A machine learning(ML)-based random forest(RF)classification model algorithm was employed to investigate the main factors affecting the formation of the core-shell structure of BaTiO_(3)-based ceramics and their inter...A machine learning(ML)-based random forest(RF)classification model algorithm was employed to investigate the main factors affecting the formation of the core-shell structure of BaTiO_(3)-based ceramics and their interpretability was analyzed by using Shapley additive explanations(SHAP).An F1-score changed from 0.8795 to 0.9310,accuracy from 0.8450 to 0.9070,precision from 0.8714 to 0.9000,recall from 0.8929 to 0.9643,and ROC/AUC value of 0.97±0.03 was achieved by the RF classification with the optimal set of features containing only 5 features,demonstrating the high accuracy of our model and its high robustness.During the interpretability analysis of the model,it was found that the electronegativity,melting point,and sintering temperature of the dopant contribute highly to the formation of the core-shell structure,and based on these characteristics,specific ranges were delineated and twelve elements were finally obtained that met all the requirements,namely Si,Sc,Mn,Fe,Co,Ni,Pd,Er,Tm,Lu,Pa,and Cm.In the process of exploring the structure of the core-shell,the doping elements can be effectively localized to be selected by choosing the range of features.展开更多
The conversion of solar energy to produce clean hydrogen fuel through water splitting is an emerging strategy for efficiently storing solar energy in the form of solar fuel.This aligns with the increasing global deman...The conversion of solar energy to produce clean hydrogen fuel through water splitting is an emerging strategy for efficiently storing solar energy in the form of solar fuel.This aligns with the increasing global demand for the development of an ideal energy alternative to fossil fuels that does not emit greenhouse gases.Electrochemical(EC) and photoelectrochemical(PEC) water splitting technologies have garnered significant attention worldwide for advanced hydrogen solar fuel production in recent decades.To achieve sustainable green H_(2) production,it is essential to create efficient catalyst materials that are low-cost and can replace expensive noble metal-based catalysts.These characteristics make them an ideal catalyst material for the process.Two-dimensional MXenes with M_(n+1)X_(n) structure have been identified as a promising option for EC and PEC water splitting due to their superior hydrophilicity,metal-like conductivity,large surface area,and adjustable surface chemistry.Here,we present a summary of recent advancements in the synthesis and performance enhancement methods for MXene hybrid materials in hydrogen production through EC and PEC water splitting.Furthermore,we examine the challenges and insights associated with the rational design of MXene-based hybrid materials to facilitate efficient water splitting for sustainable solar fuel production.展开更多
Biochar and bio-oil are produced simultaneously in one pyrolysis process,and they inevitably contact and may interact,influencing the composition of bio-oil and modifying the structure of biochar.In this sense,biochar...Biochar and bio-oil are produced simultaneously in one pyrolysis process,and they inevitably contact and may interact,influencing the composition of bio-oil and modifying the structure of biochar.In this sense,biochar is an inherent catalyst for pyrolysis.In this study,in order to investigate the influence of functionalities and pore structures of biochar on its capability for catalyzing the conversion of homologous volatiles in bio-oil,three char catalysts(600C,800C,and 800AC)produced via pyrolysis of poplar wood at 600 or 800℃or activated at 800℃,were used for catalyzing pyrolysis of homologous poplar wood at 600℃,respectively.The results indicated that the 600C catalyst was more active than 800C and 800AC for catalyzing cracking of volatiles to form more gas(yield increase by 40.2%)and aromatization of volatiles to form more light or heavy phenolics,due to its abundant oxygen-containing functionalities acting as active sites.The developed pores of the 800AC showed no such catalytic effect but could trap some volatiles and allow their further conversion via sufficient aromatization.Nevertheless,the interaction with the volatiles consumed oxygen on 600C(decrease by 50%),enhancing the aromatic degree and increasing thermal stability.The dominance of deposition of carbonaceous material of a very aromatic nature over 800C and 800AC resulted in net weight gain and blocked micropores but formed additional macropores.The in situ diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier transform spectroscopy characterization of the catalytic pyrolysis indicated superior activity of 600C for removal of -OH,while conversion of the intermediates bearing C=O was enhanced over all the char catalysts.展开更多
The rapid development of electric vehicles and portable energy storage systems demands improvements in the energy density and cost-effectiveness of lithium-ion batteries,a domain in which Lithium-rich layered cathode(...The rapid development of electric vehicles and portable energy storage systems demands improvements in the energy density and cost-effectiveness of lithium-ion batteries,a domain in which Lithium-rich layered cathode(LLO)materials inherently excel.However,these materials face practical challenges,such as low initial Coulombic efficiency,inferior cycle/rate performance,and voltage decline during cycling,which limit practical application.Our study introduces a surface multi-component integration strategy that incorporates oxygen vacancies into the pristine LLO material Li1.2Mn_(0.6)Ni_(0.2)O_(2).This process involves a brief citric acid treatment followed by calcination,aiming to explore rate-dependent degradation behavior.The induced surface oxygen vacancies can reduce surface oxygen partial pressure and diminish the generation of O_(2)and other highly reactive oxygen species on the surface,thereby facilitating the activation of Li ions trapped in tetrahedral sites while overcoming transport barriers.Additionally,the formation of a spinel-like phase with 3D Li+diffusion channels significantly improves Li^(+)diffusion kinetics and stabilizes the surface structure.The optimally modified sample boasts a discharge capacity of 299.5 mA h g^(-1)at a 0.1 C and 251.6 mA h g^(-1)at a 1 C during the initial activation cycle,with an impressive capacity of 222.1 mA h g^(-1)at a 5 C.Most notably,it retained nearly 70%of its capacity after 300 cycles at this elevated rate.This straightforward,effective,and highly viable modification strategy provides a crucial resolution for overcoming challenges associated with LLO materials,making them more suitable for practical application.展开更多
Steering the directional carrier migration across the interface is a central mission for efficient photocatalytic reactions.In this work,an atomic-shared heterointerface is constructed between the defect-rich ZnIn_(2)...Steering the directional carrier migration across the interface is a central mission for efficient photocatalytic reactions.In this work,an atomic-shared heterointerface is constructed between the defect-rich ZnIn_(2)S_(4)(HVs-ZIS)and CoIn_(2)S_(4)(CIS)via a defect-guided heteroepitaxial growth strategy.The strong interface coupling induces adequate carriers exchanging passageway between HVs-ZIS and CIS,enhancing the internal electric field(IEF)in the ZnIn_(2)S_(4)/CoIn_(2)S_(4)(HVs-ZIS/CIS)heterostructure.The defect structure in HVs-ZIS induces an additional defect level,improving the separation efficiency of photocarriers.Moreover,promoted by the IEF and intimate heterointerface,photogenerated electrons trapped by the defect level can migrate to the valence band of CIS,contributing to massive photogenerated electrons with intense reducibility in HVs-ZIS/CIS.Consequently,the HVs-ZIS/CIS heterostructure performs a boosted H_(2)evolution activity of 33.65 mmol g^(-1)h^(-1).This work highlights the synergistic effects of defect and strong interface coupling in regulating carrier transfer and paves a brave avenue for constructing efficient heterostructure photocatalysts.展开更多
Nickel-based superalloys are extensively used in the crucial hot-section components of industrial gas turbines,aeronautics,and astronautics because of their excellent mechanical properties and corrosion resistance at ...Nickel-based superalloys are extensively used in the crucial hot-section components of industrial gas turbines,aeronautics,and astronautics because of their excellent mechanical properties and corrosion resistance at high temperatures.Fusion welding serves as an effective means for joining and repairing these alloys;however,fusion welding-induced liquation cracking has been a challenging issue.This paper comprehensively reviewed recent liquation cracking,discussing the formation mechanisms,cracking criteria,and remedies.In recent investigations,regulating material composition,changing the preweld heat treatment of the base metal,optimizing the welding process parameters,and applying auxiliary control methods are effective strategies for mitigating cracks.To promote the application of nickel-based superalloys,further research on the combination impact of multiple elements on cracking prevention and specific quantitative criteria for liquation cracking is necessary.展开更多
To broaden the application of SiO_(2) sol-bonded castables,using micro-or nano-Al_(2)O_(3) powder and SiO_(2) gel powder as the main raw materials,the effects of CaO impurity on the formation of mullite by the reactio...To broaden the application of SiO_(2) sol-bonded castables,using micro-or nano-Al_(2)O_(3) powder and SiO_(2) gel powder as the main raw materials,the effects of CaO impurity on the formation of mullite by the reaction of Al_(2)O_(3) and SiO_(2) at different temperatures(1350,1400,1500,and 1600℃)in different atmospheres(oxidation atmosphere and reduction atmosphere)were studied.The results show that in the oxidizing atmosphere,the introduction of CaO can promote the formation of mullite.When the temperature increases from 1350℃to 1600℃,the amount of mullite formed gradually increases.In the reducing atmosphere,the introduction of CaO is not conducive to the formation of mullite,and the amount of mullite decreases with the increasing temperature.The smaller the particle size of Al_(2)O_(3),the more easily it reacts with SiO_(2) gel powder to form mullite.展开更多
Non-renewable fossil fuels have led to serious problems such as global warming,environmental pollution,etc.Oxygen electrocatalysis including oxygen reduction reaction(ORR)and oxygen evolution reaction(OER)plays a cent...Non-renewable fossil fuels have led to serious problems such as global warming,environmental pollution,etc.Oxygen electrocatalysis including oxygen reduction reaction(ORR)and oxygen evolution reaction(OER)plays a central role in clean energy conversion,enabling a number of sustainable processes for future air battery technologies.Fluorine,as the most electronegative element(4.0)not only can induce more efficient regulation for the electronic structure,but also can bring more abundant defects and other novel effects in materials selection and preparation for favorable catalysis with respect to the other nonmetal elements.However,an individual and comprehensive overview of fluorine-containing functional materials for oxygen electrocatalysis field is still blank.Therefore,it is very meaningful to review the recent progresses of fluorine-containing oxygen electrocatalysts.In this review,we first systematically summarize the controllable preparation methods and their possible development directions based on fluorine-containing materials from four preparation methods.Due to the strong electron-withdrawing properties of fluorine,its control of the electronic structure can effectively enhance the oxygen electrocatalytic activity of the materials.In addition,the catalytic enhancement effect of fluorine on carbonbased materials also includes the prevent oxidation and the layer peeling,and realizes the precise atomic control.And the catalytic improvement mechanism of fluorine containing metal-based compounds also includes the hydration of metal site,the crystal transformation,and the oxygen vacancy induction.Then,based on their various dimensions(0D–3D),we also have summarized the advantages of different morphologies on oxygen electrocatalytic performances.Finally,the prospects and possible future researching direction of F-containing oxygen electrocatalysts are presented(e.g.,novel pathways,advanced methods for measurement and simulation,field assistance and multi-functions).The review is considered valuable and helpful in exploring the novel designs and mechanism analyses of advanced fluorine-containing electrocatalysts.展开更多
With the popularity and widespread applications of electronics,higher demands are being placed on the performance of battery materials.Due to the large difference in electronegativity between fluorine and carbon atoms...With the popularity and widespread applications of electronics,higher demands are being placed on the performance of battery materials.Due to the large difference in electronegativity between fluorine and carbon atoms,doping fluorine atoms in nanocarbon-based materials is considered an effective way to improve the performance of used battery.However,there is still a blank in the systematic review of the mechanism and research progress of fluorine-doped nanostructured carbon materials in various batteries.In this review,the synthetic routes of fluorinated/fluorine-doped nanocarbon-based(CF_x)materials under different fluorine sources and the function mechanism of CF_x in various batteries are reviewed in detail.Subsequently,judging from the dependence between the structure and electrochemical performance of nanocarbon sources,the progress of CF_x based on different dimensions(0D–3D)for primary battery applications is reviewed and the balance between energy density and power density is critically discussed.In addition,the roles of CF_x materials in secondary batteries and their current applications in recent years are summarized in detail to illustrate the effect of introducing F atoms.Finally,we envisage the prospect of CF_x materials and offer some insights and recommendations to facilitate the further exploration of CF_x materials for various high-performance battery applications.展开更多
Mg-1.0Al-1.0Ca-0.4Mn(AXM1104, wt.%) low alloy was extruded at 200 ℃ with an extrusion ratio of 25 and different ram speeds from 1.0 to 7.0 mm/s. The influence of extrusion rate on microstructure and mechanical proper...Mg-1.0Al-1.0Ca-0.4Mn(AXM1104, wt.%) low alloy was extruded at 200 ℃ with an extrusion ratio of 25 and different ram speeds from 1.0 to 7.0 mm/s. The influence of extrusion rate on microstructure and mechanical properties of the AXM1104 alloy was systematically studied. With the increasing of extrusion rate, the mean dynamically recrystallized(DRXed) grain size of the low alloy and average particles diameter of precipitate second phases were increased, while the degree of grain boundary segregation and the intensity of the basal fiber texture were decreased. With the rising of extrusion rate from 1.0 to 7.0 mm/s, the tensile yield strength(TYS) of the as-extruded AXM1104 alloy was decreased from 445 MPa to 249 MPa, while the elongation to failure(EL) was increased from 5.0% to 17.6%. The TYS, ultimate tensile strength(UTS) and EL of the AXM1104 alloy extruded at the ram speed of 1.5 mm/s was 412 MPa, 419 MPa and 12.0%, respectively,exhibiting comprehensive tensile mechanical properties with ultra-high strength and excellent plasticity. The ultra-high TYS of 412 MPa was mainly due to the strengthening from ultra-fine DRXed grains with segregation of solute atoms at grain boundaries. The strain hardening rate is increase slightly with increasing extrusion speed, which may be ascribed to the increasing mean DRXed grain size with rising extrusion speed. The higher strain hardening rate contributes to the higher EL of these AXM1104 samples extruded at higher ram speed.展开更多
Experiments and simulation studies on 283 MeV I ion induced single event effects of silicon carbide(SiC) metal–oxide–semiconductor field-effect transistors(MOSFETs) were carried out. When the cumulative irradiation ...Experiments and simulation studies on 283 MeV I ion induced single event effects of silicon carbide(SiC) metal–oxide–semiconductor field-effect transistors(MOSFETs) were carried out. When the cumulative irradiation fluence of the SiC MOSFET reached 5×10^(6)ion·cm^(-2), the drain–gate channel current increased under 200 V drain voltage, the drain–gate channel current and the drain–source channel current increased under 350 V drain voltage. The device occurred single event burnout under 800 V drain voltage, resulting in a complete loss of breakdown voltage. Combined with emission microscope, scanning electron microscope and focused ion beam analysis, the device with increased drain–gate channel current and drain–source channel current was found to have drain–gate channel current leakage point and local source metal melt, and the device with single event burnout was found to have local melting of its gate, source, epitaxial layer and substrate. Combining with Monte Carlo simulation and TCAD electrothermal simulation, it was found that the initial area of single event burnout might occur at the source–gate corner or the substrate–epitaxial interface, electric field and current density both affected the lattice temperature peak. The excessive lattice temperature during the irradiation process appeared at the local source contact, which led to the drain–source channel damage. And the excessive electric field appeared in the gate oxide layer, resulting in drain–gate channel damage.展开更多
As the poor dispersion of oily collectors and the inferior hydrophobicity of the mineral surface, the lowrank coal has an unsatisfactory flotation performance when using traditional collectors. In this paper, an ionic...As the poor dispersion of oily collectors and the inferior hydrophobicity of the mineral surface, the lowrank coal has an unsatisfactory flotation performance when using traditional collectors. In this paper, an ionic liquid microemulsion was used as a collector to enhance its floatability. Flotation test results demonstrated the microemulsion collector exhibited a superior collecting ability. A satisfactory separation performance of 78.66% combustible material recovery was obtained with the microemulsion collector consumption of 6 kg/t, which was equivalent to the flotation performance of diesel at a dosage of25 kg/t. The dispersion behavior of the microemulsion collector was investigated using the CryogenicTransmission Electron Microscopy. The interaction mechanism of the microemulsion collector on enhancing the low-rank coal flotation was elucidated through the Zeta potential and contact angle measurements, the Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy analysis.The microemulsion collector exhibited superior dispersibility, which was dispersed into positively charged oil droplets with an average size of 160.21 nm in the pulp. Furthermore, the nano-oil droplets could be more efficiently adsorbed on the low-rank coal surface through electrostatic attraction, resulting in the improvement of its hydrophobicity. Thus, the microemulsion collector shows great application potential in improving the flotation performance of low-rank coal.展开更多
Spent cathode carbon(SCC)from aluminum electrolysis is a potential graphite resource.However,full use of the SCC remains a challenge,since it contains many hazardous substances(e.g.,fluoride salts,cyanides),encapsulat...Spent cathode carbon(SCC)from aluminum electrolysis is a potential graphite resource.However,full use of the SCC remains a challenge,since it contains many hazardous substances(e.g.,fluoride salts,cyanides),encapsulated within the thick carbon layers and thus posing serious environmental concerns.This work presents a chemical oxidative exfoliation route to achieve the recycling of SCC and the decontaminated SCC with high-valued graphene oxide(GO)-like carbon structures(SCC-GO)is applied as an excellent adsorbent for organic pollutants.Specifically,after the oxidative exfoliation,the embedded hazardous constituents are fully exposed,facilitating their subsequent removal by aqueous leaching.Moreover,benefiting from the enhanced specific surface areas along with abundant O-containing functional groups,the as-produced SCC-GO,shows an adsorption capacity as high as 347 mg·g^(-1)when considering methylene blue as a pollutant model,which exceeds most of the recently reported carbon-based adsorbents.Our study provides a feasible solution for the efficient recycling of hazardous carbonaceous wastes.展开更多
The martensitic transformation,mechanical,and magnetic properties of the Ni_(2)Mn_(1.5-x)Cu_(x)Ti_(0.5) (x=0.125,0.25,0.375,0.5) and Ni_(2-y)Co_(y)Mn_(1.5-x)Cu_(x)Ti_(0.5)[(x=0.125,y=0.125,0.25,0.375,0.5) and (x=0.125...The martensitic transformation,mechanical,and magnetic properties of the Ni_(2)Mn_(1.5-x)Cu_(x)Ti_(0.5) (x=0.125,0.25,0.375,0.5) and Ni_(2-y)Co_(y)Mn_(1.5-x)Cu_(x)Ti_(0.5)[(x=0.125,y=0.125,0.25,0.375,0.5) and (x=0.125,0.25,0.375,y=0.625)]alloys were systematically studied by the first-principles calculations.For the formation energy,the martensite is smaller than the austenite,the Ni–(Co)–Mn–Cu–Ti alloys studied in this work can undergo martensitic transformation.The austenite and non-modulated (NM) martensite always present antiferromagnetic state in the Ni_(2)Mn_(1.5-x)Cu_(x)Ti_(0.5) and Ni_(2-y)Co_(y)Mn_(1.5-x)Cu_(x)Ti_(0.5) (y<0.625) alloys.When y=0.625 in the Ni_(2-y)Co_(y)Mn_(1.5-x)Cu_(x)Ti_(0.5) series,the austenite presents ferromagnetic state while the NM martensite shows antiferromagnetic state.Cu doping can decrease the thermal hysteresis and anisotropy of the Ni–(Co)–Mn–Ti alloy.Increasing Mn and decreasing Ti content can improve the shear resistance and normal stress resistance,but reduce the toughness in the Ni–Mn–Cu–Ti alloy.And the ductility of the Co–Cu co-doping alloy is inferior to that of the Ni–Mn–Cu–Ti and Ni–Co–Mn–Ti alloys.The electronic density of states was studied to reveal the essence of the mechanical and magnetic properties.展开更多
To enhance the understanding about the utilization of steel slags as a cementitious material, we comparatively studied the chemical, mineralogical and morphological properties of two types of steel slag; basicoxygen-f...To enhance the understanding about the utilization of steel slags as a cementitious material, we comparatively studied the chemical, mineralogical and morphological properties of two types of steel slag; basicoxygen-furnace carbon slag(BOF C) and electric-arc-furnace stainless steel slag(EAF S). Moreover, we studied the standard consistency, setting time and the effect of the slag replacement ratios on the fluidity and compressive strength of blended cement mortar. The experimental results showed that BOF C had higher alkalinity, higher pH value and more hydraulic phases than EAF S. Both types of slag showed water reduction effect due to its high fineness. Neat BOF C paste showed flash set and acceleration in the initial setting time of blended cement especially at high slag proportions. However, EAF S prolonged the setting time of blended cement even at low slag proportions. The pH values for blended cement contained 50% BOF C or EAF S were lower than those of pure cement paste. Despite of slag type, compressive strength gradually decreased with increasing slags content. The strength of BOF C mortar was higher than that of EAF S mortar with the same replacement ratio for the same age. Slag activity index demonstrated that BOF C and EAF S conformed to the Chinese National Standard(GB/T 20491-2006) requirements for steel slag as grade one and grade two, respectively.展开更多
This paper comprehensively introduces a new magnesium production technology the compound-vertical-retort technology, involving in the related fundamental researches, core equipment development, working flow, and techn...This paper comprehensively introduces a new magnesium production technology the compound-vertical-retort technology, involving in the related fundamental researches, core equipment development, working flow, and technical characteristics. Scale-up test and an annual1200-ton-magnesium demonstration-level test was conducted to confirm the rationality, reliability, and advancement of the equipment, system and process design. It is indicated that the new technology solved a series of problems of traditional silicothermic process including adhesion and glaze, short life of retort, low efficiency, high impurity of crystallized magnesium, large heat losses, and poor working environment,making a great technological breakthrough in this field. Representatively, the new well-designed ceramic-lined steel retort serves 2~3 times in life than the normal retorts. The magnesium yield per retort is improved 4~5 times, with purity of >99.8%. The energy consumption in reduction stage is reduced by more than 20%. The mechanical production is fully realized and operating environment is significantly improved.展开更多
In this study, the reaction characteristics of reduction of calcined dolomite with ferrosilicon under argon flow to produce magnesium were studied by conducting experiments Pidgeon pellets were used to study the effec...In this study, the reaction characteristics of reduction of calcined dolomite with ferrosilicon under argon flow to produce magnesium were studied by conducting experiments Pidgeon pellets were used to study the effect of reduced temperature, argon flow, and reduced time on the conversion of calcined dolomite reduction by ferrosilicon. The results show that the conversion significantly increases with the increase in the reduction temperature and reduction time. The conversion first increases and then decreases with the increase in argon flow. The highest conversion was obtained when the argon flow rate was 3 L·min^(-1), and a nearly spherical shape, nanoscale magnesium powder was obtained. Then the characters of the circulating argon entrainment process were numerically studied by ANSYS Fluent 17. A physical model of multilayer pellet arrangement was established, and a numerical calculation model of chemical reaction, radiation, heat conduction, and convection heat transfer was constructed. This confirms that high-temperature argon can effectively strengthen the heat exchange between pellets, improve the heat transfer efficiency, and facilitate the pellets to react quickly. When the conversion is 80%, the production efficiency increased by about 28.6%. In addition, the magnesium production efficiency showed an increase tendency with the increase of the argon inlet flow rate.展开更多
The influence of thermal-cold cycling treatment on mechanical properties and microstructure of 6061 aluminum alloy was investigated by means of tensile test, optical microscopy(OM), X-ray diffraction(XRD) and transmis...The influence of thermal-cold cycling treatment on mechanical properties and microstructure of 6061 aluminum alloy was investigated by means of tensile test, optical microscopy(OM), X-ray diffraction(XRD) and transmission electron microscopy(TEM). The cryogenic treatment mechanism of the alloys was discussed. The results show that thermal-cold cycling treatment is beneficial since it produces a large number of dislocations and accelerates the ageing process of the alloy and yields the finer dispersed β" precipitates in the matrix. This variation of microstructural changes leads to more favorable mechanical properties than the other investigated states, while grain boundary precipitation is coarse and distributed discontinuously along grain boundaries, with a lower precipitation free zone(PEZ) on the both sides of precipitated phase. As a result, the tensile strength, elongation and conductivity of 6061 aluminum alloy after thermal-cold cycling treatment are 373.37 MPa, 17.2% and 28.2 MS/m, respectively. Compared with conventional T6 temper, the mechanical properties are improved significantly.展开更多
The development of wearable electronic systems has generated increasing demand for flexible power sources.Alkaline zinc(Zn)-based batteries,as one of the most mature energy storage technologies,have been considered as...The development of wearable electronic systems has generated increasing demand for flexible power sources.Alkaline zinc(Zn)-based batteries,as one of the most mature energy storage technologies,have been considered as a promising power source owing to their exceptional safety,low costs,and outstanding electrochemical performance.However,the conventional alkaline Zn-based battery systems face many challenges associated with electrodes and electrolytes,causing low capacity,poor cycle life,and inferior mechanical performance.Recent advances in materials and structure design have enabled the revisitation of the alkaline Zn-based battery technology for applications in flexible electronics.Herein,we summarize the up-to-date works in flexible alkaline Zn-based batteries and analyze the strategies employed to improve battery performance.Firstly,we introduce the three most reported cathode materials(including Ag-based,Ni-based,and Co-based materials)for flexible alkaline Zn-based batteries.Then,challenges and modifications in battery anodes are investigated.Thirdly,the recently advanced gel electrolytes are introduced from their properties,functions as well as advanced fabrications.Finally,recent works and the advantages of sandwich-type,fiber-type and thin film-type flexible batteries are summarized and compared.This review provides insights and guidance for the design of high-performance flexible Zn-based batteries for next-generation electronics.展开更多
The coal gangue as the only source of silicon and aluminum was employed to synthesize sodalite and faujasite using hydrothermal method,which directly treated the mixture of pre-treated coal gangue and NaOH solution un...The coal gangue as the only source of silicon and aluminum was employed to synthesize sodalite and faujasite using hydrothermal method,which directly treated the mixture of pre-treated coal gangue and NaOH solution under hydrothermal environment.X-ray powder diffraction analysis(XRD),thermogravimetry analysis(TG)and differential thermogravimetry analysis(DTG),scanning electron microscopy(SEM),high resolution transmission electron microscopy(HRTEM),N_(2)adsorption-desorption technique,X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy(XPS),etc.were used to characterize the samples.Cd^(2+) ion was used to evaluate the heavy metal ions removal performance of the samples.The experimental results show that the coal gangue,which consists of quartz,calcium feldspar,potassium feldspar and kaolinite,can transform to sodalite and faujasite under alkali-hydrothermal condition at 150 and 180℃,respectively.The as-prepared sodalite and faujasite can effectively remove the simulated Cd2+ion wastewater and actual industrial wastewater containing As^(3+),Cd^(2+),and Cr^(3+)ions,and the good heavy metal ion removal performance of the zeolites is mainly attributed to their low Si/Al ratio and high Na+content.This alkali-hydrothermal method appears to be a simple and efficient method for transformation of coal gangue to high purity zeolites.展开更多
基金Funded by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(No.2023YFB3812200)。
文摘A machine learning(ML)-based random forest(RF)classification model algorithm was employed to investigate the main factors affecting the formation of the core-shell structure of BaTiO_(3)-based ceramics and their interpretability was analyzed by using Shapley additive explanations(SHAP).An F1-score changed from 0.8795 to 0.9310,accuracy from 0.8450 to 0.9070,precision from 0.8714 to 0.9000,recall from 0.8929 to 0.9643,and ROC/AUC value of 0.97±0.03 was achieved by the RF classification with the optimal set of features containing only 5 features,demonstrating the high accuracy of our model and its high robustness.During the interpretability analysis of the model,it was found that the electronegativity,melting point,and sintering temperature of the dopant contribute highly to the formation of the core-shell structure,and based on these characteristics,specific ranges were delineated and twelve elements were finally obtained that met all the requirements,namely Si,Sc,Mn,Fe,Co,Ni,Pd,Er,Tm,Lu,Pa,and Cm.In the process of exploring the structure of the core-shell,the doping elements can be effectively localized to be selected by choosing the range of features.
基金the result of a research project conducted with the funds of the Open R&D program of Korea Electric Power Corporation (R23XO04)supported by the Technology Innovation Program funded by the Ministry of Trade, Industry & Energy (MOTIE, Korea) (K_G012002238601)+2 种基金by “Regional Innovation Strategy (RIS)” through the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) funded by the Ministry of Education (MOE) (2021RIS-002)by the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) grant funded by the Korea government (MSIT) (No. 2021M3I3A1082880)by the Korea Institute of Energy Technology Evaluation and Planning (KETEP) and the Ministry of Trade, Industry & Energy (MOTIE) of the Republic of Korea (No. 20224000000320)。
文摘The conversion of solar energy to produce clean hydrogen fuel through water splitting is an emerging strategy for efficiently storing solar energy in the form of solar fuel.This aligns with the increasing global demand for the development of an ideal energy alternative to fossil fuels that does not emit greenhouse gases.Electrochemical(EC) and photoelectrochemical(PEC) water splitting technologies have garnered significant attention worldwide for advanced hydrogen solar fuel production in recent decades.To achieve sustainable green H_(2) production,it is essential to create efficient catalyst materials that are low-cost and can replace expensive noble metal-based catalysts.These characteristics make them an ideal catalyst material for the process.Two-dimensional MXenes with M_(n+1)X_(n) structure have been identified as a promising option for EC and PEC water splitting due to their superior hydrophilicity,metal-like conductivity,large surface area,and adjustable surface chemistry.Here,we present a summary of recent advancements in the synthesis and performance enhancement methods for MXene hybrid materials in hydrogen production through EC and PEC water splitting.Furthermore,we examine the challenges and insights associated with the rational design of MXene-based hybrid materials to facilitate efficient water splitting for sustainable solar fuel production.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(51876080)the Program for Taishan Scholars of the Shandong Province Government。
文摘Biochar and bio-oil are produced simultaneously in one pyrolysis process,and they inevitably contact and may interact,influencing the composition of bio-oil and modifying the structure of biochar.In this sense,biochar is an inherent catalyst for pyrolysis.In this study,in order to investigate the influence of functionalities and pore structures of biochar on its capability for catalyzing the conversion of homologous volatiles in bio-oil,three char catalysts(600C,800C,and 800AC)produced via pyrolysis of poplar wood at 600 or 800℃or activated at 800℃,were used for catalyzing pyrolysis of homologous poplar wood at 600℃,respectively.The results indicated that the 600C catalyst was more active than 800C and 800AC for catalyzing cracking of volatiles to form more gas(yield increase by 40.2%)and aromatization of volatiles to form more light or heavy phenolics,due to its abundant oxygen-containing functionalities acting as active sites.The developed pores of the 800AC showed no such catalytic effect but could trap some volatiles and allow their further conversion via sufficient aromatization.Nevertheless,the interaction with the volatiles consumed oxygen on 600C(decrease by 50%),enhancing the aromatic degree and increasing thermal stability.The dominance of deposition of carbonaceous material of a very aromatic nature over 800C and 800AC resulted in net weight gain and blocked micropores but formed additional macropores.The in situ diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier transform spectroscopy characterization of the catalytic pyrolysis indicated superior activity of 600C for removal of -OH,while conversion of the intermediates bearing C=O was enhanced over all the char catalysts.
基金supported by the National Key R&D Program of China(2021YFB2401800)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(21875022,22179008)+4 种基金the Yibin‘Jie Bang Gua Shuai’(2022JB004)the support from the Beijing Nova Program(20230484241)the support from the Postdoctoral Fellowship Program of CPSF(GZB20230931)the support from the 4B7B beam line of Beijing Synchrotron Radiation Facility(2021-BEPC-PT-005924,2021-BEPC-PT-005967)BL08U1A beam line of Shanghai Synchrotron Radiation Facility(2021-SSRF-PT-017710)。
文摘The rapid development of electric vehicles and portable energy storage systems demands improvements in the energy density and cost-effectiveness of lithium-ion batteries,a domain in which Lithium-rich layered cathode(LLO)materials inherently excel.However,these materials face practical challenges,such as low initial Coulombic efficiency,inferior cycle/rate performance,and voltage decline during cycling,which limit practical application.Our study introduces a surface multi-component integration strategy that incorporates oxygen vacancies into the pristine LLO material Li1.2Mn_(0.6)Ni_(0.2)O_(2).This process involves a brief citric acid treatment followed by calcination,aiming to explore rate-dependent degradation behavior.The induced surface oxygen vacancies can reduce surface oxygen partial pressure and diminish the generation of O_(2)and other highly reactive oxygen species on the surface,thereby facilitating the activation of Li ions trapped in tetrahedral sites while overcoming transport barriers.Additionally,the formation of a spinel-like phase with 3D Li+diffusion channels significantly improves Li^(+)diffusion kinetics and stabilizes the surface structure.The optimally modified sample boasts a discharge capacity of 299.5 mA h g^(-1)at a 0.1 C and 251.6 mA h g^(-1)at a 1 C during the initial activation cycle,with an impressive capacity of 222.1 mA h g^(-1)at a 5 C.Most notably,it retained nearly 70%of its capacity after 300 cycles at this elevated rate.This straightforward,effective,and highly viable modification strategy provides a crucial resolution for overcoming challenges associated with LLO materials,making them more suitable for practical application.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(52072196,52002200,52102106,52202262,22379081,22379080)the Major Basic Research Program of Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province(ZR2020ZD09)+1 种基金the Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province(ZR2020QE063,ZR202108180009,ZR2023QE059)the Project funded by China Postdoctoral Science Foundation(2023M741871)。
文摘Steering the directional carrier migration across the interface is a central mission for efficient photocatalytic reactions.In this work,an atomic-shared heterointerface is constructed between the defect-rich ZnIn_(2)S_(4)(HVs-ZIS)and CoIn_(2)S_(4)(CIS)via a defect-guided heteroepitaxial growth strategy.The strong interface coupling induces adequate carriers exchanging passageway between HVs-ZIS and CIS,enhancing the internal electric field(IEF)in the ZnIn_(2)S_(4)/CoIn_(2)S_(4)(HVs-ZIS/CIS)heterostructure.The defect structure in HVs-ZIS induces an additional defect level,improving the separation efficiency of photocarriers.Moreover,promoted by the IEF and intimate heterointerface,photogenerated electrons trapped by the defect level can migrate to the valence band of CIS,contributing to massive photogenerated electrons with intense reducibility in HVs-ZIS/CIS.Consequently,the HVs-ZIS/CIS heterostructure performs a boosted H_(2)evolution activity of 33.65 mmol g^(-1)h^(-1).This work highlights the synergistic effects of defect and strong interface coupling in regulating carrier transfer and paves a brave avenue for constructing efficient heterostructure photocatalysts.
基金financially supported by the National Science and Technology Major Project of China(No.J2019-VI-0004-0117)。
文摘Nickel-based superalloys are extensively used in the crucial hot-section components of industrial gas turbines,aeronautics,and astronautics because of their excellent mechanical properties and corrosion resistance at high temperatures.Fusion welding serves as an effective means for joining and repairing these alloys;however,fusion welding-induced liquation cracking has been a challenging issue.This paper comprehensively reviewed recent liquation cracking,discussing the formation mechanisms,cracking criteria,and remedies.In recent investigations,regulating material composition,changing the preweld heat treatment of the base metal,optimizing the welding process parameters,and applying auxiliary control methods are effective strategies for mitigating cracks.To promote the application of nickel-based superalloys,further research on the combination impact of multiple elements on cracking prevention and specific quantitative criteria for liquation cracking is necessary.
基金This work was financially supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.52172031 and 51872266).
文摘To broaden the application of SiO_(2) sol-bonded castables,using micro-or nano-Al_(2)O_(3) powder and SiO_(2) gel powder as the main raw materials,the effects of CaO impurity on the formation of mullite by the reaction of Al_(2)O_(3) and SiO_(2) at different temperatures(1350,1400,1500,and 1600℃)in different atmospheres(oxidation atmosphere and reduction atmosphere)were studied.The results show that in the oxidizing atmosphere,the introduction of CaO can promote the formation of mullite.When the temperature increases from 1350℃to 1600℃,the amount of mullite formed gradually increases.In the reducing atmosphere,the introduction of CaO is not conducive to the formation of mullite,and the amount of mullite decreases with the increasing temperature.The smaller the particle size of Al_(2)O_(3),the more easily it reacts with SiO_(2) gel powder to form mullite.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China,China(52203066,51973157,51673148 and 51678411)the Science and Technology Plans of Tianjin,China(19PTSYJC00010)+3 种基金China Postdoctoral Science Foundation Grant,China(2019M651047)the Tianjin Research Innovation Project for Postgraduate Students,China(2020YJSB062)the Tianjin Municipal College Student’Innovation And Entrepreneurship Training Program,China(202110058052)the National Innovation and Entrepreneurship Training Program for College Students,China(202110058017)。
文摘Non-renewable fossil fuels have led to serious problems such as global warming,environmental pollution,etc.Oxygen electrocatalysis including oxygen reduction reaction(ORR)and oxygen evolution reaction(OER)plays a central role in clean energy conversion,enabling a number of sustainable processes for future air battery technologies.Fluorine,as the most electronegative element(4.0)not only can induce more efficient regulation for the electronic structure,but also can bring more abundant defects and other novel effects in materials selection and preparation for favorable catalysis with respect to the other nonmetal elements.However,an individual and comprehensive overview of fluorine-containing functional materials for oxygen electrocatalysis field is still blank.Therefore,it is very meaningful to review the recent progresses of fluorine-containing oxygen electrocatalysts.In this review,we first systematically summarize the controllable preparation methods and their possible development directions based on fluorine-containing materials from four preparation methods.Due to the strong electron-withdrawing properties of fluorine,its control of the electronic structure can effectively enhance the oxygen electrocatalytic activity of the materials.In addition,the catalytic enhancement effect of fluorine on carbonbased materials also includes the prevent oxidation and the layer peeling,and realizes the precise atomic control.And the catalytic improvement mechanism of fluorine containing metal-based compounds also includes the hydration of metal site,the crystal transformation,and the oxygen vacancy induction.Then,based on their various dimensions(0D–3D),we also have summarized the advantages of different morphologies on oxygen electrocatalytic performances.Finally,the prospects and possible future researching direction of F-containing oxygen electrocatalysts are presented(e.g.,novel pathways,advanced methods for measurement and simulation,field assistance and multi-functions).The review is considered valuable and helpful in exploring the novel designs and mechanism analyses of advanced fluorine-containing electrocatalysts.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(51973157,61904123,52103061,52203066)the Science&Technology Development Fund of Tianjin Education Commission for Higher Education(2018KJ196)+3 种基金the project funded by China Postdoctoral Science Foundation(2021T140419)Tianjin Municipal College Student’Innovation and Entrepreneurship Training Program(202110058052)the National Innovation and Entrepreneurship Training Program for College Students(202110058017)the State Key Laboratory of Membrane and Membrane Separation,Tiangong University。
文摘With the popularity and widespread applications of electronics,higher demands are being placed on the performance of battery materials.Due to the large difference in electronegativity between fluorine and carbon atoms,doping fluorine atoms in nanocarbon-based materials is considered an effective way to improve the performance of used battery.However,there is still a blank in the systematic review of the mechanism and research progress of fluorine-doped nanostructured carbon materials in various batteries.In this review,the synthetic routes of fluorinated/fluorine-doped nanocarbon-based(CF_x)materials under different fluorine sources and the function mechanism of CF_x in various batteries are reviewed in detail.Subsequently,judging from the dependence between the structure and electrochemical performance of nanocarbon sources,the progress of CF_x based on different dimensions(0D–3D)for primary battery applications is reviewed and the balance between energy density and power density is critically discussed.In addition,the roles of CF_x materials in secondary batteries and their current applications in recent years are summarized in detail to illustrate the effect of introducing F atoms.Finally,we envisage the prospect of CF_x materials and offer some insights and recommendations to facilitate the further exploration of CF_x materials for various high-performance battery applications.
基金supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 51971076 and No. 51771062)。
文摘Mg-1.0Al-1.0Ca-0.4Mn(AXM1104, wt.%) low alloy was extruded at 200 ℃ with an extrusion ratio of 25 and different ram speeds from 1.0 to 7.0 mm/s. The influence of extrusion rate on microstructure and mechanical properties of the AXM1104 alloy was systematically studied. With the increasing of extrusion rate, the mean dynamically recrystallized(DRXed) grain size of the low alloy and average particles diameter of precipitate second phases were increased, while the degree of grain boundary segregation and the intensity of the basal fiber texture were decreased. With the rising of extrusion rate from 1.0 to 7.0 mm/s, the tensile yield strength(TYS) of the as-extruded AXM1104 alloy was decreased from 445 MPa to 249 MPa, while the elongation to failure(EL) was increased from 5.0% to 17.6%. The TYS, ultimate tensile strength(UTS) and EL of the AXM1104 alloy extruded at the ram speed of 1.5 mm/s was 412 MPa, 419 MPa and 12.0%, respectively,exhibiting comprehensive tensile mechanical properties with ultra-high strength and excellent plasticity. The ultra-high TYS of 412 MPa was mainly due to the strengthening from ultra-fine DRXed grains with segregation of solute atoms at grain boundaries. The strain hardening rate is increase slightly with increasing extrusion speed, which may be ascribed to the increasing mean DRXed grain size with rising extrusion speed. The higher strain hardening rate contributes to the higher EL of these AXM1104 samples extruded at higher ram speed.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 12075065)。
文摘Experiments and simulation studies on 283 MeV I ion induced single event effects of silicon carbide(SiC) metal–oxide–semiconductor field-effect transistors(MOSFETs) were carried out. When the cumulative irradiation fluence of the SiC MOSFET reached 5×10^(6)ion·cm^(-2), the drain–gate channel current increased under 200 V drain voltage, the drain–gate channel current and the drain–source channel current increased under 350 V drain voltage. The device occurred single event burnout under 800 V drain voltage, resulting in a complete loss of breakdown voltage. Combined with emission microscope, scanning electron microscope and focused ion beam analysis, the device with increased drain–gate channel current and drain–source channel current was found to have drain–gate channel current leakage point and local source metal melt, and the device with single event burnout was found to have local melting of its gate, source, epitaxial layer and substrate. Combining with Monte Carlo simulation and TCAD electrothermal simulation, it was found that the initial area of single event burnout might occur at the source–gate corner or the substrate–epitaxial interface, electric field and current density both affected the lattice temperature peak. The excessive lattice temperature during the irradiation process appeared at the local source contact, which led to the drain–source channel damage. And the excessive electric field appeared in the gate oxide layer, resulting in drain–gate channel damage.
基金financially supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China (No. 2020YFC1908801)the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 52204287)+1 种基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 52004250)the Key R&D and Promotion Projects in Henan Province (No. 212102310009)。
文摘As the poor dispersion of oily collectors and the inferior hydrophobicity of the mineral surface, the lowrank coal has an unsatisfactory flotation performance when using traditional collectors. In this paper, an ionic liquid microemulsion was used as a collector to enhance its floatability. Flotation test results demonstrated the microemulsion collector exhibited a superior collecting ability. A satisfactory separation performance of 78.66% combustible material recovery was obtained with the microemulsion collector consumption of 6 kg/t, which was equivalent to the flotation performance of diesel at a dosage of25 kg/t. The dispersion behavior of the microemulsion collector was investigated using the CryogenicTransmission Electron Microscopy. The interaction mechanism of the microemulsion collector on enhancing the low-rank coal flotation was elucidated through the Zeta potential and contact angle measurements, the Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy analysis.The microemulsion collector exhibited superior dispersibility, which was dispersed into positively charged oil droplets with an average size of 160.21 nm in the pulp. Furthermore, the nano-oil droplets could be more efficiently adsorbed on the low-rank coal surface through electrostatic attraction, resulting in the improvement of its hydrophobicity. Thus, the microemulsion collector shows great application potential in improving the flotation performance of low-rank coal.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(22008221)Startup Research Fund of Zhengzhou University(32211716)+3 种基金Key Scientific Research Projects of Colleges and Universities in Henan Province(21A530005)Guangdong Basic and Applied Basic Research Foundation(2021A1515110789)Hunan Provincial Natural Science Foundation of China(2022JJ40431)Zhengzhou Collaborative Innovation Major Project。
文摘Spent cathode carbon(SCC)from aluminum electrolysis is a potential graphite resource.However,full use of the SCC remains a challenge,since it contains many hazardous substances(e.g.,fluoride salts,cyanides),encapsulated within the thick carbon layers and thus posing serious environmental concerns.This work presents a chemical oxidative exfoliation route to achieve the recycling of SCC and the decontaminated SCC with high-valued graphene oxide(GO)-like carbon structures(SCC-GO)is applied as an excellent adsorbent for organic pollutants.Specifically,after the oxidative exfoliation,the embedded hazardous constituents are fully exposed,facilitating their subsequent removal by aqueous leaching.Moreover,benefiting from the enhanced specific surface areas along with abundant O-containing functional groups,the as-produced SCC-GO,shows an adsorption capacity as high as 347 mg·g^(-1)when considering methylene blue as a pollutant model,which exceeds most of the recently reported carbon-based adsorbents.Our study provides a feasible solution for the efficient recycling of hazardous carbonaceous wastes.
基金financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.51771044)the Natural Science Foundation of Hebei Province(No.E2019501061)+3 种基金the Performance subsidy fund for Key Laboratory of Dielectric and Electrolyte Functional Material Hebei Province(No.22567627H)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(No.N2223025)the State Key Lab of Advanced Metals and Materials(No.2022-Z02)Programme of Introducing Talents of Discipline Innovation to Universities 2.0(the 111 Project of China 2.0,No.BP0719037)。
文摘The martensitic transformation,mechanical,and magnetic properties of the Ni_(2)Mn_(1.5-x)Cu_(x)Ti_(0.5) (x=0.125,0.25,0.375,0.5) and Ni_(2-y)Co_(y)Mn_(1.5-x)Cu_(x)Ti_(0.5)[(x=0.125,y=0.125,0.25,0.375,0.5) and (x=0.125,0.25,0.375,y=0.625)]alloys were systematically studied by the first-principles calculations.For the formation energy,the martensite is smaller than the austenite,the Ni–(Co)–Mn–Cu–Ti alloys studied in this work can undergo martensitic transformation.The austenite and non-modulated (NM) martensite always present antiferromagnetic state in the Ni_(2)Mn_(1.5-x)Cu_(x)Ti_(0.5) and Ni_(2-y)Co_(y)Mn_(1.5-x)Cu_(x)Ti_(0.5) (y<0.625) alloys.When y=0.625 in the Ni_(2-y)Co_(y)Mn_(1.5-x)Cu_(x)Ti_(0.5) series,the austenite presents ferromagnetic state while the NM martensite shows antiferromagnetic state.Cu doping can decrease the thermal hysteresis and anisotropy of the Ni–(Co)–Mn–Ti alloy.Increasing Mn and decreasing Ti content can improve the shear resistance and normal stress resistance,but reduce the toughness in the Ni–Mn–Cu–Ti alloy.And the ductility of the Co–Cu co-doping alloy is inferior to that of the Ni–Mn–Cu–Ti and Ni–Co–Mn–Ti alloys.The electronic density of states was studied to reveal the essence of the mechanical and magnetic properties.
基金Funded by the National Natural Science Foundations of China(Nos.51378113 and 51438003)the Plan of Six Peak Talents in Jiangsu Province(No.JZ-004)Partly Supported by the National Basic Research Program of China(973 Program,No.2015CB655102)
文摘To enhance the understanding about the utilization of steel slags as a cementitious material, we comparatively studied the chemical, mineralogical and morphological properties of two types of steel slag; basicoxygen-furnace carbon slag(BOF C) and electric-arc-furnace stainless steel slag(EAF S). Moreover, we studied the standard consistency, setting time and the effect of the slag replacement ratios on the fluidity and compressive strength of blended cement mortar. The experimental results showed that BOF C had higher alkalinity, higher pH value and more hydraulic phases than EAF S. Both types of slag showed water reduction effect due to its high fineness. Neat BOF C paste showed flash set and acceleration in the initial setting time of blended cement especially at high slag proportions. However, EAF S prolonged the setting time of blended cement even at low slag proportions. The pH values for blended cement contained 50% BOF C or EAF S were lower than those of pure cement paste. Despite of slag type, compressive strength gradually decreased with increasing slags content. The strength of BOF C mortar was higher than that of EAF S mortar with the same replacement ratio for the same age. Slag activity index demonstrated that BOF C and EAF S conformed to the Chinese National Standard(GB/T 20491-2006) requirements for steel slag as grade one and grade two, respectively.
基金the financial support from the Zhengzhou Collaborative Innovation Major Funding (18XTZX12010)National Key Research and Development Project (2016YFB0301101)Baosteel Metals Co.,Ltd.
文摘This paper comprehensively introduces a new magnesium production technology the compound-vertical-retort technology, involving in the related fundamental researches, core equipment development, working flow, and technical characteristics. Scale-up test and an annual1200-ton-magnesium demonstration-level test was conducted to confirm the rationality, reliability, and advancement of the equipment, system and process design. It is indicated that the new technology solved a series of problems of traditional silicothermic process including adhesion and glaze, short life of retort, low efficiency, high impurity of crystallized magnesium, large heat losses, and poor working environment,making a great technological breakthrough in this field. Representatively, the new well-designed ceramic-lined steel retort serves 2~3 times in life than the normal retorts. The magnesium yield per retort is improved 4~5 times, with purity of >99.8%. The energy consumption in reduction stage is reduced by more than 20%. The mechanical production is fully realized and operating environment is significantly improved.
基金supported by Key Program of the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No.92062223)the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No.51804277)Anhui University Natural Science Research Project (KJ20190048)。
文摘In this study, the reaction characteristics of reduction of calcined dolomite with ferrosilicon under argon flow to produce magnesium were studied by conducting experiments Pidgeon pellets were used to study the effect of reduced temperature, argon flow, and reduced time on the conversion of calcined dolomite reduction by ferrosilicon. The results show that the conversion significantly increases with the increase in the reduction temperature and reduction time. The conversion first increases and then decreases with the increase in argon flow. The highest conversion was obtained when the argon flow rate was 3 L·min^(-1), and a nearly spherical shape, nanoscale magnesium powder was obtained. Then the characters of the circulating argon entrainment process were numerically studied by ANSYS Fluent 17. A physical model of multilayer pellet arrangement was established, and a numerical calculation model of chemical reaction, radiation, heat conduction, and convection heat transfer was constructed. This confirms that high-temperature argon can effectively strengthen the heat exchange between pellets, improve the heat transfer efficiency, and facilitate the pellets to react quickly. When the conversion is 80%, the production efficiency increased by about 28.6%. In addition, the magnesium production efficiency showed an increase tendency with the increase of the argon inlet flow rate.
基金Key Scientific and Technological Project of Henan Province (No.222102230021)Key Scientific Research Projects of Universities in Henan Province (No.21B430003)The Training Program for Young Backbone Teachers in Henan Higher Education Institutions (No.2019GGJS266)。
文摘The influence of thermal-cold cycling treatment on mechanical properties and microstructure of 6061 aluminum alloy was investigated by means of tensile test, optical microscopy(OM), X-ray diffraction(XRD) and transmission electron microscopy(TEM). The cryogenic treatment mechanism of the alloys was discussed. The results show that thermal-cold cycling treatment is beneficial since it produces a large number of dislocations and accelerates the ageing process of the alloy and yields the finer dispersed β" precipitates in the matrix. This variation of microstructural changes leads to more favorable mechanical properties than the other investigated states, while grain boundary precipitation is coarse and distributed discontinuously along grain boundaries, with a lower precipitation free zone(PEZ) on the both sides of precipitated phase. As a result, the tensile strength, elongation and conductivity of 6061 aluminum alloy after thermal-cold cycling treatment are 373.37 MPa, 17.2% and 28.2 MS/m, respectively. Compared with conventional T6 temper, the mechanical properties are improved significantly.
基金financial support from the Australian Research Council(LP1900113)。
文摘The development of wearable electronic systems has generated increasing demand for flexible power sources.Alkaline zinc(Zn)-based batteries,as one of the most mature energy storage technologies,have been considered as a promising power source owing to their exceptional safety,low costs,and outstanding electrochemical performance.However,the conventional alkaline Zn-based battery systems face many challenges associated with electrodes and electrolytes,causing low capacity,poor cycle life,and inferior mechanical performance.Recent advances in materials and structure design have enabled the revisitation of the alkaline Zn-based battery technology for applications in flexible electronics.Herein,we summarize the up-to-date works in flexible alkaline Zn-based batteries and analyze the strategies employed to improve battery performance.Firstly,we introduce the three most reported cathode materials(including Ag-based,Ni-based,and Co-based materials)for flexible alkaline Zn-based batteries.Then,challenges and modifications in battery anodes are investigated.Thirdly,the recently advanced gel electrolytes are introduced from their properties,functions as well as advanced fabrications.Finally,recent works and the advantages of sandwich-type,fiber-type and thin film-type flexible batteries are summarized and compared.This review provides insights and guidance for the design of high-performance flexible Zn-based batteries for next-generation electronics.
基金Founded by the Foundation of Shaanxi Province Key Provence Research and Development(No.2022GY-163)the Foundation of Xianyang City Key Research and Development(No.2021ZDYFGY-0038)+1 种基金the Foundation of Shaanxi Provincial Education Department(No.22JC020)the Key Laboratory of Sustained Utilization&Development of Water Recourse of Hebei Province(Hebei Geo University)(No.HSZYL2021002)。
文摘The coal gangue as the only source of silicon and aluminum was employed to synthesize sodalite and faujasite using hydrothermal method,which directly treated the mixture of pre-treated coal gangue and NaOH solution under hydrothermal environment.X-ray powder diffraction analysis(XRD),thermogravimetry analysis(TG)and differential thermogravimetry analysis(DTG),scanning electron microscopy(SEM),high resolution transmission electron microscopy(HRTEM),N_(2)adsorption-desorption technique,X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy(XPS),etc.were used to characterize the samples.Cd^(2+) ion was used to evaluate the heavy metal ions removal performance of the samples.The experimental results show that the coal gangue,which consists of quartz,calcium feldspar,potassium feldspar and kaolinite,can transform to sodalite and faujasite under alkali-hydrothermal condition at 150 and 180℃,respectively.The as-prepared sodalite and faujasite can effectively remove the simulated Cd2+ion wastewater and actual industrial wastewater containing As^(3+),Cd^(2+),and Cr^(3+)ions,and the good heavy metal ion removal performance of the zeolites is mainly attributed to their low Si/Al ratio and high Na+content.This alkali-hydrothermal method appears to be a simple and efficient method for transformation of coal gangue to high purity zeolites.