Spatial Pattern of Chinese Tourism Development and Its Mechanism Based on Different Spatial-temporal Scales:Taking the Panel Data of China Mainland(1996-2010) for Example

By taking the panel data of China mainland from 1996 to 2010 for an example, this paper used ESDA, gravity center and standard deviation ellipse to analyze the spatial differences, combined with the impulse response function to propose the infl uence mechanism of spatial evolution. The results showed that the provincial tourism economy generally showed a random spatial distribution and the spatial differences had narrowed from 1996 to 2010. The differences of tourism development in east China are the largest, and differences of the middle China are the smallest. The gravity center of Chinese provincial tourism has shifted to the northwest, the HH district concentrated in the Yangtze River Delta and its surroundings, the LL district concentrated in west Chinese. The high-value areas of city tourism economy are broadly distributed in the right of line "Heihe–Tengchong", mainly concentrated in four plates. Compared with spatial differences of provincial tourism economy, those of city tourism economy were more signifi cant. Regional tourism resources and social economic factors are the two major factors that infl uence spatial differences of tourism economy, the objective rule and policy and institution also have a great impact on regional tourism development differences. Special events may have a certain impact on the pattern of the original; however, it cannot change the spatial pattern completely.

Lead Induced Changes in the Growth and Antioxidant Metabolism of the Lead Accumulating and Non-accumulating Ecotypes of Sedum alfredii

The phytotoxicity and antioxidative adaptations of lead （Pb） accumulating ecotype （AE） and non-accumulating ecotype （NAE） of Sedum alfredii Hance were investigated under different Pb treatments involving 0, 0.02 mmol/L Pb, 0.1 mmol/L Pb and 0.1 mmol/L Pb/0.1 mmol/L ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid （EDTA） for 6days. With the increasing Pb level, the Pb concentration in the shoots of AE plants enhanced accordingly, and EDTA supply helped 51% of Pb translocation to shoots of AE compared with those treated with 0.1 mmol/L Pb alone. Moreover, the presence of EDTA alleviated Pb phytotoxicity through changes in plant biomass, root morphology and chlorophyll contents. Lead toxicity induced hydrogen peroxide （H2O2） accumulation and lipid peroxidation in both ecotypes of S. alfredii. The activities of superoxide dismutase （SOD）, guaiacol peroxidase （G-POD）, ascorbate peroxidase, and dehydroascorbate reductase elevated in both leaves and roots of AE as well as in leaves of NAE with the increasing Pb levels, but SOD and G-POD declined in roots of NAE. Enhancement in glutathione reductase activity was only detected in roots of NAE while a depression in catalase activity was recorded in the leaves of NAE. A significant enhancement in glutathione and ascorbic acid （AsA） levels occurred in both ecotypes exposed to Pb and Pb/EDTA treatment compared with the control, however, the differences between these two treatments were insignificant. The dehydroascorbate （DHA） contents in roots of both ecotypes were 1.41 to 11.22-fold higher than those in leaves, whereas the ratios of AsA to DHA （1.38 to 6.84） in leaves altering more to the reduced AsA form were much higher than those in roots. These results suggested that antioxidative enzymes and antioxidants play an important role in counteracting Pb stress in S. alfredii.

Third-party relational governance and collaborative innovation performance:The role of IPR protection

The purpose of this study is to explore the impact of third-party relational governance on the performance of collaborative innovation in China. By integrating the relational view and innovation appropriation perspectives, this study analyses the effects of three mechanisms of third-party relational governancedco-reputation, interorganizational routines, and technological normsdon collaborative innovation performance. Additionally,this study investigates the moderating effects of the protection of intellectual Property Rights(IPR) on the relationship between third-party relational governance and collaborative innovation performance. Survey data of high-technology firms in China are used to empirically test the hypotheses. The results show that third-party relational governance has a positive effect on collaborative innovation performance and that IPR protection has different moderating effects. This study contributes to the relational governance literature by adding the perspective of third parties and analyzing three mechanisms of third-party relational governance in a single model. This study also contributes to the innovation appropriation literature by examining the role of IPR protection in governing collaborative innovation in China. Finally, this study offers suggestions on how Chinese firms should govern their collaborative innovation to remedy the limitations of a weak IPR legal institutional framework.