Nonpharmaceutical interventions eff ectively reduced infl uenza spread during the COVID-19 pandemic

Seasonal infl uenza,which is transmitted by droplets and direct contact,is a global public health issue that causes an average of 2.5 excess infl uenza-like illness(ILI)consultations per 1,000 person-years in China.[1]Nonpharmaceutical interventions(NPIs)against droplet and direct contact transmission,including social distancing measures and personal protective measures,are recommended to reduce the spread of disease.Social distancing measures comprised isolating ill persons,quarantining exposed persons,school and workplace closures,and avoiding crowds.Personal protective measures included hygiene,respiratory etiquette,and face masks.[2]In December 2019,coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19)started to spread,and China introduced NPIs to address the pandemic in January 2020.These NPIs could also help reduce the spread of other respiratory diseases,such as seasonal influenza.[3]In the second half of 2020,the COVID-19 pandemic was gradually brought under control.Production,transport,and schools were returning to normal,while citizens were still required to wear masks in public.Cases of influenza also reappeared.This study compared the ILI percentage(ILI%),laboratory(LAB)-positive rate,incidence rate,and effective reproductive number(Rt)of infl uenzas from 2019 to 2022 to clarify the change in seasonal infl uenza spread after the COVID-19 outbreak.

Diagnosis,treatment,and prevention of monkeypox in children:an experts'consensus statement

Monkeypox is a zoonotic disease.Since the first human monkeypox case was detected in 1970,it has been prevalent in some countries in central and western Africa.Since May 2022,monkeypox cases have been reported in more than 96 non-endemic countries and regions worldwide.As of September 14,2022,there have been more than 58,200 human monkeypox cases,and there is community transmission.The cessation of smallpox vaccination in 1980,which had some cross-protection with monkeypox,resulted in a general lack of immunity to monkeypox,which caused global concern and vigilance.As of Sep-tember 14,2022,there are four monkeypox cases in China,including three in Taiwan province and one in Hong Kong city.Previous foreign studies have shown that children are vulnerable to monkeypox and are also at high risk for severe disease or complications.In order to improve pediatricians'understanding of monkeypox and achieve early detection,early diagno-sis,early treatment,and early disposal,we have organized national authoritative experts in pediatric infection,respiratory,dermatology,critical care medicine,infectious diseases,and public health and others to formulate this expert consensus,on the basis of the latest"Clinical management and infection prevention and control for monkeypox"released by The World Health Organization,the"guidelines for diagnosis and treatment of monkeypox(version 2022)"issued by National Health Commission of the People's Republic of China and other relevant documents.During the development of this consensus,multidisciplinary experts have repeatedly demonstrated the etiology,epidemiology,transmission,clinical manifestations,laboratory examinations,diagnosis,differential diagnosis,treatment,discharge criteria,prevention,disposal process,and key points of prevention and control of suspected and confirmed cases.

Factors Associated with PCV13 Vaccine Hesitancy in Parents under an Innovative Immunization Strategy:a Cross-Sectional Study—Weifang City,Shandong Province,China,2021

Summary What is already known on this topic?Pneumococcal diseases(PDs)are serious threats to child health.Although vaccination is one of the most effective ways to prevent these diseases,the pneumococcal vaccination coverage rate is still relatively low in China.What is added by this report?This study investigated the factors associated with 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine(PCV13)vaccine hesitancy in parents under an innovative immunization strategy.