Perception of Nursing and Midwifery Trainees towards Clinical Environment at Cape Coast in the Central Region of Ghana

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to investigate the perception of students’ nurses in the nurses training colleges towards clinical environment. Methodology: A cross-sectional survey approach was used. Nursing and Midwifery trainees at Cape Coast were the respondents. Simple random sampling was used to select 605 respondents for the study. Descriptive and inferential statistics were employed to analyze the data. Results: The majority of the respondents were female, Christians, singled and attended Cape Coast Nursing and Midwifery Training College (CCNMTC). The staff were helpful, friendly and considerate. There were repetition of student’s tasks in every shift but new and different ways of teaching were used. The students had positive perception of clinical learning environment. There were statistically significant differences in perception towards clinical learning environment among students based on academic class (levels). Conclusion: It was recommended that the staff nurses should assign students with varied task depending on their level.

The association of diet quality and physical activity with cardiovascular disease and mortality in 85,545 older Australians:A longitudinal study

Background:A quality diet and an active lifestyle are both important cornerstones of cardiovascular disease(CVD)prevention.However,despite their interlinked effects on metabolic health,the 2 behaviors are rarely considered jointly,particularly within the context of CVD prevention.We examined the independent,interactive,and joint associations of diet and physical activity with CVD hospitalization,CVD mortality,and all-cause mortality.Methods:CVD-free Australian participants aged 4574 years(n=85,545)reported physical activity,diet,sociodemographic,and lifestyle characteristics at baseline(20062009)and follow-up(20122015),and data were linked to hospitalization and death registries(03/31/2019 for CVD hospitalization and all-cause mortality and 12/08/2017 for CVD mortality).Diet quality was categorized as low,medium,and high based on meeting dietary recommendations.Physical activity was operationalized as(a)total moderate-to-vigorous physical activity(MVPA)as per guidelines,and(b)the composition of MVPA as the ratio of vigorous-intensity physical activity(VPA)to total MVPA.We used a left-truncated cause-specific Cox proportional hazards model using time-varying covariates.Results:During a median of 10.7 years of follow-up,6576 participants were admitted to the hospital for CVD and 6581 died from all causes(876 from CVD during 9.3 years).A high-quality diet was associated with a 17%lower risk of all-cause mortality than a low-quality diet,and the highest MVPA category(compared with the lowest)was associated with a 44%and 48%lower risk of CVD and all-cause mortality,respectively.Multiplicative interactions between diet and physical activity were non-significant.For all outcomes,the lowest risk combinations involved a high-quality diet and the highest MVPA categories.Accounting for total MVPA,some VPA was associated with further risk reduction of CVD hospitalization and all-cause mortality.Conclusion:For CVD prevention and longevity,one should adhere to both a healthy diet and an active lifestyle and incorporate some VPA when possible.

The global,prevalence,and risk factors of postoperative fever after percutaneous nephrolithotomy:A systematic review and meta-analysis

Objective:This study aimed to explore the global,prevalence,and risk factors of fever after percutaneous nephrolithotomy(PCNL)by conducting a systematic review and meta-analysis.Methods:The high-sensitivity searching was conducted without time limitation until December 30,2020 in Web of Sciences,Scopus,and PubMed based on inclusion and exclusion criteria.Results:The prevalence rates of fever and sepsis among patient undergoing PCNL were estimated 9.5%(95%confidence interval[CI]:9.3%-9.7%),and 4.5%(95%CI:4.2%-4.8%),respectively.Nephrostomy tube was used in 9.96%(95%CI:9.94%-9.97%)of patients.The mean preoperative white blood cells of patients were 6.401×109/L;18.3%and 4.55%of patients were considered as the positive urinary culture and pyuria,respectively.About 20.4%of patients suffered from residual stones.The odds ratios(ORs)of fever in patients who suffering from diabetes mellitus,hydronephrosis,staghorn stones,and blood transfusion were 4.62(95%CI:2.95-7.26),1.04(95%CI:0.81-1.34),2.57(95%CI:0.93-7.11),and 2.65(95%CI:1.62-4.35),respectively.Patients who underwent PCNL in prone position were more likely to develop fever(OR:1.23;95%CI:0.75-2.00)than patients in supine position.Conclusion:The current study showed that patients who suffer from diabetes mellitus,hydronephrosis,staghorn stones,nephrostomy tube or double-J stent,blood transfusion,and also patients who underwent PCNL in prone position surgery are more likely to develop a postoperative fever after PCNL.

Casual for a cause:Exploring the employment status of nursing in Australia and China

This paper outlines obligatory nursing education and the registration process required to become a nurse in Australia,including nurses'workload,career structure and pay.It also provides an overview of the nursing workforce in Australia,with particular reference to casual employment,and its implications.The aim of this paper is to outline the development strategies that may assist with China's increasing need for nursing education,and how changes to healthcare policy and management are required to increase the recruitment and retention of nurses in hospitals worldwide.

Provision of Preconception Care by Midwives, Nurses and Doctors at Ndola Teaching Hospital in Ndola District, Zambia

Background: The goal of preconception care is to improve the outcome of a mother’s pregnancy and childbirth. Nevertheless, in most developing nations;Zambia included, there are still issues with implementation of preconception care. Therefore, the aim of this study was to establish the provision of preconception care by midwives, nurses and doctors at Ndola Teaching Hospital in Zambia. Methods: A concurrent embedded mixed methodology utilising a descriptive explorative study design, where 107 respondents were randomly selected using the lottery technique for quantitative part and two focused group discussions for qualitative part of the study was used. A self-administered questionnaire was used to collect quantitative data and a focus group discussion guide was used for the focus group discussions. Statistical Package of Social Sciences version 26 with significance set at 0.05 and at 95% confidence level and thematic analysis were used for data analysis. Results: 75% of the respondents in this study were not providing preconception care and only 25% of respondents were providing preconception care;however, this was provided randomly because there were no guidelines to follow. Among the respondents, 81.3% had medium knowledge, 70.1% had good practices and 92.5% had positive attitudes towards preconception care. Further analysis showed that the association between preconception care and knowledge, practices and attitudes was not statistically significant (p = values 0.336;0.344;1.000 respectively). Multivariate logistic regression revealed that participants with high knowledge were five times more likely to provide preconception care (OR = 5.00, CI = 0.42 - 59.7, P = 0.203). Generally, all the participants acknowledged that preconception care was an important package that could prevent maternal and child morbidities and mortalities. Conclusions: The study revealed that most of the respondents were not providing preconception care. Provision of preconception was done by a small fraction of the respondents and it was done in an unorderly manner due to lack of set standards and guidelines. Despite medium levels of knowledge and generally good practices and positive attitudes towards preconception care, its random provision indicates a need for established standards to enhance maternal and child health outcomes.

Prevalence and Demographic Distributions of Pre-Eclampsia among Pregnant Women at Ho Teaching Hospital

Background: In Sub-Saharan Africa, pre-eclampsia remains a major health problem contributing to high rates of maternal mortality. Despite this condition having adverse effects on maternal and child health, its prevalence and associated risk factors are still significant, especially in developing countries including Ghana. This study aimed to assess the prevalence and demographic distributions associated with pre-eclampsia among pregnant women at the Ho Teaching Hospital. Methods: A facility-based retrospective study was conducted by reviewing available data or hospital records of pregnant mothers admitted to the labor and maternity wards from January 2018 to December 2020. All pregnant women who were diagnosed with pre-eclampsia within this period were included in the study. The data were collected using a structured checklist. Results: 5609 data on pregnant women from 2018 to 2020 were recorded. Out of the 5609 data recorded, 314 pre-eclampsia cases were recorded giving an overall prevalence of 5.6%. The yearly prevalence for 2018, 2019, and 2020 were 4.6%, 5.6%, and 6.6%, respectively. The most recorded pre-eclampsia cases were seen among women within the age group of 18 - 24 years. The data showed that 112 (35.7%) of the pregnant women who had pre-eclampsia were nulliparous. Pre-eclampsia-associated maternal and fetal complications were;preterm delivery 221 (70.4%), intrauterine fetal death 62 (19.7%), eclampsia 9 (2.9%), HELLP syndrome 5 (1.6%) and maternal death 17 (5.4%). Associated factors of pre-eclampsia were parity, level of education, and occupation (p ≤ 0.05). Conclusion: The findings of this study showed a rising trend in the incidence of pre-eclampsia over the years at the Ho Teaching Hospital. Parity, level of education, and occupation were found to be associated with developing pre-eclampsia.

Suicide Ideation and Its Associated Factors among Men in Selected Compounds of Lusaka, Zambia

Background: Globally, it is estimated that more than 800,000 individuals die by suicide each year, making suicide one of the biggest causes of death worldwide. Additionally, suicide kills far more males than women, more so in developing regions that are characterized by economic distress due to low income. Although the number of suicide cases has been seen to increase from 2013 to date, limited studies provide information on the factors influencing the trend. Therefore, this study aimed at investigating the prevalence of suicidal ideation and factors associated with suicide in males in selected compounds of Lusaka. Methods: The study used an analytical quantitative cross- sectional study design that involved 367 men in Mtendere and Kaunda Square townships in Lusaka district, Zambia. A structured questionnaire was used to collect data from participants, which was analyzed using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 26.0. The Chi-square, Fisher’s exact test and Wilcoxon rank sum tests were used to test relationships among variables at a five percent level of significance. Ethical approval and clearance was obtained from the National Health Research Authority. Results: Participants had a median age of 29 years (IQR, 27 - 32 years), 216 (58.9%) were single and 278 (75.8%) attained tertiary education. Under a quarter, 75 (20.4%) reported suicide ideations, and 97 (26.4%) reported low social support. For most participants, 347 (94.7%) experienced at least one stressful life event, and 359 (97.8%) experienced severe levels of stress. Under half, 170 (46.3%) were alcohol dependent, while 54 (14.7%) used alcohol harmfully. Suicide ideation was significantly associated with marital status (p Conclusion: Suicide ideation is relatively high among men in Mtendere and Kaunda Square townships, mainly influenced by marital status, education level, social support, stressful events alcohol abuse. Efforts must be channeled towards suicide awareness campaigns, and establishment of supportive environments in health facilities which can make it easy for men to open up about their struggles.

Defining soft skills in nursing:a concept analysis

Objective:To define soft skills in nursing.Methods:This is a concept analysis using the Walker and Avant approach.Multiple electronic databases in the English language including CINAHL,Science Direct,MEDLINE on EBSCOhost,and Scopus were consulted.Results:Soft skills in nursing include the intrapersonal attributes,interpersonal skills,and creativity of the nurse,which,when combined with professionalism,teamwork,and effective communication skills,improve the quality of nursing care and client satisfaction.Conclusions:Although hard and soft skills are compatible and synergetic,soft skills are to be prioritized for the success of nursing care in the healthcare industry.This concept analysis adds to the body of knowledge by identifying the attributes of soft skills in nursing and revealing that a good nurse needs more than just good grades to be successful.

A qualitative study to explain the criteria of nursing managers in selecting effective nursing diagnosis

Objective:This study aimed to explain the criteria of managers at different levels of nursing in selecting effective nursing diagnosis.Methods:In conventional content analysis,10 nursing managers at different levels including head nurse,supervisor,and nursing manager were interviewed.Data was collected with semi-structured interviews and a narrative approach.Data analysis was performed using the Zhang–Wildemuth method simultaneously with sampling.Results:Four head nurses,four supervisors(educational,clinical),and two nursing managers were interviewed.The results of the a nalysis led to the extraction of two main categories:centrality of the nursing profession,with the sub-categories compatibility with nursing p ractices and compliance with organizational and professional principles of nursing,and covering the patient care aspect,with s ub-categories of having potential to facilitate and adapting to patient care conditions.Conclusions:The analysis of the views of nursing managers shows that health managers should consider various management aspects such as functional and organizational to increase the efficiency of nursing interventions in the selection of nursing diagnostic systems.From the point of view of health managers,nursing diagnoses should cover the considerations of patients,nurses,and work environments.

Correlation between critical thinking and emotional intelligence:a national crosssectional study on operating room nursing students in Iran

Objective:According to the World Federation of Medical Education,critical thinking should be part of the training of medical and paramedical students.Professionals can improve the quality of care of patients after surgery by having or acquiring this skill in health care.Also,Emotional intelligence is introduced as an impor tant and effective factor on the professional performance and mental health of healthcare professionals.Thus,the present study was designed and implemented to determine the relationship between emotional intelligence and critical thinking among operating room nursing students of medical sciences universities in Iran.Methods:This cross-sectional study was done on 420 operating room students in 10 top medical sciences universities of Iran in 2022.The sampling method in this research was multistage sampling.The data collection instruments included demographic characteristics,Rickett's critical thinking,and Bradberry-Greaves'emotional intelligence questionnaires.After receiving the ethics code,data collection was done for 2 months.For data analysis,descriptive and inferential analyses including independent t-tests,analysis of variance,and Pearson correlation were used.The collected data were analyzed by SPSS 18(IBM Corporation,Armonk,New York,United States).P-value<0.05 was considered significant.Results:The mean age of the students participating in this study was 23.02±3.70 years,with women constituting 67.4%of them.The results of data analysis indicated that the mean total score of critical thinking and emotional intelligence was 124.10±37.52 and 114.12±43.63,respectively.A direct significant correlation between critical thinking and emotional intelligence(r=0.459,P-value<0.001)and a significant relationship between gender and emotional intelligence(P-value=0.028)were found.Conclusions:Based on the present study results,educational managers in the Ministry of Health are suggested to consider suitable educational programs for improving critical thinking and emotional intelligence to enhance the quality of care provided by students in operating rooms.

An overview of patterns and trends in nursing publications from the People's Republic of China

Objective:To explore patterns and trends in nursing publications from the People's Republic of China.Methods:Using the Scopus online database,the author performed two searches in August 2019.The first search identified all items in the category of nursing affiliated to China,and the second search identified publications from China within one specific nursing journal.The author used a theoretical framework to provide a more in-depth understanding of patterns and trends within these items.Results:The number of articles categorized as nursing,with listed authorship in China,within the Scopus database was 17,506.The majority of published papers were categorized as research.Top-ranking Chinese universities,such as Peking University and Fudan University,scored high in terms of several publications listed within the database.Although categorized as nursing,the most common source titles that are mostly high-ranking journals did not feature the high-ranking nursing journals.Identified authors were generally not affiliated with nursing schools.Focused analysis of one of the top-ranking nursing journals,the Journal of Nursing Management,featured top Chinese universities and consistent nursing authorship.Nursing authors were found to have lower h-indices than international nursing professors.Conclusions:There has been a steady increase year by year in publications categorized as nursing from China since 2009,with the majority of published papers categorized as research.There is clear evidence of scholarly activity in nursing in China,both in the published literature and anecdotally in practice.However,nursing scholars need to do more to increase dissemination and ensure that nursing professors are leading and driving nursing research,although in a multidisciplinary context.There is also a need for increased exposure of Chinese nursing scholarship in high-ranking nursing journals.

Effect of simulation-based teaching on nursing skill performance: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Objective:To summarize and produce aggregated evidence on the effect of simulation-based teaching on skill performance in the nursing profession.Simulation is an active learning strategy involving the use of various resources to assimilate the real situation.It enables learners to improve their skills and knowledge in a coordinated environment.Methods:Systematic literature search of original research ar ticles was carried out through Google Scholar,Medline,and Cochrane Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature(CINAHL)databases.Studies conducted on simulation-based teaching and skill performance among nursing students or clinical nursing staff from 2010 to 2019,and published in the English language,were included in this study.Methodological quality was assessed by Joanna Briggs Institute,and the risk of bias was also assessed by Cochrane risk of bias and the risk of bias assessment tool for non-randomized studies(ROBINS-I)checklists.Results:Initially,638 titles were obtained from 3 sources,and 24 original studies with 2209 study par ticipants were taken for the final analysis.Of the total studies,14(58.3%)used single group prep post design,7(29.1%)used high fidelity simulator(HFS),and 7(29.1%)used a virtual simulator(VS).Twenty(83.3%)studies reported improved skill performance following simulation-based teaching.Simulation-based teaching improves skill performance among types of groups(single or double),study regions,high fidelity(HF),low fidelity(LF),and standard patient(SP)users.But the effect over virtual and medium fidelity simulators was not statistically significant.Overall,simulation-based teaching improves the skill performance score among the experimental group(d=1.01,95%confidence interval[CI][0.69–1.33],Z=6.18,P<0.01,93.9%).Significant heterogeneity and publication bias were observed during the pooled analysis.Conclusions:Simulation did improve skill performance among the intervention groups,but the conclusion is uncer tain due to the significant heterogeneity.The large extent of difference among original research has necessitated the development of well-defined assessment methods for skills and standardized simulation set-up for proper assessment of their effects.

Perceptions of Nurses on Patient Outcomes Related to Nursing Shortage and Retention Strategies at a Public Hospital in the Coastal Region of Tanzania

Background: There is little disagreement that the shortage of nurses affects patients’ outcomes globally. However, within the low and middle income country setting, there is minimal known about the perceptions of nurses on nursing shortages impact the health outcomes of their patients and what recruitment and retention strategies might be appropriate to address some of these challenges. This study explored the perceptions of nurses on the health outcomes of patient related to shortage of registered nurses and the strategies to retain nurses at a public hospital in Tanzania. Method: This qualitative descriptive study used semi-structured in-depth interviews with a select group of nurses in a large public hospital. Findings: Through an iterative coding process, a series of categories were derived which yielded three major themes—factors contributing to nursing shortage;compromised quality of care;and recruitment and retention strategies. Conclusion: A shortage of nurses affects the health outcomes of patients as it potentially hinders timely accomplishment of the optimal nursing. Efforts need to be proactive in recognizing the reasons for nursing shortages which are rooted in individual, institutional (agency), and organizational (systemic) issues. Within the LMIC context, such as where this study was conducted, it became apparent that the nurses wanted acknowledgement and opportunities to work collaboratively towards the resolution of workload issues for the benefit of the patients.

The experience of transition from nursing students to newly graduated registered nurses in Singapore

Objectives:To investigate the experience of newly graduated registered nurses(NGRNs)in Singapore following their initial 6-12 months of transition from nursing student to registered nurse.Methods:This mixed-methods study consisted of two phases.In the first phase,data were collected via the administration of the online survey to 30 NGRNs.The questionnaire contained 42 items of the fourpoint Likert scale survey.In the second phase,a focus group interview was conducted with 5 NGRNs to gather complementary information regarding the major findings from the first phase.Results:The survey revealed despite most NGRNs(80%)in this study expressed overall satisfied with their transition,the item score was(2.97±0.61)out of 4,the majority(83.3%)also perceived their transition to professional practice being stressful,the item score was(3.07±0.74)out of 4.Three themes emerged from the interview,'personal transition experience','professional transition experience',and'organizational transition experience',which are entwined to construct overall NGRNs'transition experiences.Conclusions:This study reaffirms the theory-practice gap phenomenon.This signifies the need for closer collaboration between educational,healthcare industry and regulatory stakeholders to examine and address factors that influence their transition experience to better support them for workforce readiness.

Nursing education in China:Meeting the global demand for quality healthcare

With a predicted global nursing shortage,ensuring the provision of quality healthcare has become a pressing concern.In China,these concerns include the need to produce nurses trained to a level to support advancing nursing practice and a healthcare system that supports the growth and retention of nurses in China.This paper argues that the standard of nursing education in China plays a crucial role in preparing graduates to meet the health demands of China's growing population and the role that China can play into the future in the global progression of nursing.Collaboration between nursing authorities,educators,and legislators is required to support the progression of nursing worldwide.

The power of story:Narrative inquiry as a methodology in nursing research

The aim of this paper is to explore the essential elements and value of narrative inquiry in nursing research.We propose that understanding a previous experience allows the nurse researcher an“insider view”and hence a deeper understanding of the issues that arise in the relationship between participant and researcher.We suggest that narrative inquiry in nursing research offers a particular way of caring about how knowledge is produced.Nursing science would benefit from the understanding that health and nursing practices are dynamic processes characterized by the continuous interaction of human thought and behaviour that continuously‘pumps’into personal,social and material environments.Narrative inquiry as a methodology in nursing research is exceptionally useful to uncover nuance and detail of previous experiences.

A study of the relationship between professional values and ethical climate and nurses'professional quality of life in Iran

Objective:To explore the relationship between nursing professional values and ethical climate and nurses'professional quality of life.Methods:The present study is a descriptive,cross-sectional work in which 400 nurses from various wards of hospitals in the south-east of Iran were studied.Data were collected using a questionnaire consisting of four sections:demographics,Nurses'Professional Values Scale-Revised(NPVS-R),the Hospital Ethical Climate Survey(HECS),and the Professional Quality of Life Scale(ProQOL).Results:The total mean scores for professional values were 105.29±15.60.The total mean score for the ethical climate was 100.09±17.11.The mean scores for the indexes of compassion satisfaction,burnout,and secondary traumatic stress were 45.29±8.93,34.38±6.84,and 32.15±7.02 respectively.The relationships between professional values and the indexes of compassion satisfaction(r=0.56),burnout(r=0.26),and secondary traumatic stress(r=0.18)were found to be positive and significant(P<0.001).Also,the relationships between ethical climate and the items of compassion satisfaction(r=0.60,P<0.001),burnout(r=0.15,P=0.002)were found to be positive and significant.Conclusion:An understanding of nurses'perception of professional values and improving the ethical climate at work can help nursing administrators identify more effective strategies toward increasing compassion satisfaction and lessening bumout and work-related stress.

A Survey of Correlation between Professional Identity and Clinical Competency of Psychiatric Nurses

Introduction: Clinical competency and knowledge of the effective factors are of critical importance in nursing. Competency, self-esteem, and self-knowledge are achievable through professional identity. Employees’ participation in and attachment to their professional role is contingent considerably upon their professional identity. In light of this, the present study is aimed at determining correlation between professional identity and clinical competence of the nurses working in psychiatric wards of the hospitals affiliated with Tehran-based medical sciences universities. Methodology: This correlative study was conducted on 125 nurses working in psychiatric wards of Tehran-based hospitals affiliated with medical sciences universities. Data gathering tool of the study was a researcher-designed questionnaire to collect demographic, clinical competency, and professional identity data of the participants. For data analyzing, Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) version 18 was used. Findings: The results showed 91.2% of the participants evaluated their professional identity at good (47.2%) and very good (44%) levels;and 78.2% evaluated their clinical competency at very good level. The results also indicated positive and significant relationship between professional identity and clinical competency(r = 0.32, p = 0.001). In addition, none of the demographical variables were related to professional identity and clinical competency. Conclusion: There is positive relationship between clinical competency and professional identity, which means that development of positive attitudes regarding the psychiatric nursing can lead to higher clinical competency of the participants. The findings of the study highlighted the weight and role of positive attitude regarding the professional identity. It could result in increase of clinical competency and deserved attention of hospital’s managers.

Health practitioner practices and their influence on nutritional intake of hospitalised patients

Objectives:In the hospital setting,poor dietary intake interacts with disease and represents a major and modifiable cause of malnutrition.Understanding barriers to adequate dietary intake is an important strategy to guide the development of interventions to improve nutrition intake.The aim of this study reported in this paper was to explore patient,family and health care professionals'perceptions of barriers to and enablers of adequate nutrition care and dietary intake of medical inpatients.Methods:An exploratory qualitative study design incorporating group and individual interviews of patients(n=14),their family members(n=4),and health care professionals(n=18)was undertaken.Participants were recruited pragmatically,using a mix of convenience and purposive sampling.A theoretically informed,semi-structured interview schedule was based on observations of practice and the Theoretical Domains Framework.Interviews were audio-recorded,transcribed verbatim and analysed inductively using a general inductive approach.Results:Three key themes emerged from analysing participant interviews.Siloed approaches to nutrition care reflected the diverse range of health care professionals responsible for nutrition care but who often worked in isolation from their colleagues.Competing work priorities for nurses reflected the challenge in prioritise nutrition care which was often constrained because of other care needs or work-related pressures.Helping patients to eat highlighted that nurses were often the only health care professional who would provide assistance to patients at mealtimes and lack of available staff could negatively influence patients'nutrition intakes.Conclusions:We have identified many complex and interrelated barriers which preclude adequate dietary intake in acute medical patients.These predominantly reflect issues inherent in the hospital culture and environment.Multi-faceted and sustainable interventions that support a facilitating nutrition culture and multidisciplinary collaboration,inclusive of patients and families,are needed to address these underlying barriers.

Chinese nursing students'culture-related learning styles and behaviours:A discussion paper

Globalisation requires that nursing education focuses on culturally competent care.International students studying in Australia present a valuable resource for cultural learning,yet internationalisation presents opportunities and challenges for both lecturers and students.This paper explores Chinese nursing students,the single largest group of international students in Australia,their communication behaviour,patterns and learning styles at Australian universities from cultural and psychosocial perspectives.Our aim is to provide insight for educators in Western countries to better understand this particular ethnic group and help Chinese nursing students overcome learning difficulties and develop their potential learning capabilities.We further recommend coping strategies to help international Chinese nursing students'learning.