The Spine of the Ancient Capital, the Backbone of Development, and the Pillar of Conservation An Analysis of the Cultural Value and Future Development of Beijing Central Axis as a World Cultural Heritage Site

Beijing Central Axis is the backbone of the ancient capital,a cultural spine shaped by the passage of time and spatial changes.Its successful inscription as a World Heritage site presents new opportunities for the conservation of the Central Axis cultural heritage,while also offering a fresh chance to link cultural and tourism sites along the Axis,fostering coordinated development.

British Tourism Higher Education Curriculum and Education System—Taking the University of Surrey as an Example

A reasonable curriculum system and teaching content can make the talent training of tourism higher education institutions more in line with the needs of the tourism industry.As the birthplace of the world's modern tourism industry,the UK has always been at the forefront of tourism development and has become the pillar of the UK.The industry and the tourism industry have a large number of talents.It can be seen that the tourism higher education in the UK must have certain characteristics and advantages to support the development of its tourism industry.Therefore,this paper takes the comparatively mature university of the University of Surrey in the United Kingdom as an example.Through the analysis of the education system and curriculum of the tourism-related departments,it is found that the curriculum of tourism higher education in British universities and the characteristics of the education system.And through this analysis,it provides a reference for China's tourism higher education.

High-quality Development Paths of Ice-snow Tourism in China from the Perspective of the Winter Olympics

Preparations for the Beijing Winter Olympics have promoted the rapid development of ice-snow tourism in China,which contributes to achieving the goal of having“300 million people participate in ice-snow sports”.This paper analyzes the status quo and problems associated with the growth of ice-snow tourism in China based on the methods of documentation and field investigation.The results indicate that China’s efforts have born abundant fruits.Notwithstanding,there are still some problems due to the limited time and hastened process of ice-snow tourism development,including unreasonable exploitation,low-quality products and services,imperfect investment and financing system,inadequate management,a single marketing mode,and insufficient talent teams.Compared with developed countries in Europe and the United States,ice-snow tourism in China is in the stage of rapid development.To achieve the high-quality development of ice-snow tourism in China,this paper proposes actions from eight aspects which involve policy,products and services,marketing,safety management and control,talent teams,standardization construction,science and technology,and community participation.This study can provide references for the high-quality development of ice-snow tourism in China,as well as perfecting Chinese theoretical research on ice-snow tourism.

Review of Tourism Ecological Security from the Perspective of Ecological Civilization Construction

In the era of sustainable development,the ecological impact of the development of the tourism industry has attracted extensive attention from all walks of life.Generally considered,tourism ecological security(TES)is an important link to realize the high-quality development of tourism destinations and promote the construction of ecological civilization.Based on keyword discrimination of TES,tourism ecological risk and tourism ecological health,and from the perspective of ecological civilization construction,this paper uses the databases of Web of Science and CNKI as data sources to systematically comb and analyze TES research from the aspects of development process,research methods and research content,and puts forward the prospects for future research on this basis.This analysis found that research in the TES field presents four main characteristics.(1)The phased characteristic of“germination-exploration-development”is significant,and a relatively standard research framework of“evaluation-influencing factors-early warning-regulation”has been formed.(2)The empirical orientation of the research methods is distinct.(3)The development trend is characterized by small-scale dominance and a large-scale surge.(4)The disciplinary integration and practical combination have been continuously strengthened.Combined with the development trends and hot spots of TES,this paper proposes that the direction and goal of deepening TES research in the future should be carried out from the aspects of strengthening research on thresholds,early warning and regulation,improving the application of big data,constructing the synergistic effect mechanisms between tourism and ecology,and realizing the longitudinal deepening and interconnection of scale research.

Research Methodology for Tourism Destination Resilience and Analysis of Its Spatiotemporal Dynamics in the Post-epidemic Period

As the COVID-19 pandemic continues to spread, the global tourism industry is facing enormous challenges. There is an urgent need to explore an effective path for tourism to recover and revitalize. With the normalization of the epidemic, tourism destinations will pay more attention to the prevention, warning, and coping strategies of the epidemic, and this focus will also be evident in the study of tourism destination resilience in the post-epidemic period. Some studies on the epidemic and the resilience of tourism are currently underway, but few of them are integrated with research on the resilience of tourism destinations in the post-epidemic period, although no systematic research ideas or methods have been found. Based on resilience theory, this paper summarizes the general research ideas and develops an epidemic resilience model suitable for urban tourism destinations. The present study also proposes a set of research methods based on the index system to analyze the resilience and its spatiotemporal dynamic characteristics of tourism destinations in the post-epidemic period. The methodology can be divided into three stages: Firstly, construct the conceptual model and evaluation system for tourism destination resilience;Secondly, select case sites for empirical analysis, measure the resilience of tourism destinations, and analyze the characteristics of spatiotemporal differences and subsequent factors of influence;And finally, establish an adaptive management mechanism for tourism destinations to use in response to the epidemic and in guiding the formulation of post-epidemic recovery policies.

Evaluation and Promotion Model of Tourist Satisfaction in Ice and Snow Tourism Destinations

The successful bid for the Beijing Winter Olympics has brought historic opportunities for the development of ice and snow tourism in China.An index system for the evaluation of tourist satisfaction in ice and snow tourism destinations was constructed from the target layer-factor layer-index layer approach in this paper.Taking tourists with ice and snow tourism experience as the research object,and integrating a questionnaire survey and the Importance-Performance Analysis(IPA)method,a total of 840 valid questionnaires were collected to assess the satisfaction of tourists in snow and ice tourism destinations,and the promotion model of tourist satisfaction in ice and snow tourism destinations was put forward.This process led to three main results.(1)Ice and snow tourists in China are characterized as young and better-educated,with college students aged 19 to 25 as the main consumer group.More than 70%of ice and snow tourists are pretty satisfied with the current development of ice and snow destinations in China,and are willing to participate again.(2)Other than“ice and snow souvenirs”,tourists’perceptions of importance are all higher than the level of perceived satisfaction,and the importance values of the 13 indicators including“Scenic spot security”and“Diversity of ice and snow entertainment and sports”are especially high,showing that tourists have high expectations and demands of the destinations.However,the perceived satisfaction level of tourists for all indexes is generally low,mostly at the general satisfaction level,indicating that ice and snow tourism destinations have only partially met the demands of ice and snow tourists,and there is still much room for improvement.(3)After IPA analysis,five suggestions for improving the satisfaction of tourists in ice and snow tourism destinations were put forward,including diversification of the tourism business model,construction of tourism facilities,a market diversified cultivation model,a humanized mode of tourism service and a refined management model.The results of this study will help to enrich the theory of ice and snow tourist satisfaction and promote the high-quality development of China's ice and snow tourism in the post-Winter Olympics era.

Sustainable Development of Ice and Snow Tourism-Theory&Empirical Studies:Preface

The Beijing Winter Olympics brought a historical miracle to the development of China’s ice and snow tourism.It is both an opportunity and a challenge to reap the extra dividends of the times and to develop China’s ice and snow tourism.By selecting 18 academic papers,this special issue deeply discusses the status quo and the future measures of ice and snow tourism in China from three aspects:ice and snow tourism development and management,the ice and snow tourism experience and its influencing factors,and ice and snow tourism impact assessment.Moreover,one part entitled“Tourism Culture and Ecotourism”has been set up to emphasize those cutting-edge research topics.It is worth mentioning that this issue is in-depth and has profound connotations.First of all,the research area ranges from national to regional to the city-level,including both longitudinal and horizontal research.In additon,the research methods are practical,innovative,and at the frontier of scientific research,and include industrial correlation analysis methods,kernel density,spatial autocorrelation and other geospatial analysis methods,content analysis methods,sentiment analysis methods,structural equation models,Delphi methods,spatial statistics methods,geographic detector method and many others.In general,this special issue combines qualitative research with quantitative research,provides a variety of theoretical perspectives such as perceived value theory,institutional evolution theory,etc.,and builds various useful models like the pre-competition evaluation model for ice and snow tourism heritage,the consumption skill-travel radius decision-making influence model under the moderating effect of the ski resort comprehensive leisure environment,the evaluation model of the suitability of glacier tourism resource development,the model of the relationship between tourists’experience value and loyalty in the context of ice and snow tourism,among others.These studies are expected to provide theoretical and practical guidance for the development of ice and snow tourism in the post-Winter Olympics era,and help ice and snow tourism develop in a sustainable and high-quality direction.

Responding to Global Warming: Mitigation Policies and Actions of Stakeholders in China's Tourism Industry

China’s tourism industry has witnessed rapid progress in recent years, and is now an important part of global tourism in dealing with climate change. Within a framework of Pressure-State-Response(PSR), this paper focuses on the emission reduction pressure, carbon emission status, and responses of stakeholders in China’s tourism industry. Findings include: 1) The central government’s strategy and rapid growth of the industry scale exert rising pressure on China’s tourism to reduce carbon emissions. 2) Carbon emissions of China’s tourism account for 13%–14.6% of global tourism, and about 3% of China’s emissions overall. Chinese tourists’ per capita carbon emission is lower than half of the global level. 3) The Chinese government attaches great importance to energy-saving and carbon emission reduction. In the tourism industry, documents, standards and other regulative measures have been issued to ensure that business practitioners set up green operational and managerial systems. In the field of tourism transportation, China’s high-speed rail, new energy vehicles, and urban shared bicycles, have developed very rapidly in recent years, and they have effectively reduced the carbon emissions in traveling. Furthermore, this paper finds that Chinese tourists already have awareness and willingness for low-carbon tourism.

Spatial and Temporal Distribution Characteristics of Flower-viewing Tourism and Its Influencing Factors in China

Despite the rapid development of flower-viewing tourism in China in recent years,there is almost no systematic research on it.Therefore,this study analyzes the spatial and temporal distribution characteristics of flower-viewing tourism and its influencing factors in China using the spatial statistical analysis methods and the geographic detector method.The study uses the Point-of-Interest data of flower-viewing tourist attractions from networks such as Qunar and Ctrip,the flower observation data from China Phenological Observation Network,Chinese network news,and Weibo,and the statistical data from yearbooks.The results are as follows:1)The spatial attribution type of flower-viewing tourism in China is aggregated into areas,including two high-density aggregated areas,three medium-density aggregated areas,and one general-density aggregated area.Furthermore,five major types of flower-viewing tourist attractions have formed several aggregated areas.2)The time of flower viewing in China starts from about February and lasts about eight months till October each year.Florescence and flowering time of different ornamental flowers in different regions are different.3)The spatial and temporal distribution characteristics of flower-viewing tourism in China are mainly affected by ornamental flower phenology,spatial distribution characteristics of flower-viewing resources,regional permanent population size,youth population size,female population size,regional GDP,and added value of the tertiary sector.These conclusions clarify the spatial and temporal distribution characteristics of flower-viewing tourism and its influencing factors in China.They could provide a scientific basis and useful reference for the coordination and sustainable development of regional flower-viewing tourism in China.

Spatial Distribution and Cultural Features of Traditional Villages in Beijing and Influencing Factors

Traditional villages are important part of Beijing, an internationally famous historic and cultural city. Exploring the spatial distribution and cultural features of traditional villages, and the factors that have shaped them,will help promote the protection and utilization of traditional villages in Beijing. ArcGIS spatial analysis, literature analysis, fieldwork and in-depth interviews were mainly carried out to analyze the spatial distribution and cultural features of traditional villages in Beijing and their influencing factors. The results show three main features.(1) The overall distribution of traditional villages in Beijing is random, although there are more traditional villages in the southwest and northeast and less in the southeast and northwest. Most of them are distributed along the higher piedmont plains or intermountain basins, and most of them are backed by hills and surrounded by rivers or along the ancient road.(2) There are some cultural commonalities among the traditional villages in Beijing, and nine typical traditional village cultures have been formed, including traditional residential culture, traditional folklore culture,the Great Wall garrison culture, mausoleum guarding culture, etc.(3) The formation of the spatial distribution and cultural features of traditional villages in Beijing is influenced by natural environmental factors like terrain, climate,and rivers, as well as human activities such as royal life, capital construction, ancient military defense, transportation, trade, etc. This study can provide a reference for the scientific protection and effective utilization of traditional villages in Beijing and all over the country.

The Spatio-temporal Evolution of Ski Resorts in the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei Region:Characteristics and Influencing Factors

Ski resorts are one of the bases for the development of ice-snow sports and tourism,and they are also a hot topic of social concern.Taking 117 ski resorts in Beijing,Tianjin and Hebei as the research object,geospatial analysis methods such as kernel density and spatial autocorrelation were used to explore the spatial and temporal distribution patterns of the ski resorts.The geographic detector was used to deeply explore the underlying factors influencing the spatial and temporal distribution of ski resorts in terms of policy factors,natural factors and economic and social factors.This study found that the spatial and temporal distribution of ski resorts in the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei Region showed a significant Olympic event-driven characteristic.From 2009 to 2021,the spatial pattern of Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei ski resorts has changed from“single-core development”,to a“single-core with multi-point”layout,and then to a“multi-core”layout.The spatial pattern has changed from agglomeration to diffusion.Cold and hot spots of the spatial and temporal characteristics in Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei ski resort have shifted from north to south,from the initial suburbs of Beijing to the southern cities of Baoding,Shijiazhuang,Xingtai and other cities in Hebei Province.The spatial and temporal distribution of Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei ski resorts has been influenced by many factors,from“GDP per capita”to“population density”to“policy quantity”,showing a shift from“Economic-driven”to“population-driven”to“policy-driven”processes.

The Moderating Effect of the Ski Resort Environment on the Skier’s Travel Radius under the Restriction of Skill Consumption

Starting from the skill characteristics of ski tourism,this paper discusses the impact of consumer skill on travel decisions,and the moderating effect of the ski resort’s comprehensive leisure environment(including the ski resort sports environment and the regional cultural tourism environment),in order to both understand their impacts on the travel distance characteristics of skiers and attempt to provide necessary research support for the development of China’s ski industry and the construction of destinations.Based on the data from multi-period visitor surveys,this paper constructs the consumption skill-travel radius decision-making influence model under the moderating effect of the ski resort comprehensive leisure environment.The results show three main characteristics.(1)The travel radius obviously differs among skiers with different skill levels.The skill level of skiers has a significant positive effect on the larger travel radius,and a significant negative effect on the smaller travel radius.That is,skiers with a higher skill level are more inclined to undertake long-distance skiing travel,while skiers with a lower skill level are more inclined to undertake short-distance skiing travel.(2)The comprehensive leisure environment has a significant moderating effect on the skiers’travel radius,with a significant positive impact on enlarging the travel radius,while the influences on high-skill and low-skill skiers are significantly higher than on middle-skill skiers.(3)In the comprehensive leisure environment,there are differences in the moderating effect of the ski resort sports environment and the regional cultural tourism environment on the skiers travel radius,and the positive moderating effect of the ski resort sports environment on the high-skill skiers’travel radius is more obvious.While the regional cultural tourism environment has a more obvious positive moderating effect on the travel radius of non-skiers and junior skiers,it is more conducive to promoting domestic travel.In general,the skier skill level in China was generally lower,and the ski resort comprehensive leisure environment optimization is conducive to overcoming the limitation of the travel radius caused by the disadvantageous skill level of consumers.However,to promote the development of China’s ski industry in the long run,it is necessary to focus on improving the consumer’s ski skill level,but prevent the risk of losing high-skill consumers overseas.In the course of improving the level of domestic ski sports facilities,we should also focus on the domestic leisure cultural tourism environment to better enhance the attractiveness of domestic ski destinations.

Research on the Innovative Development of China’s Comprehensive Transportation System

The comprehensive transportation system is the intensive development stage of the transportation industry,which has gradually become the mainstream transportation mode in the world by giving full play to the advantages of different modes of transportation,promoting the effective use of resources,saving energy and reducing environmental pollution.Since the beginning of reform and opening up,China has achieved a steady improvement in the quality of transportation and a rapid growth in quantity,and has made remarkable achievements in stimulating economic growth and improving people’s well-being.During the14th Five-Year Plan period,China’s comprehensive transportation development will continue to take into account the basic needs and diversified needs,promote the diversified and high-quality development of transportation services,gradually realize the enjoyment of people’s travels and the smooth flow of goods,and continuously meet the growing needs of the people for a better life.We must follow the general idea of“forcing market entities to take the initiative to compete,guiding the development of emerging industries,cultivating the core carrier that drives the integrated development of transportation services,improving regional transportation coordination capabilities,and comprehensively using cutting-edge technologies”,constantly innovating and making breakthroughs in infrastructure,technological innovation,institutional mechanisms,investment and financing policies,and promoting the innovative development and overall leap of China’s comprehensive transportation.

传统村落文旅融合发展水平评价及影响路径

The integration of culture and tourism is conductive to the realization of urban-rural integration and rural revitalization.Taking 16 typical traditional villages in Beijing as cases,this study proposes an evaluation system and influencing factor model for the integration of culture and tourism in traditional villages.Based on the TOPSIS model supported by the entropy method,the level of culture and tourism integration in traditional villages is analyzed.Moreover,we discuss the main factors influencing the integration of culture and tourism in traditional villages and their paths by using fuzzy-set qualitative comparative analysis(fs/QCA).The results can be summarized in four main areas.(1) The integration of culture and tourism in traditional villages is a dynamic process that continues to promote the comprehensive revitalization by deepening resource integration,advancing product cultivation and strengthening industry functions.(2) There are obvious differences in the development levels of the integration of culture and tourism among the case villages.Specifically,the levels of each village in the four dimensions present the characteristics of differentiation and imbalance.(3) No single factor can capture the necessary and sufficient conditions for the integrated development of culture and tourism.(4) There are three paths influencing the integration of culture and tourism in traditional villages,namely,the mature development path,the rapid development path and the progressive development path,which correspond to their respective combinations of influencing factors.The results of this study can provide theoretical inspiration and scientific guidance for the urban-rural integration and rural revitalization of traditional villages from the perspective of the integration of culture and tourism.