Comparison of the water consumption levels of four shelterbelt tree species in a typical arid oasis in Northwest China

The shelterbelt is an indispensable barrier to the ecological and economic development of an oasis.Soil moisture,groundwater and irrigation greatly affect the shelterbelt water consumption and development.In this study,the transpiration rate of shelterbelt trees,soil moisture and meteorological data were collected to determine the effects of soil moisture and meteorological factors on the water consumption of different shelterbelt tree species via multivariate statistical methods.The results showed that the water consumption rate was positively correlated with solar radiation,air temperature and precipitation.Moreover,the leaf transpiration rate exhibited the trend of P.Russkii Jabl.˃P.alba˃P.simonii Carr.>P.nigracv,while the average daily water consumption decreased in the order of P.alba>P.Russkii Jabl.>P.simonii Carr.>P.nigracv.The average daily water consumption levels of P.alba,P.Russkii Jabl.,P.simonii Carr.and P.nigracv were(9.15±0.92)kg/(tree∙d),(6.95±1.41)kg/(tree∙d),(4.43±1.32)kg/(tree∙d),and(1.58±0.18)kg/(tree∙d),respectively.Over the growing season,the soil water consumption levels of P.alba,P.Russkii Jabl.,P.simonii Carr.,and P.nigracv in each shelterbelt tree stand reached 674.8,336.9,358.1 and 161.7 kg,respectively.More than 96%of the soil moisture lost was provided by the upper 120-cm soil layer.Understanding the influence and contribution of soil water and meteorological factors to shelterbelt water consumption is beneficial for shelterbelt management and protection.

Reconstruction of Community Fiscal System: Background, Principles and Proposals

After the collapse of the unit-neighborhood system,the communities in China have got a nature of duality,from which a mixed dual duty structure is derived.This structure calls for a re-establishment of the principals for community financial system from such aspects as fund raising mode,budget supervision,and allocation program,etc.There exist some defects in the present community financial system,such as one-sided design,insufficient fund resource for community outlay,lower efficiency of fund operation,lacking of coordination in community construction investment,etc.which seriously restrict the functions of modern community.In order to construct a community oriented public fiscal system,we need to clarify the division of responsibilities between the government and the community,give full play to community’s potential in self-governance and construct a comprehensive fund allocation mechanism.