Building the MIT Schwarzman College of Computing

Broad multidisciplinary computing is transforming our modern life in many aspects,and computer science itself is also broadening.In response to these trends,the Massachusetts Institute of Technology(MIT)recently built a new college,the Schwarzman College of Computing.The missions of the College are to support rapid growth of computing fields,facilitate computing collaborations across departments and disciplines,and to focus on social,ethical,and policy issues in computing.This paper begins by introducing the history and design of the Schwarzman College.Then,it discusses the new opportunities that the College of computing has created at MIT,specifically the common ground for computing education and the social and ethical responsibilities of computing programs.

Panel Discussion on“ The Role of Computer Science in University Development Strategy”

At the end of the keynotes during the second Global Forum of Development of Computer Science,a panel discussion was held to encourage further discussion on ways for universities to adapt to the rapidly changing computer science field.Five deans of top computer science departments participated,including the moderator.The discussions were guided along three topics,namely the role of computer science departments in universities today,the nature of computer science as a fundamental discipline or an applied one,and computer science education.Out of these topics,the panelists mainly focused on the interdisciplinary nature of computer science in teaching,research,and industry.The panelists agreed about ways to prepare for the interdisciplinary future,for example by establishing new research centers,introducing projectbased curricula,and collaborating with industry while keeping the campus vibrant.They also pointed out that universities may be under equipped for preparing future professionals to keep up with rapid new advances,especially in machine learning and artificial intelligence.

Identifying implementation gaps in water recycling policy of Beijing municipality

Due to its dry climate, growing population, and overexploited groundwater, China's capital is plagued by water scarcity. Since the late 1980 s, Beijing has adopted water reuse solutions to bring relief; today, however, the intentions of these reuse policies are often not reflected in practice. Three significant implementation gaps exist: lack of use of installed decentralized reuse systems, limited understanding of the operation of decentralized treatment plants by operators,and inadequate service of centralized reuse treatment systems. By understanding the cause,impact, and severity of these gaps, Beijing's policymakers can work to meet existing needs via a range of municipal and national policy-driven actions.

Changes in clinical indicators among human immunodeficiency virus patients who failed in antiretroviral therapy during 2004–2016 in Yunnan, China: an observational cohort study

Background:This study aimed to investigate the changes in the clinical indicators and influencing factors of treatment duration among human immunodeficiency virus(HIV)patients in whom antiretroviral therapy(ART)was unsuccessful.Methods:In this retrospective study,a total of 9,418 HIV patients who failed in ART during 2004–2016 were included and divided into two treatment groups—Group 1(treatment time≤3 years,n1=5,218)and Group 2(treatment time>3 years,n2=4,200).Patient follow-up data,including age,cluster of differentiation 4(CD4)count,and viral load,glucose,creatinine,and triglyceride levels,were extracted from electronic health record databases.Covariance analysis for repeated measures was used to analyze the biochemical indicators,and multiple logistic regression modeling was used to compare relevant data extracted from the Group 1 and Group 2 HIV patient cohorts with different treatment time.Results:The median initial CD4 count was 175.0 cells/μl(interquartile range,77.0–282.0),while the initial CD4 counts for Group 1 were lower than those for Group 2(P<0.05).A significant interaction between group and time effects was observed(P<0.05)in total cholesterol(TC).Changes in hemoglobin level among HIV patients were also significantly associated with treatment time(P=0.001).The initial CD4 count(odds ratio[OR]=0.756),female sex(OR=0.713),Zerit(d4T)(OR=1.443),TC(OR=1.285),and aspartate aminotransferase level(OR=1.002)were significantly associated with the survival time of dead patients with HIV(P<0.05).Additionally,the initial CD4 count(OR=1.456),age(OR=1.022),time interval(OR=0.903),patient’s living status(OR=0.597),d4T(OR=2.256),and triglyceride(OR=0.930)and hemoglobin levels(OR=0.997)were significantly associated with the treatment time of HIV patients with drug withdrawal(P<0.05).Conclusion:The initial biochemical parameters can affect the survival and treatment time of HIV patients.With a comprehensive understanding of the physiological and biochemical indicators of patients,we can reduce the probability of drug withdrawal and prolong the survival time of HIV patients.

Exploring U.S.-China climate cooperation through linked carbon markets

Emissions trading systems(ETSs)are a widely used policy tool for driving emissions reductions and serve as an avenue for international climate cooperation.Following the recent global agreement on carbon market standards at COP26,this study explores linked ETSs as an avenue for the U.S.and China to cooperate on climate action.The emissions,energy,and economic effects of linked ETSs are analyzed through the China-in-Global Energy Model(C-GEM),a multi-regional,computable general equilibrium model.Assuming the development of national economy-wide ETSs,two scenarios are developed linking China and the U.S.:1)a bilateral U.S.-China ETS linkage 2)a multilateral ETS linkage that includes China,the U.S.,and nations in Southeast Asia.Results indicate that emissions and energy consumption outcomes would be similar in the bilateral and multilateral scenarios.However,economic outcomes are more favorable in the multilateral linkage scenario.When China and the U.S.engage in bilateral ETS linkage,China predominantly benefits from additional support for domestic decarbonization while the U.S.benefits from increased GDP compared to without ETS linkage.Adding Southeast Asia to establish multilateral linkage improves GDP outcomes for all participants,reducing adverse effects on China's GDP while boosting GDP for the U.S.and Southeast Asia.For policymakers considering the design and implementation of international ETSs,this study presents updated modeling on the effects of ETS linkage on each country as well as the economic benefits of expanding participation to additional regions.

Designing architected materials for mechanical compression via simulation, deep learning, and experimentation

Architected materials can achieve enhanced properties compared to their plain counterparts.Specific architecting serves as a powerful design lever to achieve targeted behavior without changing the base material.Thus,the connection between architected structure and resultant properties remains an open field of great interest to many fields,from aerospace to civil to automotive applications.Here,we focus on properties related to mechanical compression,and design hierarchical honeycomb structures to meet specific values of stiffness and compressive stress.To do so,we employ a combination of techniques in a singular workflow,starting with molecular dynamics simulation of the forward design problem,augmenting with data-driven artificial intelligence models to address the inverse design problem,and verifying the behavior of de novo structures with experimentation of additively manufactured samples.We thereby demonstrate an approach for architected design that is generalizable to multiple material properties and agnostic to the identity of the base material.

Linking atomic structural defects to mesoscale properties in crystalline solids using graph neural networks

Structural defects are abundant in solids,and vital to the macroscopic materials properties.However,a defect-property linkage typically requires significant efforts from experiments or simulations,and often contains limited information due to the breadth of nanoscopic design space.Here we report a graph neural network(GNN)-based approach to achieve direct translation between mesoscale crystalline structures and atom-level properties,emphasizing the effects of structural defects.Our end-to-end method offers great performance and generality in predicting both atomic stress and potential energy of multiple systems with different defects.Furthermore,the approach also precisely captures derivative properties which strictly observe physical laws and reproduces evolution of properties with varying boundary conditions.By incorporating a genetic algorithm,we then design de novo atomic structures with optimum global properties and target local patterns.The method would significantly enhance the efficiency of evaluating atomic behaviors given structural imperfections and accelerates the design process at the meso-level.