormal development of leaf veins during the tillering stage.The osfk1 mutant showed signs of aberrant PCD,as evidenced by TUNEL staining.This suggested that high ROS buildup caused DNA damage and ROS-mediated cell death in the mutant.The osfk1 mutant also showed decreased chlorophyll content and aberrant chloroplast structure.Sequencing of the osfk1 mutant allele revealed a non-synonymous G to A mutation in the final intron,leading to early termination.Here,we identified the OsFK1 allele,cloned it by Mutmap sequencing,and verified it by complementation.HPLC-MS/MS assays demonstrated that the osfk1 mutation caused lower phytosterol levels.These findings showed that the OsFK1 allele encoding C-14 sterol reductase is involved in phytosterol biosynthesis and mediates normal development of rice plants.

Insights into the interplay between gut microbiota and lipid metabolism in the obesity management of canines and felines

Obesity is a prevalent chronic disease that has significant negative impacts on humans and our companion animals,including dogs and cats.Obesity occurs with multiple comorbidities,such as diabetes,hypertension,heart disease and osteoarthritis in dogs and cats.A direct link between lipid metabolism dysregulation and obesity-associated diseases has been implicated.However,the understanding of such pathophysiology in companion animals is lim-ited.This review aims to address the role of lipid metabolism in various metabolic disorders associated with obesity,emphasizing the involvement of the gut microbiota.Furthermore,we also discuss the management of obesity,including approaches like nutritional interventions,thus providing novel insights into obesity prevention and treatment for canines and felines.

Hybrid Teaching Reform of Veterinary Microbiology Based on the Combination of Virtual Simulation and Problem-Based Learning

The Veterinary Microbiology course is centered around the diagnosis and testing of pathogenic microorganisms,with the core value of“moral education and character development.”It reconstructs multidimensional teaching resources by integrating disciplinary achievements with clinical cases and implements a hybrid teaching approach combining virtual simulation and problem-based learning(PBL)through the“three stages+four models+three reflections”framework.Dual-qualification teachers employ various teaching methods,create a“six-in-one”model for ideological and political education,and conduct formative assessments based on the principles of diversified objectives and process emphasis.The hybrid teaching reform addresses issues such as fragmented knowledge,insufficient class hours,weak animal disease diagnostic abilities among students,limited application and expansion of knowledge points,and students’lack of proactive critical thinking skills.The application of hybrid teaching has shown significant advantages and effectiveness,providing a reference for teaching reform in similar microbiology courses.

Protective effect of thodioloside and bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells infected with HIF-1-expressing adenovirus on acute spinal cord injury

Rhodioloside has been shown to protect cells from hypoxia injury,and bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells have a good effect on tissue repair.To study the effects of rhodioloside and bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells on spinal cord injury,a rat model of spinal cord injury was established using the Infinite Horizons method.After establishing the model,the rats were randomly divided into five groups.Rats in the control group were intragastrically injected with phosphate buffered saline(PBS)(5μL).PBS was injected at 6 equidistant points around 5 mm from the injury site and at a depth of 5 mm.Rats in the rhodioloside group were intragastrically injected with rhodioloside(5 g/kg)and intramuscularly injected with PBS.Rats in the mesenchymal stem cell(MSC)group were intramuscularly injected with PBS and intramuscularly with MSCs(8×10^6/mL in a 50-μL cell suspension).Rats in the Ad-HIF-MSC group were intragastrically injected with PBS and intramuscularly injected with HIF-1 adenovirus-infected MSCs.Rats in the rhodioloside+Ad-HIF-MSC group were intramuscularly injected with MSCs infected with the HIF-1 adenovirus and intragastrically injected with rhodioloside.One week after treatment,exercise recovery was evaluated with a modified combined behavioral score scale.Hematoxylin-eosin staining and Pischingert’s methylene blue staining were used to detect any histological or pathological changes in spinal cord tissue.Levels of adenovirus IX and Sry mRNA were detected by real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction and used to determine the number of adenovirus and mesenchymal stem cells that were transfected into the spinal cord.Immunohistochemical staining was applied to detect HIF-1 protein levels in the spinal cord.The results showed that:(1)compared with the other groups,the rhodioloside+Ad-HIF-MSC group exhibited the highest combined behavioral score(P<0.05),the most recovered tissue,and the greatest number of neurons,as indicated by Pischingert’s methylene blue staining.(2)Compared with the PBS group,HIF-1 protein expression was greater in the rhodioloside group(P<0.05).(3)Compared with the Ad-HIF-MSC group,Sry mRNA levels were higher in the rhodioloside+Ad-HIF-MSC group(P<0.05).These results confirm that rhodioloside combined with bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells can promote the recovery of spinal cord injury and activate the HIF-1 pathway to promote the survival of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells and repair damaged neurons within spinal cord tissue.This experiment was approved by the Animal Ethics Committee of Gansu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine,China(approval No.2015KYLL029)in June 2015.

Preliminary Investigation on the Chemical Constituents and Antioxidant Activities of Two <i>Phellinus</i>Mushrooms Collected in Foshan

The Phellinus mushrooms have been known for its immunomodulatory, hypolipidemic, and anticancer activities. In the current work, the chemical constituents of two Phellinus mushrooms, Phellinus pini 141016# and Phellinus sp. 150802#, which were collected in Foshan city, Guangdong province, were investigated preliminarily by pre-test tube method and by comparison with the known natural compounds from Phellinus pini, and their antioxidant activities were evaluated by the biochemical assay of hydroxyl and 2,2-diphenyl-1-pricylhydrazyl (DPPH) radicals scavenging activity in vitro. The results show that both the two Phellinus mushrooms contain phenolics, alkaloids, lactones, steroids and terpenoids, and have potent antioxidant activities. The IC50 values of DPPH radicals and hydroxyl radicals for Phellinus pini 141016# were 74.37 μg/mL and 59.69 μg/mL, respectively, and the IC50 values of DPPH radicals and hydroxyl radicals for Phellinus sp. 150802# were 98.95 μg/mL and 165.47 μg/mL, respectively. They are comparable to the antioxidant activity of the standard antioxidant ascorbic acid.

Effects of Yupingfeng Polysaccharides on the Spleen Tissue Structure of Acute and Chronic Immunocompromised Mice

[Objectives] To study the protective and recovery effects of Yupingfeng polysaccharides( YPF-P) on spleen tissue structure of acute and chronic immunocompromised mice. [Methods]First,90 mice in the protective group were injected with cyclophosphamide to replicate the chronic immunosuppressive model,and observe the protective effects of different doses of YPF-P on the spleen; 120 mice in the recovery group were injected with cyclophosphamide continuously to replicate the acute immune injury model,to observe the effects of YPF-P on spleen recovery. Besides,YPF-P positive control group was established to observe its effects on the spleen structure and function of normal mice. Testing indicators include spleen morphology and tissue structure,body mass,and spleen index. [Results]In the protective group and the recovery group,the spleen volume of the mice with different YPF-P doses increased significantly,and lymphocytes proliferated,showing obvious structural compensation and repair,and showing a dose-effect relationship. In the positive control group,the spleen function of the normal mice was significantly enhanced,and the spleen lymphoid tissue showed significant orderly proliferation. [Conclusions]Yupingfeng polysaccharides can effectively protect the function and structure of spleen,improve acute and chronic immune damage induced by cyclophosphamide,greatly promote the recovery of spleen structure and function after immune injury,and also can significant enhance the spleen structure and function of normal mice.

Integrative analysis of hypothalamic transcriptome and genetic association study reveals key genes involved in the regulation of egg production in indigenous chickens

Indigenous chicken products are increasingly favored by consumers due to their unique meat and egg quality.However,the relatively poor egg-laying performance largely impacts the economic benefits and hinders sustainable development of the local chicken industry.Thus,excavating key genes and effective molecular markers associated with egg-laying performance is necessary to improve egg production via genetic selection in indigenous breeds.In the present study,comparative hypothalamic transcriptome between pre-laying(15 weeks old)and peak-laying(30 weeks old)Lushi blueshelled-egg(LBS)chicken was performed.A total of 518 differentially expressed genes(DEGs)were identified.Among the DEGs,64 genes were enriched in 10 Gene Ontology(GO)terms associated with reproductive regulation via GO analysis and considered as potential candidate genes regulating egg-laying performance.Of the 64 genes,16 showed high connectivity(degree≥12)by protein–protein interaction(PPI)network analysis and were considered as potential core candidate genes(PCCGs).To further look for key candidate genes from the PCCGs,firstly,the expression patterns of the 16 genes were examined in the hypothalamus of two indigenous breeds(LBS and Gushi(GS)chickens)between the pre-laying and peak-laying stages using quantitative real-time PCR(qRT-PCR).Eleven out of the 16 genes showed significantly differential expression(P<0.05)with the same changing trends in the two breeds.Then,correlations between the expression levels of the above 11 genes and egg numbers and reproductive hormone concentrations in serum were investigated in high-yielding and low-yielding GS chickens.Of the 11 genes,eight showed significant correlations(P<0.05)between their expression levels and egg numbers,and between expression levels and reproductive hormone concentration in serum.Furthermore,an association study on single nucleotide polymorphisms(SNPs)identified in these eight genes and egg production traits was carried out in 640 GS hens,and a significant association(P<0.05)between the SNPs and egg numbers was confirmed.In conclusion,the eight genes,including CNR1,AP2M1,NRXN1,ANXA5,PENK,SLC1A2,SNAP25 and TRH,were demonstrated as key genes regulating egg production in indigenous chickens,and the SNPs sites within the genes might be served as markers to provide a guide for indigenous chicken breeding.These findings provide a novel insight for further understanding the regulatory mechanisms of egglaying performance and developing molecular markers to improve egg production of indigenous breeds.

Synthesis and Crystal Structure of N-((3-(2-nitrophenyl) propanoyl)oxy)-N-phenylbenzamide

The title compound N-（（3-（2-nitrophenyl） propanoyl）oxy）-N-phenylbenzamide（C22H18N2O5,Mr = 390.38） was synthesized with nitrobenzene as the starting materials and structurally characterized by 1H NMR,13 C NMR,IR,H RMS（E-SI） and single-crystal X-ray diffraction.The crystalline structure of the title compound was studied in detail.The single-crystal X-ray diffraction revealed that the compound crystallizes in monoclinic,space group P21/n,with a = 14.4481（7）,b = 8.0089（5）,c = 16.6808（9） A,α = 90.00（5）,β = 100.069（5）,γ = 90.00（5）°,Mr = 390.38,V = 1900.46（18） A^3,Z = 4,Dc = 1.364 g/cm^-3,μ = 0.098,F（000） = 816.0,the final R = 0.0530 and w R = 0.1141 for 2525 observed reflections（I 〉 2σ（I））,R（all data） = 0.0813,w R（all data） = 0.1335,completeness to theta of 26.020 is 99.8% and GOF = 1.085.The crystal structure contains three branched chains with its center placed at the midpoint of N.The phenyl ring（C（8）~C（13）） makes a dihedral angle of 83.5（1） ℃ with the phenyl ring（C（1）~C（6））,and 80.5（1） ℃with the nitro-substituted benzene ring（C（17）~C（22））,indicating that the three rings are not coplanar.Hydrogen bonds（C（10）–H（10）···O（3））,（C（15）–H（15B）···O（4） and C（16）–H（16B）···O（4）） together with π-π stacking interactions stabilize the structure of the molecule.The preliminary biological test shows that the title compound has good antitumor activity against A549 in vitro with the IC50 value of 3.17 μmol.

Developmental stage-specific A-to-I editing pattern in the postnatal pineal gland of pigs(Sus scrofa)

Background: RNA editing is a widespread post-transcriptional modification mechanism in mammalian genomes.Although many editing sites have been identified in domestic pigs(Sus scrofa), little is known about the characteristics and dynamic regulation of RNA editing in the pineal gland(PG), a small neuroendocrine gland that synthesizes and secretes melatonin, which is primarily responsible to modulate sleep patterns.Results: This study analyzed the expression of adenosine-to-inosine(A-to-I) editing regulators and profiled the first dynamic A-to-I RNA editome during postnatal PG development. The results identified ADAR1 as the most abundantly expressed ADAR enzyme, which was down-regulated during postnatal PG development. Furthermore,47,284 high-confidence RNA editing sites were identified, the majority of which(93.6%) were of the canonical A-to-I editing type, followed by C-to-T editing. Analysis of its characteristics showed that the A-to-I editing sites mostly localized in SINE retrotransposons PRE-1/Pre0_SS. Moreover, a strong deficiency and preference for guanine nucleotides at positions of one base upstream or downstream were found, respectively. The overall editing level at the puberty stage was higher than at both infancy and adulthood stages. Additionally, genome-wide RNA editing was found to exhibit a dynamic stage-specific fashion(postnatally). Genes that underwent developmental changes in RNA editing were associated with catabolic processes as well as protein localization and transport functions,implying that RNA editing might be responsible for the molecular machineries of the postnatal developing PG.Remarkably, RNA editing in 3′-UTRs might regulate gene expression by influencing miRNA binding during PG development.Conclusions: This study profiles the first comprehensive developmental RNA editome in the pig PG, which contributes to the understanding of the importance of post-transcriptionally mediated regulation during mammalian postnatal PG development. Moreover, this study widely extends RNA editome resources in mammals.

Theoretical Study on the Activity of a-COOH and b-COOH of N-Phosphoryl Aspartic Acids

The bio-mimic reactions of N-phosphoryl amino acids are very important in the study of many biochemical processes. The difference of reactivity between a-COOH and b-COOH in phosphoryl aspartic acid was studied by theoretical study (Hartree-Fock and Density Functional methods) in this paper. The intermediates II containing five-membered ring were more stable than III with six-membered ring. While for intermediates III, the isomers with six-membered ring in apical-equatorial spanning arrangement were more stable than those with di-equatorial spanning arrangement. At B3LYP/6-31G** level, it was shown that transition states IV and V involving a-COOH or b-COOH group had energy barriers of DE = 58.67 kJmol-1 and 103.94 kJmol-1, respectively. These results were in agreement with the experimental data. So the a-COOH group was involved in form of the intramolecular penta-coordinate phosphoric-carboxylic mixed anhydride intermediates, but not b-COOH group.

Marker-assisted Selection of ZmC_4Ppc in Rice Breeding and Yield Trait Performances of Advanced Lines

The full-length of intact Zea mays gene for phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase gene （ZmC4Ppc） is 6 781 bp. The products of PCR for this gene were not clear with poor repeatability, resulting in that it was difficult for marker-assisted selection （MAS） both in rice and maize. For selecting the markers for MAS, sequences presented only in maize rather than in rice were identified by BLAST, and used for primer design using Primer Premier 5.0. A pair of specific primer termed MRpc （Forward： 5＇ AAGCAGGGAAGCGAGACG 3＇, Reverse： 5＇ GATTGCCGCCAGCAGTAG 3＇） was used for selection of transformed rice, and ZmC4Ppc could be highly and constitutively expressed at each tested developmental stages in the transformed rice selected by using MRpc. Thus, MRpc was used for MAS of progenies carrying ZmC4Ppc gene in rice and some restorer lines with ZmC4Ppc （e.g. FPM881） derived from ZmC4Ppc-transformed Kitaake backcrossed with a restorer line Shuhui 881 were obtained. The analyses on genetic background, PEPCase activity, net photosynthetic rate, general combining ability （GCA） and specific combining ability （SCA） of FPM881 showed that similarity of genetic background reached above 95%, the PEPCase and net photosynthetic rate were higher than those of the control, and some of the progenies carrying ZmC4Ppc gene had better GCA and SCA for grain yield per plant, number of panicles per plant, and 1000-grain weight than those of the control. This suggested that the introduction of maize ZmC4Ppc gene via MAS and its stable expression could increase grain yield of rice and would likely provide a pathway for rice varietal improvement.

Convenient and Efficient Synthesis of L-Rhamnopyranosyl Phosphoramidates via H-Phosphonate

The a-L-rhamnopyranosyl phosphomonoesters conjugated with L-amino acid methyl esters were stereoselectively synthesized in a convenient route by utilizing H-phosphonate intermediate.

Synthesis and Crystal Structure of 5,7-Dimethoxy-2-phenylquinolin-4-yl Phenyloxy (N-L-Alanine ethyl ester) Phosphoramidate

5,7-Dimethoxy-2-phenylquinolin-4-yl phenyloxy （N-L-alanine ethyl ester） phosphoramidate （C28H29N2O7P, Mr = 536.17） has been synthesized by a facial phosphorylated reaction, and its structure was determined by IR, NMR, HR MS and X-ray single-crystal diffraction. The crystal belongs to triclinic, space group P1^-, with a = 11.375（2）, b = 11.591（2）, c = 11.638（2） A^°, α= 109.46（3）, β= 104.58（3）, γ= 100.48（3）°, V = 1339.6（5）A^°^3, Z = 2, Dc = 1.330 g/cm^3,μ = 0.152 mm^-1, F（000） = 564, the final R = 0.0654 and wR = 0.1546. In the crystal structure, the title compound is constructed by a centrosymmetric dimmer unit composed of a pair of π-π stacking diastereoisomers. The compound has a noteworthy feature in the framework, and such units are linked by two equal intermolecular P=O…H-N hydrogen bonds.

Preparation and Properties of Guiqi Polysaccharides/Chitosan/Alginate Composite Hydrogel Microspheres

A series of the Guiqi polysaccharides/chitosan/alginate composite hydrogel microspheres(GPcM)with different particle sizes were prepared with Guiqi polysaccharides(GP),chitosan(CS)and sodium alginate(Alg).The optimum preparation process was also determined by single factor and orthogonal experiment analysis.The GPcM were characterized by fourier transform infrared spectroscopy(FT-IR),scanning electron microscope(SEM),drug loading efficiency test(LE),encapsulation efficiency test(EE)and in vitro release study.The results showed that the Guiqi polysaccharides chitosan hydrogel(GPCH)and sodium alginate hydrogel(SAH)formed a crossover system in GPcM.The GPcM have a uniform particle size ranging from 395.1μm to 841.5μm.The drug loading efficiency and encapsulation efficiency of the GPcM were 56.3%and 72.6%,respectively.The bovine serum albumin(BSA)loaded in the GPcM released slowly within 180 h.The results suggested that the GPcM may have potential application value in drug sustained and controlled release system.

Effects of Xylooligosaccharide(XOS)and Probiotics(PRO)on Production Performance,Egg Quality and Intestinal Short-chain Fatty Acids of Laying Hens in Late Laying Period

[Objective]The paper was to study the effects of xylooligosaccharide(XOS)and probiotics(PRO)and their interaction on the production performance,egg quality and intestinal short-chain fatty acids of laying hens in late laying period.[Method]A total of 36074-week-old Romain brown laying hens were randomly divided into four groups,six replicates each group and 15 chickens each replicate.The trial lasted 63 d.The laying hens in control group(CON)were fed with basal diet,and those in experimental groups were fed with the basal diets adding with 150 mg/kg XOS(XOS group),100 mg/kg probiotics(PRO group),150 mg/kg XOS+100 mg/kg probiotics(XOS-PRO group).[Result]Compared with the control group,the laying rate,daily egg production,yolk ratio,colonic acetic acid and caecal propionic acid in XOS group increased significantly(P<0.05),and the feed gain ratio decreased remarkably(P<0.05).PRO had no significant effect on the production performance and egg quality of laying hens in late laying period(P>0.05),but significantly increased colonic acetic acid(P<0.05).XOS and PRO had no interaction effect on the production performance,egg quality and intestinal short-chain fatty acids of laying hens in late laying period(P<0.05).[Conclusion]Adding XOS to the diet of laying hens in late laying period could increase the content of short-chain fatty acids in the hindgut of laying hens,and effectively improve the production performance and egg quality of laying hens in late laying period.Adding PRO to the diet did not significantly improve the production performance and egg quality of laying hens,and there was no interaction effect between XOS and PRO.

P7C3-A20 treats traumatic brain injury in rats by inhibiting excessive autophagy and apoptosis

Traumatic brain injury is a severe health problem leading to autophagy and apoptosis in the brain.3,6-Dibromo-beta-fluoro-N-(3-methoxyphenyl)-9H-carbazole-9-propanamine(P7C3-A20)can be neuroprotective in various diseases,including ischemic stroke and neurodegenerative diseases.However,whether P7C3-A20 has a therapeutic effect on traumatic brain injury and its possible molecular mechanisms are unclear.Therefore,in the present study,we investigated the therapeutic effects of P7C3-A20 on traumatic brain injury and explored the putative underlying molecular mechanisms.We established a traumatic brain injury rat model using a modified weight drop method.P7C3-A20 or vehicle was injected intraperitoneally after traumatic brain injury.Severe neurological deficits were found in rats after traumatic brain injury,with deterioration in balance,walking function,and learning memory.Furthermore,hematoxylin and eosin staining showed significant neuronal cell damage,while terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase mediated dUTP nick end labeling staining indicated a high rate of apoptosis.The presence of autolysosomes was observed using transmission electron microscope.P7C3-A20 treatment reversed these pathological features.Western blotting showed that P7C3-A20 treatment reduced microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3-Ⅱ(LC3-Ⅱ)autophagy protein,apoptosis-related proteins(namely,Bcl-2/adenovirus E1B 19-kDa-interacting protein 3[BNIP3],and Bcl-2 associated x protein[Bax]),and elevated ubiquitin-binding protein p62(p62)autophagy protein expression.Thus,P7C3-A20 can treat traumatic brain injury in rats by inhibiting excessive autophagy and apoptosis.

Effects of Biological Fertilizer and Paclobutrazol on Total Flavonoids in Ophiopogon japonicus

[Objectives] The research aimed to study the effects of applying biofertilizer instead of paclobutrazol on the content of flavonoids in Ophiopogon japonicas and determine its quality characteristics,in order to provide the scientific basis for the quality control of GAP and the comprehensive utilization of resources. [Methods] O. japonicas collected in Lingxing Town and Huayuan Town of Sichuan Province was divided into three groups: blank control group,paclobutrazol group and biofertilizer group. Root tuber of O. japonicas was obtained,and the enzyme was killed by the microwave,and then it was dried in 60℃. The content of flavonoids in root tuber of O. japonicus was determined by ultraviolet spectrophotometry. Then,SPSS19. 0 was used to analyze the results. [Results]The average contents of flavonoids in different treatments were as follows: 0. 184%-0. 198% in control group; 0. 283%-0. 330% in the paclobutrazol group; 0. 404%-0. 428% in the biofertilizer group. Biological bacterial fertilizer had a significant role in promoting the synthetic accumulation of homoisoflavonoids in O. japonicus( P <0. 001**). [Conclusions]The application of biological fertilizer can not only significantly improve the content of homoisoflavonoids in root ruber of O. japonicus,but also significantly optimize the micro ecological environment of soil. Therefore,biofertilizer should be widely used to gradually replace paclobutrazol in the main production areas of O. japonicas.

Synthesis and Crystal Structure Analysis of 5′-O-Tosyl-2,3′-anhydrothymidine

In this paper, 5＇-O-tosyl-2,3＇-anhydrothymidine has been synthesized and its crystal structure was analyzed. The crystal belongs to the triclinic system, space group P1, with a = 5.397（2）, b = 6.1886（18）, c = 3.507（5）A, α = 87.74（2）,β = 89.84（4）,γ = 73.79（2）°, C17H18N2O6S, Mr = 378,39, Z = 1, V = 432.8（3）A^3, Dc = 1.452 g/cm^3, F（000） = 198 and Flack = -0.11（14）. No intermolecular hydrogen bonds exist in the crystal, and the angle between benzene ring and pyrimidine planes is 32.23°.