Synthesis of Organic-Inorganic Hybrid Aluminum Hypophosphite Microspheres Flame Retardant and Its Flame Retardant Research on Thermoplastic Polyurethane

Aluminum hypophosphite microspheres(AHP) were synthesized by hydrothermal method using NaH2PO2·H2O and AlCl3·6H2O as raw materials, and then the AHP microspheres were polymerized by surface polymerization of micro-nanospheres with cyclic cross-linked poly(cyclotriphosphazene-co-4,4'-sulfonyldiphenol)(PZS). A new organic-inorganic poly(phosphonitrile)-modified aluminum hypophosphite microspheres(PZS-AHP) were synthesized by encapsulation and applied to flame retardant thermoplastic polyurethane(TPU). The microstructure and chemical composition of the PZS-AHP microsphere were characterized by scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and X-ray spectroscopy. The thermal stability of PZS-AHP microsphere was explored with thermogravimetric analysis. Thermogravimetric data indicate that the PZS-AHP microspheres have excellent thermal stability. The thermal and flame-retarding properties of the TPU composites were evaluated by thermogravimetric(TG), limited oxygen index tests(LOI), and cone calorimeter test(CCT). The TPU composite achieved vertical burning(UL-94) V-0 grade and LOI value reached 29.2% when 10 wt% PZS-AHP was incorporated. Compared with those of pure TPU, the peak heat release rate(pHRR) and total heat release(THR) of TPU/10%PZS-AHP decreased by 82.2% and 42.5%, respectively. The results of CCT indicated that PZS-AHP microsphere could improve the flame retardancy of TPU composites.

Dynamics of Potable Well Water Quality in Key Mining Chiefdoms in Kono District, Eastern Sierra Leone

Groundwater is increasingly being used due to its universal availability and generally good quality. However, the risk of contamination of groundwater due to various human activities such as mining is equally increasing across the globe. In this study, the physical parameters of potable well waters in the key mining areas in Nimikoro and Tankoro Chiefdoms in Kono District were analyzed for compliance with drinking water quality standard. To do this, both unpurged and purged well water samples were collected once every month for a period of one year. Some of the well water properties like temperature, Total Dissolved Solids (TDS) and Electrical Conductivity (EC) were measured on site and others determined in the laboratory. The data collected from the laboratory analyses were statistically analyzed in MS Excel, SPSS and ArcGIS environments for quality trends in time-space fabric. The results showed that well water quality in the study area generally fell short of drinking water quality standards of Sierra Leone and WHO. There were high temperature and turbidity during the dry season and then high TDS and EC during the rainy season. Temperature and turbidity also significantly influenced well water quality in the study area, much more than TDS and EC. The implications for drinking water of lower quality than the standard could be huge for the local population and therefore needs the attention of stakeholders in the study area and decision makers in the country.

Hyperspectral imaging technology to detect the vigor of thermal-damaged Quercus variabilis seeds

This study investigated the feasibility of hyperspectral imaging techniques to estimate the vigor of heatdamaged Quercus variabilis seeds.Four thermal damage grades were classified according to heat treatment duration(0,2,5,and 10 h).After obtaining hyperspectral images with a 370–1042 nm hyperspectral imager that included visible and near infrared light,germination was tested to confirm estimates.The Savitzky–Golay(SG)second derivative was used to preprocess the spectrum to reduce any noise impact.The successive projections algorithm(SPA),principal component analysis,and local linear embedding algorithm were used to extract the characteristic spectral bands related to seed vigor.Finally,a model for seed vigor classifi-cation of Q.variabili s based on partial least squares support vector machine(LS-SVM)with different spectral data sets was developed.The results show that the spectrum after SG second derivative preprocessing was better for developing the model,and SPA performed the best among the three feature band selection methods.The combination SG second derivative-LS-SVM provided the best classification model for Q.variabilis seed vigor,with the prediction set reaching 98.81%.This study provides an important basis for rapid and nondestructive assessment of the vigor of heat-damaged seeds using hyperspectral imaging techniques.

A Machine Learning-Based Distributed Denial of Service Detection Approach for Early Warning in Internet Exchange Points

The Internet service provider(ISP)is the heart of any country’s Internet infrastructure and plays an important role in connecting to theWorld WideWeb.Internet exchange point(IXP)allows the interconnection of two or more separate network infrastructures.All Internet traffic entering a country should pass through its IXP.Thus,it is an ideal location for performing malicious traffic analysis.Distributed denial of service(DDoS)attacks are becoming a more serious daily threat.Malicious actors in DDoS attacks control numerous infected machines known as botnets.Botnets are used to send numerous fake requests to overwhelm the resources of victims and make them unavailable for some periods.To date,such attacks present a major devastating security threat on the Internet.This paper proposes an effective and efficient machine learning(ML)-based DDoS detection approach for the early warning and protection of the Saudi Arabia Internet exchange point(SAIXP)platform.The effectiveness and efficiency of the proposed approach are verified by selecting an accurate ML method with a small number of input features.A chi-square method is used for feature selection because it is easier to compute than other methods,and it does not require any assumption about feature distribution values.Several ML methods are assessed using holdout and 10-fold tests on a public large-size dataset.The experiments showed that the performance of the decision tree(DT)classifier achieved a high accuracy result(99.98%)with a small number of features(10 features).The experimental results confirmthe applicability of using DT and chi-square for DDoS detection and early warning in SAIXP.

Investigating the impact of atmospheric parameters on sea ice variability in and around Svalbard

Recent research has shown that winter warmings are phenomenally high compared to summer warmings over the poles,especially over the Arctic.Taking the current scenario into account,this paper attempts to understand the atmospheric variables causing sea ice variability over and around the region of Svalbard for seasons;winter,spring,summer and autumn for the span of 42 years(1979-2021).The variability in atmospheric and oceanic parameters namely temperature,precipitation,wind speed,and sea surface salinity are analysed over inter-spatial,inter-seasonal and inter-annual domains.Winters are characterized by inter-annual increasing trend in temperature.During 1981-1990 the rise from the decadal mean is found to be 0.39 K·a^(-1),during 1991-2000 it is 0.20 K·a^(-1),during 2001-2010 it is 0.04 K·a^(-1) and during 2011-2020 it is 0.23 K·a^(-1).Interestingly while considering inter-spatial domains,the region southwest to Svalbard seems to be wetter(0.05 mm·(10 a)-1)compared to its northeast(-0.03 mm·(10 a)-1).Across all the three domains,wind speeds are highest during autumn and then decrease subsequently through summer,spring and are least during winter.Wind is predominantly from the south,and hence it is suspected to carry hot Atlantic air.Additionally,the significant role of salinity in the ocean also plays a key role in governing the fate of sea ice conditions.The long-term forecasts of temperature over seaice of Svalbard are alarming especially for the winter ice(r=-0.84).Correlation matrices between atmospheric and sea ice parameters are shown to gain a better understanding on their inter relation.

Numerical Analysis of the Thermal Properties of Ecological Materials Based on Plaster and Clay

Most of the energy savings in the building sector come from the choice of the materials used and their microphysical properties.In the present study,through numerical simulations a link is established between the thermal performance of composite materials and their microstructures.First,a two-phase 3D composite structure is modeled,then the RSA(Random Sequential Addition)algorithm and a finite element method(FE)are applied to evaluate the effective thermal conductivity of these composites in the steady-state.In particular,building composites based on gypsum and clay,consolidated with peanut shell additives and/or cork are considered.The numerically determined thermal conductivities are compared with values experimentally calculated using the typical tools of modern metrology,and with available analytical models.The calculated thermal conductivities of the clay-based materials are 0.453 and 0.301 W.m^(−1).K^(−1) with peanut shells and cork,respectively.Those of the gypsum-based materials are 0.245 and 0.165 W.m^(−1).K^(−1) with peanut shells and cork,respectively.It is shown that,in addition to its dependence on the volume fraction of inclusions,the effective thermal conductivity is also influenced by other parameters such as the shape of inclusions and their distribution.The relative deviations,on average,do not exceed 6.8%,which provides evidence for the reliability of the used approach for random heterogeneous materials.

Allelic functional variation of FimH among Salmonella enterica subspecies

Salmonella enterica has a wide diversity,with numerous serovars belonging to six different subspecies with dynamic animal-host tropism.The FimH protein is the adhesin mediating binding to various cells,and slight amino acid discrepancy significantly affects the adherence capacities.To date,the general function of FimH variability across dif-ferent subspecies of Salmonella enterica has not been addressed.To investigate the biological functions of FimH among the six Salmonella enterica subspecies,the present study performed several assays to determine biofilm for-mation,Caenorhabditis elegans killing,and intestinal porcine enterocyte cell IPEC-J2 adhesion by using various FimH allele mutants.In general,allelic mutations in both the lectin and pilin domains of FimH could cause changes in bind-ing affnity,such as the N79S mutation.We also observed that the N79S variation in Salmonella Dublin increased the adhesive ability of IPEC-J2 cells.Moreover,a new amino acid substitution,T260M,within the pilin domain in one subspecies llb strain beneficial to binding to cells was highlighted in this study,even though the biofilm-forming and Caenorhabditis elegans-killing abilities exhibited no significant differences in variants.Combined with point muta-tions being a natural tendency due to positive selection in harsh environments,we speculate that allelic variation T26oM probably contributes to pathoadaptive evolution in Salmonella enterica subspecies llb.

Impacts of anisotropy coefficient and porosity on the thermal conductivity and P-wave velocity of calcarenites used as building materials of historical monuments in Morocco

It is essential to study the porosity,thermal conductivity,and P-wave velocity of calcarenites,as well as the anisotropy coefficients of the thermal conductivity and P-wave velocity,for civil engineering,and conservation and restoration of historical monuments.This study focuses on measuring the thermal conductivity using the thermal conductivity scanning(TCS)technique and measuring the P-wave ve-locity using portable equipment.This was applied for some dry and saturated calcarenite samples in the horizontal and vertical directions(parallel and perpendicular to the bedding plane,respectively).The calcarenites were selected from some historical monuments in Morocco.These physical properties were measured in the laboratory to find a reliable relationship between all of these properties.As a result of the statistical analysis of the obtained data,excellent linear relationships were observed between the porosity and both the thermal conductivity and porosity.These relationships are characterized by relatively high coefficients of determination for the horizontal and vertical samples.Based on the thermal conductivity and P-wave velocity values in these two directions,the anisotropy coefficients of these two properties were calculated.The internal structure and the pore fabric of the calcarenite samples were delineated using scanning electron microscopy(SEM),while their chemical and mineral compositions were studied using the energy dispersive X-ray analysis(EDXA)and X-ray diffraction(XRD)techniques.

Spoofing Face Detection Using Novel Edge-Net Autoencoder for Security

Recent security applications in mobile technologies and computer sys-tems use face recognition for high-end security.Despite numerous security tech-niques,face recognition is considered a high-security control.Developers fuse and carry out face identification as an access authority into these applications.Still,face identification authentication is sensitive to attacks with a 2-D photo image or captured video to access the system as an authorized user.In the existing spoofing detection algorithm,there was some loss in the recreation of images.This research proposes an unobtrusive technique to detect face spoofing attacks that apply a single frame of the sequenced set of frames to overcome the above-said problems.This research offers a novel Edge-Net autoencoder to select convoluted and dominant features of the input diffused structure.First,this pro-posed method is tested with the Cross-ethnicity Face Anti-spoofing(CASIA),Fetal alcohol spectrum disorders(FASD)dataset.This database has three models of attacks:distorted photographs in printed form,photographs with removed eyes portion,and video attacks.The images are taken with three different quality cameras:low,average,and high-quality real and spoofed images.An extensive experimental study was performed with CASIA-FASD,3 Diagnostic Machine Aid-Digital(DMAD)dataset that proved higher results when compared to existing algorithms.

Assessment of Climate Variability and Agricultural Activities in the Area of Tadla Plain

The variations in both precipitation and temperature have far-reaching effects on agricultural activities and the accessibility of water resources. These climatic parameters are pivotal in determining the availability of both groundwater and surface water for agricultural use. The aim of this study was to evaluate the variations in climate parameters, focusing on precipitation and temperature, alongside changes in cultivated land area and crop yields in the Tadla area (Béni Mellal Khénifra region, Morocco);additionally, our research looks at the changes in water inflow into two dams and four aquifers. Trends were assessed over the period of 2010-2020 using the standardized precipitation index (SPI) method, as well as the parametric regression method and nonparametric Mann-Kendall and Sen’s slope test. This analysis can be a preliminary step in demonstrating the effects of climate variability on water resource availability and its adverse impacts on agriculture in the region. The results showed a decreasing trend for some yield crops despite the increase in the cultivated area. The results of the groundwater levels and inflow dams showed a significant upward evolution. The analysis of the obtained SPI values and temperatures has revealed a notable and consistent upward trendencies. This upward trajectory indicates that both the SPI values, which reflect precipitation patterns and the temperatures, have been on the rise over the examined period. These results prompt reflection on the effects of climate variability on water resources in the region and economic activities, particularly agriculture.

Physicochemical Characterization of Settling Particulate Matter and Sediments

The thrust of this research study was to ascertain the physicochemical characteristic in settling particulate matter and sediments of samples collected from the wellington industrial estate flood plains;the main of objectives are as follows: to determine the hydrogen ion index (pH) of the samples collected in the study area, to determine the electrical conductivity (EC) of the samples collected from the same location. Samples were collected from six locations (at varying depths of 0 - 5 cm and 5 - 10 cm) sample area 1 (Wellington Industrial Estate Area 1) WIEA1 WIEA 2, WIEA 3, WIEA 4, WIEA 5 and WIEA 6 and were given laboratory treatment. A laboratory thermometer was used to determine temperature of the samples when collected;(Dakton model) pH meter equipment and a Toledo electrical conductivity meter were used to determine the pH and EC respectively. The results indicated that the samples were acidic (low pH) and the conductivity of the samples was of medium and low range. This therefore expressed low levels of soluble metal ions in the environment that have effect on plants, animals and other organisms, agricultural and domestic activities in the environment under investigation. Hence bioconcentration and biomagnification are highly likely in these locations.

Investigation of Organic Matter Extraction from Moroccan Oil Shale

This study focuses on investigating the effect of various solvents on the supercritical extraction of organic matter from Moroccan oil shales, with the goal of determining the optimal operating conditions that result in a high yield of high-quality oil rich in aromatic compounds. The results of this study demonstrate that the extraction yield and quality of the extracted oil heavily depend on the chosen operating conditions for supercritical or subcritical extraction of organic matter from oil shale. Additionally, the study found that phenol can effectively degrade oil shale and enable extraction of nearly all the organic matter, even under mild conditions (T = 390˚C, P = 1.2 MPa, Time = 2.5 h. Furthermore, the oils obtained through this extraction process are of high quality, with a rich content of maltenes, and a higher concentration of aromatic compounds and lower levels of sulfur than those obtained using other solvents.

Processes for the Clarification of the Crude Oil of Baobab Seeds Extracted by Pressing on Activated Carbon Elaborated from the Capsules of the Fruit (Adansonia digitata L.)

The baobab, Adansonia digitata L. plays an important role in the economy of local populations. The oil from the seeds of the baobab fruit is nowadays highly prized because of its numerous cosmetic and therapeutic applications and its composition of unsaturated fatty acids, sterols and tocopherols. However, unlike refined oils, locally extracted baobab oil has not undergone purification operations to ensure its quality. Only a filtration on special cloths is carried out after decantation. Indeed, the oil obtained after pressing is cloudy because of the presence of various impurities. It therefore requires treatment operations to make it more attractive and of higher quality. Therefore, in order to provide innovative solutions to local companies to improve the quality of vegetable oils, a study of clarification (treatment) of crude oil is necessary. An experimental device has been developed in the laboratory. It includes a glass column and a filter bed of dune sand and activated carbon. This study has shown the efficiency of the experimental device. Indeed, the activated carbon, thanks to its adsorbing power, has allowed a significant decrease in turbidity at the 5% threshold, from 14.61 NTU for the raw oil to 0.08 NTU for the oil filtered on 3% carbon and 0.033 NTU for the oil filtered on 5% carbon. That is to say an abatement higher than 95%. This decrease in turbidity could be correlated with the decrease in brown index from 187.39a for the initial crude oil to 128.53d for the oil treated with 3% activated carbon versus 187.59a for the oil filtered on cloths. The lowest brown index was observed with the filtration using 5% activated carbon (35.99b). Thus, for the yellowness index, only the filtration on 5% charcoal allowed to obtain a significant decrease in yellowness. The yellowing index of the oil with 5% was 44.67b against 79.04a for the oil filtered with 3% activated carbon, 86.33a for the crude oil and 86.46a for the oil filtered on cloths. Finally, the oil sample treated with 5% activated carbon had the clearest clarity than the other samples with a clarity (L) equal to 97.98c against 95.63d for the oil treated with 3% carbon and 94.99b for the oil filtered on filter cloths. According to the results obtained, the experimental device made it possible to obtain a clearer baobab oil with a low brown index, thus improving the sensory quality of the oil.

Faster Than Sound, Daredevil Parachute Jumps from the Edge of the Space

This article discusses the kinematics of a parachutist making a very-high-altitude jump. The effect of altitude on the density of air, on the gravitational field strength of the Earth, and on the atmosphere’s temperature has been taken into account in our analysis. The well-known equations of classical mechanics governing the selected topic have been solved numerically by using the mathematical software Mathcad. Especially, the possibility of a person exceeding the speed of sound during their fall has been considered in our analysis. The effect of the sound barrier is taken into account so that the shape factor of the falling body is given as a speed-dependent function, which reaches its maximum value at Mach 1.0. The obtained results have been found to be highly consistent with the available experimental data on some high-altitude jumps. The data published on the famous jump of Captain Joseph Kittinger has been analyzed very carefully, and although our calculations reproduced the reported values for most parts, some interesting inconsistencies were also discovered. Kittinger jumped from a gondola attached to a helium-filled balloon from a record-high altitude of 102,800 ft, or 31,330 m, in August 1960. We also made numerical analysis on the high-altitude jump of Felix Baumgartner. He bailed out from his gondola at the record-high altitude of 39.0 km in October 2012.

Investigation of Organic Matter Extraction from Moroccan Oil Shale

This study focuses on investigating the effect of various solvents on the supercritical extraction of organic matter from Moroccan oil shales, with the goal of determining the optimal operating conditions that result in a high yield of high-quality oil rich in aromatic compounds. The results of this study demonstrate that the extraction yield and quality of the extracted oil heavily depend on the chosen operating conditions for supercritical or subcritical extraction of organic matter from oil shale. Additionally, the study found that phenol can effectively degrade oil shale and enable extraction of nearly all the organic matter, even under mild conditions (T = 390˚C, P = 1.2 MPa, Time = 2.5 h. Furthermore, the oils obtained through this extraction process are of high quality, with a rich content of maltenes, and a higher concentration of aromatic compounds and lower levels of sulfur than those obtained using other solvents.

Displaying Water Table Levels, Flow Direction for Predicting Construction Techniques Using Geographic Information: Case Study of Kumba (South West, Cameroon)

The rapid economic growth of the town present the matter of water issue as a problem to human life human life, construction life, agriculture, etc. This study is to predict techniques of foundation construction through the displaying of the water table at the flow direction in the town of Kumba and GIS. It is characterized by a significant research question which is the level of fall and rise in groundwater levels within the town of Kumba and this influence on choice of types of foundation in construction. This study is directed to decision makers, and technicians of the construction field to develop policies facilitating the supervision when building construction foundation by informing about water level depth and its flow direction in the town. To achieve this, depths of static water levels were measured in over 200 randomly selected hand-dug wells in Kumba, after their geolocation and data were collected during the dry season (November and March 2017) and during the rainy season (between April and October 2017). Data were analyzed and treated using Microsoft Excel and GIS software us as Golden Surfer, Global Mapper, and ArcGIS. The results show variations of water level and those areas that may threaten foundation construction. Quarter as Kumba Station, Mile 1, Bulletin Street (Fongong Quarter), and parts of Fiango show that water table is to deep water and proper for the shallow foundation but very hard for water supply through borehole. Groundwater flow direction was revealed to be towards the south and southeastern parts of Kumba. The significant of the study is to propose to the technician the direct application on the field of chosen types of foundations according to the quarter and proposed groundwater supply possibilities.

Cerebral and muscle tissue oxygenation during exercise in healthy adults: A systematic review

Background:Near-infrared spectroscopy(NIRS)technology has allowed for the measurement of cerebral and skeletal muscle oxygenation simultaneously during exercise.Since this technology has been growing and is now successfully used in laboratory and sports settings,this systematic review aimed to synthesize the evidence and enhance an integrative understanding of bloodflow adjustments and oxygen(O_(2))changes(i.e.,the balance between O_(2) delivery and O_(2) consumption)within the cerebral and muscle systems during exercise.Methods:A systematic review was conducted using PubMed,Embase,Scopus,and Web of Science databases to search for relevant studies that simultaneously investigated cerebral and muscle hemodynamic changes using the near-infrared spectroscopy system during exercise.This review considered manuscripts written in English and available before February 9,2023.Each step of screening involved evaluation by 2 inde-pendent authors,with disagreements resolved by a third author.The Joanna Briggs Institute Critical Appraisal Checklist was used to assess the methodological quality of the studies.Results:Twenty studies were included,of which 80%had good methodological quality,and involved 290 young or middle-aged adults.Different types of exercises were used to assess cerebral and muscle hemodynamic changes,such as cycling(n=11),treadmill(n=1),knee extension(n=5),isometric contraction of biceps brachii(n=3),and duet swim routines(n=1).The cerebral hemodynamics anal-ysis was focused on the frontal cortex(n=20),while in the muscle,the analysis involved vastus lateralis(n=18),gastrocnemius(n=3),biceps brachii(n=5),deltoid(n=1),and intercostal muscle(n=1).Overall,muscle deoxygenation increases during exercise,reaching a plateau in voluntary exhaustion,while in the brain,oxyhemoglobin concentration increases with exercise intensity,reaching a plateau or declining at the exhaustion point.Conclusion:Muscle and cerebral oxygenation respond differently to exercise,with muscle increasing O_(2) utilization and cerebral tissue increasing O_(2) delivery during exercise.However,at the exhaustion point,both muscle and cerebral oxygenation become compromised.This is characterized by a reduction in bloodflow and a decrease in O_(2) extraction in the muscle,while in the brain,oxygenation reaches a plateau or decline,potentially resulting in motor failure during exercise.

An Investigation on Open-RAN Specifications:Use Cases,Security Threats,Requirements,Discussions

The emergence of various technologies such as terahertz communications,Reconfigurable Intelligent Surfaces(RIS),and AI-powered communication services will burden network operators with rising infrastructure costs.Recently,the Open Radio Access Network(O-RAN)has been introduced as a solution for growing financial and operational burdens in Beyond 5G(B5G)and 6G networks.O-RAN promotes openness and intelligence to overcome the limitations of traditional RANs.By disaggregating conventional Base Band Units(BBUs)into O-RAN Distributed Units(O-DU)and O-RAN Centralized Units(O-CU),O-RAN offers greater flexibility for upgrades and network automation.However,this openness introduces new security challenges compared to traditional RANs.Many existing studies overlook these security requirements of the O-RAN networks.To gain deeper insights into the O-RAN system and security,this paper first provides an overview of the general O-RAN architecture and its diverse use cases relevant to B5G and 6G applications.We then delve into specifications of O-RAN security threats and requirements,aiming to mitigate security vulnerabilities effectively.By providing a comprehensive understanding of O-RAN architecture,use cases,and security considerations,thisworkserves as a valuable resource for future research in O-RAN and its security.

A Holistic Secure Communication Mechanism Using a Multilayered Cryptographic Protocol to Enhanced Security

In an era characterized by digital pervasiveness and rapidly expanding datasets,ensuring the integrity and reliability of information is paramount.As cyber threats evolve in complexity,traditional cryptographic methods face increasingly sophisticated challenges.This article initiates an exploration into these challenges,focusing on key exchanges(encompassing their variety and subtleties),scalability,and the time metrics associated with various cryptographic processes.We propose a novel cryptographic approach underpinned by theoretical frameworks and practical engineering.Central to this approach is a thorough analysis of the interplay between Confidentiality and Integrity,foundational pillars of information security.Our method employs a phased strategy,beginning with a detailed examination of traditional cryptographic processes,including Elliptic Curve Diffie-Hellman(ECDH)key exchanges.We also delve into encrypt/decrypt paradigms,signature generation modes,and the hashes used for Message Authentication Codes(MACs).Each process is rigorously evaluated for performance and reliability.To gain a comprehensive understanding,a meticulously designed simulation was conducted,revealing the strengths and potential improvement areas of various techniques.Notably,our cryptographic protocol achieved a confidentiality metric of 9.13 in comprehensive simulation runs,marking a significant advancement over existing methods.Furthermore,with integrity metrics at 9.35,the protocol’s resilience is further affirmed.These metrics,derived from stringent testing,underscore the protocol’s efficacy in enhancing data security.

Capparis spinosa L waste activated carbon as an efficient adsorbent for crystal violet toxic dye removal: Modeling, optimization by experimental design, and ecological analysis

Textile dyes are dramatic sources of pollution and non-aesthetic disturbance of aquatic life and therefore represent a potential risk of bioaccumulation that can affect living species.It is imperative to reduce or eliminate these dyes from liquid effluents with innovative biomaterials and methods.Therefore,this research aims to highlight the performance of Capparis spinosa L waste-activated carbon(CSLW-AC)adsorbent to remove crystal violet(CV)from an aqueous solution.The mechanism of CV adsorption on CSLW-AC was evaluated based on the coupling of experimental data and different characterization techniques.The efficiency of the CSLW-AC material reflected by the equilibrium adsorption capacity of CV could reach more than 195.671 mg·g^(–1) when 0.5 g·L^(–1) of CSLW-AC(Particle size≤250μm)is introduced into the CV of initial concentration of 100 mg·L^(–1) at pH 6 and temperature 65℃ and in the presence of potassium ions after 60 min of contact time according to the one parameter at a time studies.The adsorption behavior of CV on CSLW-AC was found to be consistent with the pseudo-second-order kinetic model and Frumkin's linear isothermal model.The thermodynamic aspects indicate that the process is physical,spontaneous,and endothermic.The optimization of the process by the Box Behnken design of experiments resulted in an adsorption capacity approaching 183.544 mg·g^(–1)([CV]=100 mg·L^(–1) and[CSLW-AC]=0.5 g·L^(–1) at 35 min).The results of the Lactuca sativa seeds germination in treated CV(70%),adsorbent solvent and thermal regeneration(more than 5 cycles),and process cost analysis(1.0484 USD·L^(–1))tests are encouraging and promising for future exploitations of the CSLW-AC material in different industrial fields.