The spectrum of drug-induced liver injury （DILI） is both diverse and complex. The first step in diagnosis is a suspicion of DILl based on careful consideration of recent comprehensive reports on the disease. There a...The spectrum of drug-induced liver injury （DILI） is both diverse and complex. The first step in diagnosis is a suspicion of DILl based on careful consideration of recent comprehensive reports on the disease. There are some situations in which the suspicion of DILI is particularly strong. Exclusion of other possible etiologies according to the pattern of liver injury is essential for the diagnosis. In patients with suspected DILl, diagnostic scales, such as the Councils for International Organizations of Medical Sciences/ Roussel Uclaf Causality Assessment Method （CIOMS/RUCAM） scale, may be helpful for the final diagnosis. Early management of DILl involves prompt withdrawal of the drug suspected of being responsible, according to serum levels of alanine aminotransferase （ALT）, alkaline phosphatase （ALP）, and total bilirubin （T-Bil）. However, as DILI patients may show resolution of liver injury without discontinuation of the drug, it should be carefully evaluated whether the suspected drug should be discontinued immediately with adequate consideration of the importance of the medication.展开更多
Social environment - demographics Italian population is quickly becoming older due to a very low birth rate and thanks to the longest life expectancy in Europe (83 years on avarage). Nevertheless, focusing on the qual...Social environment - demographics Italian population is quickly becoming older due to a very low birth rate and thanks to the longest life expectancy in Europe (83 years on avarage). Nevertheless, focusing on the quality of that long expected life span, we come at the bottom of this European league: 65 years old Italians can expect on average to live only another 7.5 years of life in good health. There are over 20 million Italians with a sedentary lifestyle, and more than 50% of those over 65 who do not practice any kind of physical activity [2].展开更多
文摘The spectrum of drug-induced liver injury （DILI） is both diverse and complex. The first step in diagnosis is a suspicion of DILl based on careful consideration of recent comprehensive reports on the disease. There are some situations in which the suspicion of DILI is particularly strong. Exclusion of other possible etiologies according to the pattern of liver injury is essential for the diagnosis. In patients with suspected DILl, diagnostic scales, such as the Councils for International Organizations of Medical Sciences/ Roussel Uclaf Causality Assessment Method （CIOMS/RUCAM） scale, may be helpful for the final diagnosis. Early management of DILl involves prompt withdrawal of the drug suspected of being responsible, according to serum levels of alanine aminotransferase （ALT）, alkaline phosphatase （ALP）, and total bilirubin （T-Bil）. However, as DILI patients may show resolution of liver injury without discontinuation of the drug, it should be carefully evaluated whether the suspected drug should be discontinued immediately with adequate consideration of the importance of the medication.
文摘Social environment - demographics Italian population is quickly becoming older due to a very low birth rate and thanks to the longest life expectancy in Europe (83 years on avarage). Nevertheless, focusing on the quality of that long expected life span, we come at the bottom of this European league: 65 years old Italians can expect on average to live only another 7.5 years of life in good health. There are over 20 million Italians with a sedentary lifestyle, and more than 50% of those over 65 who do not practice any kind of physical activity [2].
