Results of previous studies from North America reported that only 14 out of the 20 items from the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CES-D) were required to assess negative affect, somatic symptoms, an...Results of previous studies from North America reported that only 14 out of the 20 items from the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CES-D) were required to assess negative affect, somatic symptoms, and anhedonia. However, it remains unclear whether this three-factor structure of the CES-D would be valid in South Korea. The purpose of this study is to examine the validity of the three-factor structure with a Korean version of the CES-D. The participants were Korean college students (N = 215), elementary school teachers (N = 234), and parents of elementary school students (N = 230). Confirmatory factor analysis was performed to examine the scale’s validity. Results indicated that the three-factor structure showed acceptable fit to data (comparative fit index = 0.95;root mean square error of approximation = 0.06). The findings indicated that the three-factor structure of the CES-D was valid in South Korea.展开更多
The military population face a unique set of risk factors that may increase the risk of being diagnosed with dementia.Traumatic brain injury(TBI)and post-traumatic stress disorder(PTSD)have a higher prevalence in this...The military population face a unique set of risk factors that may increase the risk of being diagnosed with dementia.Traumatic brain injury(TBI)and post-traumatic stress disorder(PTSD)have a higher prevalence in this group in comparison to the civilian population.By delving into the individual relationships between TBI and dementia,and PTSD and dementia,we are able to better explore dementia in the military and veteran populations.While there are some inconsistencies in results,the TBI-dementia association has become more widely accepted.Moderate-tosevere TBI has been found to increase the risk of being diagnosed with Alzheimer’s disease.A correlation between PTSD and dementia has been established,however,whether or not it is a causal relationship remains unclear.Factors such as blast,combat and chemical exposure may occur during a deployment,along with TBI and/or PTSD diagnosis,and can impact the risk of dementia.However,there is a lack of literature exploring the direct effects of deployment on dementia risk.Sleep problems have been observed to occur in those following TBI,PTSD and deployment.Poor sleep has been associated with possible dementia risk.Although limited studies have focused on the link between sleep and dementia in military and veteran populations,sleep is a valuable factor to study due to its association and interconnection with other military/veteran factors.This review aims to inform of various risk factors to the cognitive health of military members and veterans:TBI,PTSD,deployment,and sleep.展开更多
The human visual system is still an important factor in military warfare;military personnel receive training on effective search strategies,and camouflage that can effectively conceal objects and personnel is a key co...The human visual system is still an important factor in military warfare;military personnel receive training on effective search strategies,and camouflage that can effectively conceal objects and personnel is a key component of a successful integrated survivability strategy.Previous methods of camouflage assessment have,amongst others,used psychophysics to generate distinctiveness metrics.However,the population from which the human observers are drawn is often not well defined,or necessarily appropriate.In this experiment we designed a new platform for testing multiple patterns based on a camouflaged object detection task,and investigate whether trained military observers perform better than civilians.We use a two-alternative forced choice paradigm,with participants searching images of woodland for a replica military helmet displaying Olive Green,Multi Terrain Pattern,US Marine Pattern or,as a conspicuous control,UN Peacekeeper Blue.Our data show that there is no difference in detection performance between the two observer groups but that there are clear differences in the effectiveness of the different helmet colour patterns in a temperate woodland environment.We conclude that when tasks involve very short stimulus presentation times,task-specific training has little effect on the success of target detection and thus this paradigm is particularly suitable for robust estimates of camouflage efficacy.展开更多
This study provides information on the development and factor scaling, validity, and reliability of a newly developed community service utilization measure (Older Adult Service Usage Assessment-OASUA). Analyzes indica...This study provides information on the development and factor scaling, validity, and reliability of a newly developed community service utilization measure (Older Adult Service Usage Assessment-OASUA). Analyzes indicate the OASUA can be used to assess current perceived community service use and satisfaction, as well as providing an indication for future service use and potential service needs with older persons. Additional data collection sites should be identified and a broader sample obtained so as to confirm the psychometric properties of the instrument in conjunction with further development of the OASUA.展开更多
<p align="justify"> <span style="font-family:Verdana;"><strong>Purpose:</strong> Overweight individuals are at risk of intermediate hyperglycemia (IHG) [<a href="#re...<p align="justify"> <span style="font-family:Verdana;"><strong>Purpose:</strong> Overweight individuals are at risk of intermediate hyperglycemia (IHG) [<a href="#ref1">1</a>]. Increasing physical activity (PA) in IHG is one method to reduce the risk of glucometabolic and cardiovascular (CV) complications [<a href="#ref2">2</a>]. This study investigates walking to music as a modality to increase moderate intensity PA and regulate glucometabolic disturbances. <strong>Patients and Methods: </strong>Participants were randomized to usual care (UC) or intervention group (IG) who completed a 6 month walking to music program. Physiological assessments for a range of variables (DEXA, flow mediated dilatation (FMD) and glucometabolic biomarkers) were completed at baseline, 4, 6 and 9 months (follow-up). <strong>Results:</strong> For IG group, walking compliance decreased with time however 71.4%, 79.5% and 73% of walking completed was moderate intensity at 4, 6 and 9 months. At 6 months IG FMD was significantly lower than UC and HbA1Cwas 5% lower. Other physiological markers were not altered. <strong>Conclusion:</strong> Walking to music may be a novel method to encourage moderate intensity PA. However, the majority of results demonstrate that this intervention was not more effective than UC in managing glucometabolic and CV biomarkers in IHG. Future interventions should include additional support for the entire study duration however this has cost implications.</span> </p>展开更多
Genetic neurodevelopmental disorders are characterized by abnormal neurophysiological and behavioral phenotypes,affecting individuals worldwide.While the subject has been heavily researched,current treatment options r...Genetic neurodevelopmental disorders are characterized by abnormal neurophysiological and behavioral phenotypes,affecting individuals worldwide.While the subject has been heavily researched,current treatment options relate mostly to alleviating symptoms,rather than targeting the altered genome itself.In this review,we address the neurogenetic basis of neurodevelopmental disorders,genetic tools that are enabling precision research of these disorders in animal models,and postnatal gene-therapy approaches for neurodevelopmental disorders derived from preclinical studies in the laboratory.展开更多
Although infrequent, there are patients who present themselves to surgeons and ask that a limb be amputated. Generally, such patients fall into one of three categories. The first is those suffering from “Body Integri...Although infrequent, there are patients who present themselves to surgeons and ask that a limb be amputated. Generally, such patients fall into one of three categories. The first is those suffering from “Body Integrity Identity Disorder” (BIID), a condition in which individuals feel that one of their limbs is foreign to the rest of their body, and must be removed. The second category is Apotemnophilia, a fetishized desire to become an amputee to enhance sexual gratification. Such drive for sexual gratification may lead to requests for amputation. Finally, the third category is delusional beliefs secondary to severe mental illness that may compel an individual to seek amputation, or even attempt self-amputation. We present a fourth type of patient: the Global War on Terrorism veteran with a severely injured arm demanding amputation to fit in with others who use prosthetic devices. In this instance, the cause of injury was a motor vehicle collision. We speculate that our case is not the only one and that a fourth category of patient demanding amputation is emerging. Further study is needed.展开更多
Purpose:This study aimed to examine the usage,acceptability,usability,perceived usefulness,and satisfaction of a web-based video-tailored physical activity(PA)intervention(TaylorActive)in adults.Methods:In 2013-2014,5...Purpose:This study aimed to examine the usage,acceptability,usability,perceived usefulness,and satisfaction of a web-based video-tailored physical activity(PA)intervention(TaylorActive)in adults.Methods:In 2013-2014,501 Australian adults aged 18+years were randomized into a video-tailored intervention,text-tailored intervention,or control group.Over 3 months,the intervention groups received access to 8 sessions of personally tailored PA advice delivered via the TaylorActive website.Only the delivery method differed between the intervention groups:video-tailored vs.text-tailored.Google Analytics and telephone surveys conducted at post intervention(3 months)were used to assess intervention usage,acceptability,usability,perceived usefulness,and satisfaction.Quantitative and qualitative process data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and thematic content analysis.Results:Of 501 recruited adults,259 completed the 3-month post-intervention survey(52%retention).Overall,usage of the TaylorActive website with respect to number of website visits,intervention sessions,and action plans completed was modest in both the video-tailored(7.6士7.2 visits,mean±SD)and text-tailored(7.3±5.4 visits)groups with no significant between-group differences.The majority of participants in all groups used the TaylorActive website less than once in 2 weeks(66.7%video-tailored,62.7%text-tailored,87.5%control;p<0.001).Acceptability was rated mostly high in all groups and in some instances,significantly higher in the intervention groups compared to the control group(p<0.010).Usability was also rated high;mean Systems Usability Scores were 77.3(video-tailored),75.7(text-tailored),and 74.1(control)with no significant between-group differences.Perceived usefulness of the TaylorActive intervention was low,though mostly rated higher in the intervention groups compared to the control group(p<0.010).Satisfaction with the TaylorActive website was mixed.Participants in both intervention groups liked its ease of use,personalized feedback,and tracking of progress,but also found completing action plans and survey questions for each session repetitive and tedious.Conclusion:Providing personally tailored PA advice on its own(through either video or text)is likely insufficient to ensure good retention,usage,perceived usefulness,and satisfaction with a web-based PA intervention.Strategies to address this may include the incorporation of additional intervention components such as activity trackers,social interactions,gamification,as well as the use of advanced artificial intelligence and machine learning technologies to allow more personalized dialogue with participants.展开更多
Screen technologies have been found to have adverse outcomes on people’s well-being and mental health if used excessively however findings have varied depending on the screen type being assessed. The impact of prolon...Screen technologies have been found to have adverse outcomes on people’s well-being and mental health if used excessively however findings have varied depending on the screen type being assessed. The impact of prolonged TV-watching on mental health has been well established, whereas the influence of computers, the internet, and mobile phones is still being debated. Research exploring total screen use in adults is surprisingly lacking. The current study examined the relationship between Screen Time and well-being in adults, including positive relationships, meaning, and loneliness. The study is possibly the first to investigate how much pleasure and meaning people feel during screen use and their mediating effects. Using a correlational study design, participants (N = 139) reported their hours spent on all screen devices per day, how much pleasure and meaning they experience during screen use on average, and their general well-being levels. Screen Time was not found to be significantly correlated with well-being;and screen use experiences did not mediate any of the screen time and well-being relationships. However, screen use meaning was positively associated with overall well-being and positive relationships. This finding prompts a review of the importance of screen time for well-being, suggesting that this may be a limited approach. Other factors related to screen quality may be equal if not more important for well-being. Limitations and implications for maintaining or enhancing well-being while using screen devices are discussed.展开更多
Background:To describe the sleep patterns of children below 36 months in Hong Kong,and evaluate the associations between parental behaviors and childhood sleep/wake patterns.Methods:Parents of 1049 infants and toddler...Background:To describe the sleep patterns of children below 36 months in Hong Kong,and evaluate the associations between parental behaviors and childhood sleep/wake patterns.Methods:Parents of 1049 infants and toddlers completed an internet-based expanded version of the Brief Infant Sleep Questionnaire.Results:Total sleep duration (P<0.001),frequency (P<0.001) and duration (P<0.001) of nocturnal awakenings decreased with age,whereas the longest sleep duration (P<0.001) and nocturnal sleep duration (P<0.001) increased with age.Children who room-or bed-shared with parents had later bedtimes (P<0.001),but similar sleep duration compared with those who had a separate sleep location.Falling asleep independently was associated with longer nocturnal sleep duration (P<0.001) and less sleep awakenings (P<0.001).Full-time employment of parents was associated with shorter total sleep duration of children (P<0.001).Although breastfeeding was associated with more nocturnal awakenings (P<0.001),no association was detected between breastfeeding and shorter sleep duration in children.Conclusions:As infants and toddlers develop,their sleep consolidates.Falling asleep independently was associated with longer nocturnal sleep duration and fewer sleep awakenings,whereas sleep location was not.This is an important finding,especially for families with limited living space where parent/ child room-or bed-sharing cannot be avoided.展开更多
Computational similarity measures have been evaluated in a variety of ways, but few of the validated computational measures are based on a high-level, cognitive criterion of objective similarity. In this paper, we eva...Computational similarity measures have been evaluated in a variety of ways, but few of the validated computational measures are based on a high-level, cognitive criterion of objective similarity. In this paper, we evaluate two popular objective similarity measures by comparing them with face matching performance in human observers. The results suggest that these measures are still limited in predicting human behavior, especially in rejection behavior, but objective measure taking advantage of global and local face characteristics may improve the prediction. It is also suggested that human may set different criterions for“hit” and “rejection”and this may provide implications for biologically-inspired computational systems.展开更多
Official warnings are essential for informing the public of impending hazards and promoting their responses before a disaster occurs.However,research has identified that traditional public warnings,such as generic tex...Official warnings are essential for informing the public of impending hazards and promoting their responses before a disaster occurs.However,research has identified that traditional public warnings,such as generic text messages based on large geographic regions,often fail to promote appropriate responses by at-risk residents.Recently,there has been an increased focus on using map-based approaches for communicating public warnings.However,a systematic framework to guide the design of effective mapping instruments for this purpose is lacking.The researchers sought to fill this gap by merging the scholarly understanding of factors influencing warning effectiveness with the contemporary spatial capacities of the emergency management sector.The current paper presents the conceptual framework resulting from this merger,which can be used to direct the design and implementation of map-based warnings that offer personalised risk visualisation and provide personalised decision support to motivate appropriate responses.An example is then provided to illustrate how this framework can be applied for the development of personalised bushfire warnings in an Australian context.Underpinned by webGIS technologies,the proposed framework shows a potentially ground-breaking approach to improve public warning communication by fostering more efficient and effective risk personalisation and response related decision-making by individuals.展开更多
Societal biosecurity–measures built into everyday society to minimize risks from pests and diseases–is an important aspect of managing epidemics and pandemics.We aimed to identify societal options for reducing the t...Societal biosecurity–measures built into everyday society to minimize risks from pests and diseases–is an important aspect of managing epidemics and pandemics.We aimed to identify societal options for reducing the transmission and spread of respiratory viruses.We used SARS-CoV-2(severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2)as a case study to meet the immediate need to manage the COVID-19 pandemic and eventually transition to more normal societal conditions,and to catalog options for managing similar pandemics in the future.We used a‘solution scanning’approach.We read the literature;consulted psychology,public health,medical,and solution scanning experts;crowd-sourced options using social media;and collated comments on a preprint.Here,we present a list of 519 possible measures to reduce SARS-CoV-2 transmission and spread.We provide a long list of options for policymakers and businesses to consider when designing biosecurity plans to combat SARS-CoV-2 and similar pathogens in the future.We also developed an online application to help with this process.We encourage testing of actions,documentation of outcomes,revisions to the current list,and the addition of further options.展开更多
China’s rapid economic growth created new challenges and opportunities for Latin America over the 2000s.Much ink has been spilt analysing how countries in the region surfed the Chinese wave of commodity-based prosper...China’s rapid economic growth created new challenges and opportunities for Latin America over the 2000s.Much ink has been spilt analysing how countries in the region surfed the Chinese wave of commodity-based prosperity.However,there is fertile and quite unexplored territory to analyse how these regional powers in the Global South,from a comparative perspective,have interacted with China as they tried to improve their international position over the 2000s.We analyse in this article how Brazil and Mexico dealt with China’s presence and strategic goals in Latin America and assess the outcomes they extracted from this relationship.We draw evidence from and offer comparisons across different presidencies in each country(Lula and Rousseff in Brazil,and Fox,Calderon,and Pe~na Nieto in Mexico)over the 2000s,which allows us to grasp the variation in ideology,governance style,and electoral legitimacy.We ground our theoretical framework in the concept of international insertion,a Southern-based framework that opens space to understand and explain how countries in the South behave in international politics from a different point of view.We claim that the efforts made by the national governments in both countries to improve their positions achieved limited or transitory results,if considering China as a strategic factor.展开更多
Understanding of the constitution of client involved decisions is important for future improvements of the processes. Significant decisions in construction projects are reliant on heuristic processes where assumptions...Understanding of the constitution of client involved decisions is important for future improvements of the processes. Significant decisions in construction projects are reliant on heuristic processes where assumptions are developed from past experience. The paper presents a methodology to collect empirical data in an unstructured manner utilizing participant intuition and experience regarding project level collaboration, a term easily understood by practitioners. Empirical data collected from 6 focus group discussions in Norway and 18 individual interviews in Finland is associated with biases in decision making aimed at bridging the gap of understanding and literature's insufficient coverage. An analytic framework was developed to suit the diverse emergence of concepts to allow application of psychological principles in a structured manner to empirical data. The paper contributes by identifying types of cognitive and motivational biases in client involved decisions. The biases are found to be alleviated by one another depending on the particular application of the decision. Findings suggest that normative beliefs exist developed from past experience and habitual thinking. A number of emerged biases in this domain are alleviated from normative beliefs which are discussed in this paper.展开更多
文摘Results of previous studies from North America reported that only 14 out of the 20 items from the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CES-D) were required to assess negative affect, somatic symptoms, and anhedonia. However, it remains unclear whether this three-factor structure of the CES-D would be valid in South Korea. The purpose of this study is to examine the validity of the three-factor structure with a Korean version of the CES-D. The participants were Korean college students (N = 215), elementary school teachers (N = 234), and parents of elementary school students (N = 230). Confirmatory factor analysis was performed to examine the scale’s validity. Results indicated that the three-factor structure showed acceptable fit to data (comparative fit index = 0.95;root mean square error of approximation = 0.06). The findings indicated that the three-factor structure of the CES-D was valid in South Korea.
基金supported by in kind of donation in the form of author’s time from Blind Veterans UK,the University of Oxford,Circadian Therapeutics and Monash University。
文摘The military population face a unique set of risk factors that may increase the risk of being diagnosed with dementia.Traumatic brain injury(TBI)and post-traumatic stress disorder(PTSD)have a higher prevalence in this group in comparison to the civilian population.By delving into the individual relationships between TBI and dementia,and PTSD and dementia,we are able to better explore dementia in the military and veteran populations.While there are some inconsistencies in results,the TBI-dementia association has become more widely accepted.Moderate-tosevere TBI has been found to increase the risk of being diagnosed with Alzheimer’s disease.A correlation between PTSD and dementia has been established,however,whether or not it is a causal relationship remains unclear.Factors such as blast,combat and chemical exposure may occur during a deployment,along with TBI and/or PTSD diagnosis,and can impact the risk of dementia.However,there is a lack of literature exploring the direct effects of deployment on dementia risk.Sleep problems have been observed to occur in those following TBI,PTSD and deployment.Poor sleep has been associated with possible dementia risk.Although limited studies have focused on the link between sleep and dementia in military and veteran populations,sleep is a valuable factor to study due to its association and interconnection with other military/veteran factors.This review aims to inform of various risk factors to the cognitive health of military members and veterans:TBI,PTSD,deployment,and sleep.
基金This work was supported by QinetiQ(contract number UoBMASTSUB/1000067064)and the EPSRC(grant number EP/M006905/1).
文摘The human visual system is still an important factor in military warfare;military personnel receive training on effective search strategies,and camouflage that can effectively conceal objects and personnel is a key component of a successful integrated survivability strategy.Previous methods of camouflage assessment have,amongst others,used psychophysics to generate distinctiveness metrics.However,the population from which the human observers are drawn is often not well defined,or necessarily appropriate.In this experiment we designed a new platform for testing multiple patterns based on a camouflaged object detection task,and investigate whether trained military observers perform better than civilians.We use a two-alternative forced choice paradigm,with participants searching images of woodland for a replica military helmet displaying Olive Green,Multi Terrain Pattern,US Marine Pattern or,as a conspicuous control,UN Peacekeeper Blue.Our data show that there is no difference in detection performance between the two observer groups but that there are clear differences in the effectiveness of the different helmet colour patterns in a temperate woodland environment.We conclude that when tasks involve very short stimulus presentation times,task-specific training has little effect on the success of target detection and thus this paradigm is particularly suitable for robust estimates of camouflage efficacy.
文摘This study provides information on the development and factor scaling, validity, and reliability of a newly developed community service utilization measure (Older Adult Service Usage Assessment-OASUA). Analyzes indicate the OASUA can be used to assess current perceived community service use and satisfaction, as well as providing an indication for future service use and potential service needs with older persons. Additional data collection sites should be identified and a broader sample obtained so as to confirm the psychometric properties of the instrument in conjunction with further development of the OASUA.
文摘<p align="justify"> <span style="font-family:Verdana;"><strong>Purpose:</strong> Overweight individuals are at risk of intermediate hyperglycemia (IHG) [<a href="#ref1">1</a>]. Increasing physical activity (PA) in IHG is one method to reduce the risk of glucometabolic and cardiovascular (CV) complications [<a href="#ref2">2</a>]. This study investigates walking to music as a modality to increase moderate intensity PA and regulate glucometabolic disturbances. <strong>Patients and Methods: </strong>Participants were randomized to usual care (UC) or intervention group (IG) who completed a 6 month walking to music program. Physiological assessments for a range of variables (DEXA, flow mediated dilatation (FMD) and glucometabolic biomarkers) were completed at baseline, 4, 6 and 9 months (follow-up). <strong>Results:</strong> For IG group, walking compliance decreased with time however 71.4%, 79.5% and 73% of walking completed was moderate intensity at 4, 6 and 9 months. At 6 months IG FMD was significantly lower than UC and HbA1Cwas 5% lower. Other physiological markers were not altered. <strong>Conclusion:</strong> Walking to music may be a novel method to encourage moderate intensity PA. However, the majority of results demonstrate that this intervention was not more effective than UC in managing glucometabolic and CV biomarkers in IHG. Future interventions should include additional support for the entire study duration however this has cost implications.</span> </p>
基金supported by grants from Fritz Thyssen Stiftung,Brain Boost Innovation Center by Sagol School of Neuroscience at TAU,and SPARK Tel Avivsupported by the Eshkol Fellowship from The Ministry of Science and Technologythe recipient of The Alon Fellowship for outstanding young researchers awarded by the Israeli Council for Higher Education。
文摘Genetic neurodevelopmental disorders are characterized by abnormal neurophysiological and behavioral phenotypes,affecting individuals worldwide.While the subject has been heavily researched,current treatment options relate mostly to alleviating symptoms,rather than targeting the altered genome itself.In this review,we address the neurogenetic basis of neurodevelopmental disorders,genetic tools that are enabling precision research of these disorders in animal models,and postnatal gene-therapy approaches for neurodevelopmental disorders derived from preclinical studies in the laboratory.
文摘Although infrequent, there are patients who present themselves to surgeons and ask that a limb be amputated. Generally, such patients fall into one of three categories. The first is those suffering from “Body Integrity Identity Disorder” (BIID), a condition in which individuals feel that one of their limbs is foreign to the rest of their body, and must be removed. The second category is Apotemnophilia, a fetishized desire to become an amputee to enhance sexual gratification. Such drive for sexual gratification may lead to requests for amputation. Finally, the third category is delusional beliefs secondary to severe mental illness that may compel an individual to seek amputation, or even attempt self-amputation. We present a fourth type of patient: the Global War on Terrorism veteran with a severely injured arm demanding amputation to fit in with others who use prosthetic devices. In this instance, the cause of injury was a motor vehicle collision. We speculate that our case is not the only one and that a fourth category of patient demanding amputation is emerging. Further study is needed.
基金funded by the National Health and Medical Research Council(1049369).CV(100427),MJD(100029),and SS(101240)were,and SA(102609)is currentlysupported by a research fellowship from the National Heart Foundation of Australia.CES(1090517),RCP(1100138),and AR(1105926)were,and MJD(1141606)and SS(1125586)are currentlysupported by a research fellowship from the National Health and Medical Research Council。
文摘Purpose:This study aimed to examine the usage,acceptability,usability,perceived usefulness,and satisfaction of a web-based video-tailored physical activity(PA)intervention(TaylorActive)in adults.Methods:In 2013-2014,501 Australian adults aged 18+years were randomized into a video-tailored intervention,text-tailored intervention,or control group.Over 3 months,the intervention groups received access to 8 sessions of personally tailored PA advice delivered via the TaylorActive website.Only the delivery method differed between the intervention groups:video-tailored vs.text-tailored.Google Analytics and telephone surveys conducted at post intervention(3 months)were used to assess intervention usage,acceptability,usability,perceived usefulness,and satisfaction.Quantitative and qualitative process data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and thematic content analysis.Results:Of 501 recruited adults,259 completed the 3-month post-intervention survey(52%retention).Overall,usage of the TaylorActive website with respect to number of website visits,intervention sessions,and action plans completed was modest in both the video-tailored(7.6士7.2 visits,mean±SD)and text-tailored(7.3±5.4 visits)groups with no significant between-group differences.The majority of participants in all groups used the TaylorActive website less than once in 2 weeks(66.7%video-tailored,62.7%text-tailored,87.5%control;p<0.001).Acceptability was rated mostly high in all groups and in some instances,significantly higher in the intervention groups compared to the control group(p<0.010).Usability was also rated high;mean Systems Usability Scores were 77.3(video-tailored),75.7(text-tailored),and 74.1(control)with no significant between-group differences.Perceived usefulness of the TaylorActive intervention was low,though mostly rated higher in the intervention groups compared to the control group(p<0.010).Satisfaction with the TaylorActive website was mixed.Participants in both intervention groups liked its ease of use,personalized feedback,and tracking of progress,but also found completing action plans and survey questions for each session repetitive and tedious.Conclusion:Providing personally tailored PA advice on its own(through either video or text)is likely insufficient to ensure good retention,usage,perceived usefulness,and satisfaction with a web-based PA intervention.Strategies to address this may include the incorporation of additional intervention components such as activity trackers,social interactions,gamification,as well as the use of advanced artificial intelligence and machine learning technologies to allow more personalized dialogue with participants.
文摘Screen technologies have been found to have adverse outcomes on people’s well-being and mental health if used excessively however findings have varied depending on the screen type being assessed. The impact of prolonged TV-watching on mental health has been well established, whereas the influence of computers, the internet, and mobile phones is still being debated. Research exploring total screen use in adults is surprisingly lacking. The current study examined the relationship between Screen Time and well-being in adults, including positive relationships, meaning, and loneliness. The study is possibly the first to investigate how much pleasure and meaning people feel during screen use and their mediating effects. Using a correlational study design, participants (N = 139) reported their hours spent on all screen devices per day, how much pleasure and meaning they experience during screen use on average, and their general well-being levels. Screen Time was not found to be significantly correlated with well-being;and screen use experiences did not mediate any of the screen time and well-being relationships. However, screen use meaning was positively associated with overall well-being and positive relationships. This finding prompts a review of the importance of screen time for well-being, suggesting that this may be a limited approach. Other factors related to screen quality may be equal if not more important for well-being. Limitations and implications for maintaining or enhancing well-being while using screen devices are discussed.
文摘Background:To describe the sleep patterns of children below 36 months in Hong Kong,and evaluate the associations between parental behaviors and childhood sleep/wake patterns.Methods:Parents of 1049 infants and toddlers completed an internet-based expanded version of the Brief Infant Sleep Questionnaire.Results:Total sleep duration (P<0.001),frequency (P<0.001) and duration (P<0.001) of nocturnal awakenings decreased with age,whereas the longest sleep duration (P<0.001) and nocturnal sleep duration (P<0.001) increased with age.Children who room-or bed-shared with parents had later bedtimes (P<0.001),but similar sleep duration compared with those who had a separate sleep location.Falling asleep independently was associated with longer nocturnal sleep duration (P<0.001) and less sleep awakenings (P<0.001).Full-time employment of parents was associated with shorter total sleep duration of children (P<0.001).Although breastfeeding was associated with more nocturnal awakenings (P<0.001),no association was detected between breastfeeding and shorter sleep duration in children.Conclusions:As infants and toddlers develop,their sleep consolidates.Falling asleep independently was associated with longer nocturnal sleep duration and fewer sleep awakenings,whereas sleep location was not.This is an important finding,especially for families with limited living space where parent/ child room-or bed-sharing cannot be avoided.
基金Supported by the National Basic Research Program of China (Grant No.2006CB303101)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.60433030,30600182 and 30500157)the Royal Society
文摘Computational similarity measures have been evaluated in a variety of ways, but few of the validated computational measures are based on a high-level, cognitive criterion of objective similarity. In this paper, we evaluate two popular objective similarity measures by comparing them with face matching performance in human observers. The results suggest that these measures are still limited in predicting human behavior, especially in rejection behavior, but objective measure taking advantage of global and local face characteristics may improve the prediction. It is also suggested that human may set different criterions for“hit” and “rejection”and this may provide implications for biologically-inspired computational systems.
文摘Official warnings are essential for informing the public of impending hazards and promoting their responses before a disaster occurs.However,research has identified that traditional public warnings,such as generic text messages based on large geographic regions,often fail to promote appropriate responses by at-risk residents.Recently,there has been an increased focus on using map-based approaches for communicating public warnings.However,a systematic framework to guide the design of effective mapping instruments for this purpose is lacking.The researchers sought to fill this gap by merging the scholarly understanding of factors influencing warning effectiveness with the contemporary spatial capacities of the emergency management sector.The current paper presents the conceptual framework resulting from this merger,which can be used to direct the design and implementation of map-based warnings that offer personalised risk visualisation and provide personalised decision support to motivate appropriate responses.An example is then provided to illustrate how this framework can be applied for the development of personalised bushfire warnings in an Australian context.Underpinned by webGIS technologies,the proposed framework shows a potentially ground-breaking approach to improve public warning communication by fostering more efficient and effective risk personalisation and response related decision-making by individuals.
文摘Societal biosecurity–measures built into everyday society to minimize risks from pests and diseases–is an important aspect of managing epidemics and pandemics.We aimed to identify societal options for reducing the transmission and spread of respiratory viruses.We used SARS-CoV-2(severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2)as a case study to meet the immediate need to manage the COVID-19 pandemic and eventually transition to more normal societal conditions,and to catalog options for managing similar pandemics in the future.We used a‘solution scanning’approach.We read the literature;consulted psychology,public health,medical,and solution scanning experts;crowd-sourced options using social media;and collated comments on a preprint.Here,we present a list of 519 possible measures to reduce SARS-CoV-2 transmission and spread.We provide a long list of options for policymakers and businesses to consider when designing biosecurity plans to combat SARS-CoV-2 and similar pathogens in the future.We also developed an online application to help with this process.We encourage testing of actions,documentation of outcomes,revisions to the current list,and the addition of further options.
文摘China’s rapid economic growth created new challenges and opportunities for Latin America over the 2000s.Much ink has been spilt analysing how countries in the region surfed the Chinese wave of commodity-based prosperity.However,there is fertile and quite unexplored territory to analyse how these regional powers in the Global South,from a comparative perspective,have interacted with China as they tried to improve their international position over the 2000s.We analyse in this article how Brazil and Mexico dealt with China’s presence and strategic goals in Latin America and assess the outcomes they extracted from this relationship.We draw evidence from and offer comparisons across different presidencies in each country(Lula and Rousseff in Brazil,and Fox,Calderon,and Pe~na Nieto in Mexico)over the 2000s,which allows us to grasp the variation in ideology,governance style,and electoral legitimacy.We ground our theoretical framework in the concept of international insertion,a Southern-based framework that opens space to understand and explain how countries in the South behave in international politics from a different point of view.We claim that the efforts made by the national governments in both countries to improve their positions achieved limited or transitory results,if considering China as a strategic factor.
文摘Understanding of the constitution of client involved decisions is important for future improvements of the processes. Significant decisions in construction projects are reliant on heuristic processes where assumptions are developed from past experience. The paper presents a methodology to collect empirical data in an unstructured manner utilizing participant intuition and experience regarding project level collaboration, a term easily understood by practitioners. Empirical data collected from 6 focus group discussions in Norway and 18 individual interviews in Finland is associated with biases in decision making aimed at bridging the gap of understanding and literature's insufficient coverage. An analytic framework was developed to suit the diverse emergence of concepts to allow application of psychological principles in a structured manner to empirical data. The paper contributes by identifying types of cognitive and motivational biases in client involved decisions. The biases are found to be alleviated by one another depending on the particular application of the decision. Findings suggest that normative beliefs exist developed from past experience and habitual thinking. A number of emerged biases in this domain are alleviated from normative beliefs which are discussed in this paper.