Time, Culture and Identity: Exploring Horological Collections with UK-China Museum Audiences

This paper discusses cross-cultural understanding of museum collections by looking into transnational audience engagement with the imperial clock collection of the Palace Museum in Beijing.The audience research took place in three sites:the Hong Kong Science Museum,the Palace Museum in Beijing,and the Science Museum in London.Audience data were collected using qualitative methods,such as intercept interviews,focus groups,and informal group discussions with non-specialist and specialist audiences across the three locations.The qualitative samples suggest that UK-China audiences draw from different cultural references when they engage with the unique"singsongs"in the imperial clock collection.Despite the divergence of cultural connections made across audiences in the UK and China,it is consistent in the audience data that the appeal of the clocks is reinforced by seeing their movement.The data also indicate a desire to connect with human stories behind the creation,trade,and conservation of singsongs,and expectations for a digital resource that is visually captivating and offers additional insights into the singsongs,such as the demonstration,mechanism,and backstory of the automatons.This paper concludes with a reflection on the implications of audience data for the interpretation strategy of a London-based exhibition featuring the singsongs,and considerations for the development of a digital experience about the imperial horological collections that speaks to audiences across the UK and China.

河口地层独居石Th(U)-Pb年龄对长江贯通时限的约束

新生代长江水系调整、东西贯通时限是国内外学者共同关注的问题。长江发展演化的复杂性在近一个世纪的河流沉积地貌学研究中得到充分的认识,但在贯通时限问题上难以形成共识。河口地层中碎屑独居石的电子探针Th(U)-Pb年龄较好地限定长江东西贯通的时间在2.58MaBP前后。随着碎屑矿物微区分析技术的发展,锆石、独居石年代学和微区特征将成为研究流域演化、构造运动的主要手段。

关于沉降物中汞来源的进展和不确定性的综合分析

作为第八届全球污染物汞问题国际会议的一部分,一组国际汞问题专家于2005年在威斯康星的麦迪逊召开会议。会议的任务是讨论汞来源的科学依据研究现状。具体讲我们的关键问题是:对某一个指定地点,我们是否有把握确定局地、区域和全球的汞来源的相对份额,自然的相对于人为因素的汞排放和沉降。专家组综合分析了在过去10年来所发表的关于这个问题的最新研究情况,重点在以下4个主要研究课题:长期的人类活动影响的变化,当前的排放和沉降趋势,化学转换与循环,模拟与不确定性。在每一个课题中,专家组都得出一系列的结论,本文对此进行了描述。这些结论同时使得我们对问题的回答是"性质上是",而这种资格取决于所愿意接受的不确定性水平。我们同意这种不确定性主要取决于尺度,以及我们所提出的问题在位于主要点源很近和很远的地方均可得到比较有信心的回答,假设"全球汞库"是被承认的"来源"。从生态系统暴露这个角度来看,很多感兴趣的区域则处于中间地带,带有最大程度的不确定性。

The first record of Ophioleila elegans (Echinodermata:Ophiuroidea) from a deep-sea seamount in the Northwest Pacific Ocean

The rare ophiuroid species, Ophioleila elegans, was collected by the submersible Jiaolongfrom 1 660 m depth on the Caiwei Guyot located in the Magellan Seamount Chain in the Northwest Pacific Ocean. This is the first published record of this species since the types were described from similar habitat off Hawaii. We provide more detailed morphologic characteristics of arm skeleton and a phylogenetic analysis based on CO 1 sequences. Both morphology and phylogeny results suggest that the genus Ophioleila is more closely related to Ophiactids than Hemieuryalids.

The structures of eye and surrounding tissues of Longman's beaked whale,Indopacetus pacificus

Observations were made on one eye from a Longman’s beaked whale Indopacetus pacificus, which was probably one of the least known extant cetaceans. The whale died shortly after swimming aground on the coast in the Nishikata Beach, Sendai-shi, Kagoshima-ken Prefecture, Japan, on July 26, 2002. It was a mature female with body length 6.45 m. This paper documented the basic structural characteristics of her visual organ of the whale in order to better understand this animal.

Campanian Climatic Change:Isotopic Evidence from Far East,North America,North Atlantic and Western Europe

Paleoclimatic settings have been reconstructed for the Campanian using original oxygenisotopic analyses of well-preserved molluskan and foraminifera shells from Russian Far East, Hokkaido, USA, Belgium and some DSDP holes （95, 98, 102, 390A, and 392A） in North Atlantic. Early Early Campanian climatic optimum has been recognized from data on high bottom shelf water paleotemperatures in middle latitudes of both the western circum-Pacific （to 24.2℃） and the eastern circum-Pacific （to 26.4℃） areas and high bottom shallow water paleotemperatures in high latitudes of the Koryak Upland （22.4-25.5℃）, which agrees with the data on the Campanian Barykovskaya flora in high latitudes （Golovneva and Herman, 1998） and Jonker flora and its equivalents in middle latitudes. Judging from the data on comparatively high bottom shallow water paleotemperature values in high latitudes, South Alaska （19.4℃） and the Koryak Upland （22.4-25.5℃）, we also expect Latest Campauian temperature maximum, which has not been confirmed, however, for low and middle latitudes by neither of isotopic nor paleobotanic data now. Main dimatic tendency during the Campanian （with the exception of Latest Campanian） has been learned from isotopic composition of Campanian aragonitic ammonoid shells from the Hokkaido-South Sakhalin （Krilyon） marine basin. In contrary to Huber＇s et al. （2002） assumption, we expect warm greenhouse conditions during the most part of the Campanian.

Glaciers One-TimemThe Society Protagonist of the Research

Glaciers one-time involves the citizenship in the development of a popular scientific project, which, among its objectives, aims to make the society conscious of the glacial retreat in action and to quantify the changes in the mountain landscape. All are invited to take photographs of the modern Italian glaciers with the exact points of view of historical photographs, and to make photographic comparisons. Glaciers one-time is carried out in collaboration with institutions that carry out glaciological activities. The institutional network so has the goal to cooperate together for the promotion of research within the society and the understanding of the landscape changes due to retreat of the glaciers. With the active participation of citizenship, it was possible to do a picture of glaciation to publicize the awareness of the state of health of the glaciers and to disseminate the importance of the cryosphere.

Introduction:Creativity and Imagination through Time,Culture and Identity

Highlighting the Time,Culture and Identity cross-disciplinary project conducted between the Science Museum in London,the Palace Museum in Beijing,academics at Beijing Jiaotong University and the Institute for the History of Natural Sciences,and creative industries practitioners in China and the UK,this introduction highlights the key impacts of the research.As well as creating the practical output of a digital museum experience focused on the workings of the Country Scene clock,the research brought a range of wider impacts,including a change in understanding between collaborators,capacity-building skills,research process development and a change in attitude.The papers of this supplementary issue reflect some of the range of impacts of the work of our collaborators.

Fluctuation of Mite Fauna Associated to Rice Culture （Oryza sativa L.： Poales, Poaceae） in Two Regions in the State of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil

This survey had the aim to identify the mite fauna and mite ecologic interaction in rice culture, harvest 2010-2011, in Taquari and Cachoeirinha Counties, state of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. The mite population was biweekly evaluated on IRGA 424 and INTA PUITA CL cultivars in four areas where randomly sampled 20 plants/area. Fluctuation, ecologic indices and correlation between species and environmental factors were calculated. A total of 1,626 mites belonging to 14 species from 12 families were collected. Of the total specimens collected, 34.56% was on IRGA 424, in Taquari, 32.47% on IRGA 424-120 and 28.35% on IRGA 424-60, in Cachoeirinha and 4.61% on 1NTA PUIT,g, CL, in Taquari. Family Ascidae showed great richness, with four species, Lasioseius sp., Lasioseius sp., Proctolaelaps sp. and Cheiroseius sp.. Schizotetranychus oryzae Rossi de Simons （86.65%） was the phytophagous mite more abundant, while among the predators Neoseiulus paraibensis （Moraes and McMurtry） （6.88%） stood out. The population peaks of S. oryzae and N. paraibensis happened on March 2011. In all evaluated areas, the correlation between S. oryzae and N. paraibensis was positive, specially on IRGA 424-120 （r = 0.93, P = 0.006）.

Indigenous parasitoids as effective natural enemies of Phyllocnistis citrella(Lepidoptera:Gracillariidae)in Korea

This study is aimed to investigate the occurrence of Phyllocnistis citrella Stainton （citrus leafminer; CLM）, which has recently caused increasing damage to citrus farms in southern South Korea, and its natural enemies, which can act as biological control agents. In the present study, CLM monitoring using sex pheromone traps were conducted in the major citrus farms in the Jeju region in South Korea. Also a survey of parasites was carried out to detect the effective control agent for CLM. During the investigation from 2011 to 2015, a relatively large number of adult CLM （2,386,990） were observed in the sex pheromone traps. The mean annual occurrence of CLM was 477,398, which showed an increasing trend with the increase in temperature. A survey of parasites was conducted in November 2015. Six parasites were found, of which, Quadrastichus sp. and Sympiesis sp. showed the highest rates of parasitism. The mean rate of parasitism during the survey period was 3.97 %. We discovered four new species of parasites of CLM in South Korea.

Measurements of the Ca II infrared triplet lines of young stellar objects

Equivalent widths and line widths of Ca II infrared triplet emission lines were measured in the high-resolution optical spectra of 39 young stellar objects.We found that the equivalent widths of the emission lines decrease with stellar evolution.It has often been claimed that strong chromospheric activity is generated by a dynamo process caused by fast rotation of the photosphere.However,we found no clear correlation between the strength of the Ca II lines and the stellar rotation velocity.Instead,we found that the objects with high mass accretion rates had stronger Ca II emission lines.This correlation supports the turbulent chromosphere model or the magnetic accretion theory for classical T Tauri stars.We also noticed that the equivalent widths of Ca II lines in transitional disk objects are one-tenth of those in classical T Tauri stars,even if the masses of the circumstellar disks are comparable.

Calculations for Density of Quark Core Consisting of Mono Flavored Closely Packed Quarks inside Neutron Star

The attempt has been taken to calculate the density of stars possessing quark matter core using sphere packing concept of crystallography. The quark matter has been taken as solid in nature as predicted in references 36 and 37, and due to immense gravitational pressure at the core of the star the densest packing of quarks as spheres has been assumed to calculate the packing fraction Φ, thus the density ρ of the matter. Three possible types of pickings—mono-sized sphere packing, binary sphere packing and ternary sphere packing, have been worked out using three possible types of quark matter. It has been concluded that no value about the ρ of quark matter can be calculated using binary and ternary packing conditions and for mono-sized packing condition different flavor quark matters of different values in the density have been calculated using results from the experiments done by HI, ZEUS, L3 and CDF Collaborations about the radius limit of quark. For example, for u quark matter ρ ranges from 4.0587 × 1048 - 7.40038 × 1048 MeV/c2 cm3 using results of L3 Collaboration, for s quark matter 15.91794 × 1048 - 17.6866 × 1048 MeV/c2 cm3, etc.

Directions of Valley Axes in Relationship to Geological Structure-Element Orientation in the Stribrne Hory Area in the Bohemian-Moravian Uplands （Czech Republic）

The purpose of this paper is to evaluate control of orientation of foliations and joints on the direction of valley axes in the Stribrne Hory area in the Bohemian-Moravian Highlands in central part of the Czech Republic. This area is predominantly built by metamorphic rocks. It is situated near the Pribyslav deep-seated fault. The data concerning of foliations, joints and valley axes were statistically analyzed and then visually compared according to their distribution using direction roses. Directions of valley axes have generally orientation of NNE-SSW, SE, E-W, NW and WNW and coincide with the system of foliations and ordinarily steep joints.

Monazite age spectra in the Late Cenozoic strata of the Changjiang delta and its implication on the Changjiang run-through time

The Late Cenozoic strata are 313 m thick, revealed by the drilling core PD-99 in the south Changjiang delta. Monazite chemical dating shows that 350-500-Ma monazites predominate in the Pliocene and 100-275-Ma monazites in the Quaternary, indicating a great change of their provenance. The first presence horizon of monazites younger than 25 Ma is just above the Matruyama/Gauss boundary (~2.58 Ma), whch is exactly when uplift of the Tibetan Plateau began to influence deposition in the East China Sea. Variations in contents of monazites younger than 25 Ma can be divided into two sections. The Early-Middle Pleistocene with less <25 Ma monazites corresponds with rapid uplift of the Tibetan Plateau, and the Late Pleistocene with more <25 Ma monazites parallels the peak uplift of the Tibetan Plateau. This study demonstrates that chemical dating of monazites in the river-mouth strata is a useful method to explore changes of river drainage basins, and deconvolute multistage tectonic and magmatic activity histories in the provenance areas.

Relativistic description of second-order correction to nuclear magnetic moments with point-coupling residual interaction

Using the single particle states and the residual interaction derived from the relativistic point-coupling model with the PC-F1 parameter set,the second-order core polarization corrections to nuclear magnetic moments of LS closed shell nuclei ±1 nucleon with A = 15,17,39 and 41 are studied and compared with previous non-relativistic results.It is found that the second-order corrections are significant.With these corrections,the isovector magnetic moments of the concerned nuclei are well reproduced,especially those for A = 17 and A = 41.

Context-dependent effects of cold stress on behavioral, physiological,and life-history traits of the red flour beetle

Animals are exposed in nature to a variety ofstressors.While stress is generally harmful,mild stress can also be beneficial and contribute to reproduction and survival.We studied the effect of five cold shock events versus a single cold shock and a control group, representing three levels of stress (harsh,mild,and no stress),on behavioral,physiological, and life-history traits of the red flour beetle (Tribolium castaneum,Herbst 1797).Beetles exposed to harsh cold stress were less active than a control group:they moved less and failed more frequently to detect a food patch.Their probability to mate was also lower. Beetle pairs exposed to harsh cold stress frequently failed to reproduce at all,and if reproducing,females laid fewer eggs,which were,as larvae in mid-development,smaller than those in the control group.However,harsh cold stress led to improved female starvation tolerance,probably due to enhanced lipid accumulation.Harsh cold shock also improved tolerance to an additional cold shock compared to the control.Finally,a single cold shock event negatively affected fewer measured response variables than the harsh cold stress, but also enhanced neither starvation tolerance nor tolerance to an additional cold shock. The consequences of a harsher cold stress are thus not solely detrimental but might even enhance survival under stressful conditions.Under benign conditions,nevertheless,harsh stress impedes beetle performance.The harsh stress probably shifted the balance point of the survival-reproduction trade-off,a shift that did not take place following exposure to mild stress.

Phylogenomic analysis of 2556 single-copy protein-coding genes resolves most evolutionary relationships for the major clades in the most diverse group of lichen-forming fungi

Phylogenomic datasets continue to enhance our understanding of evolutionary relationships in many lineages of organisms.However,genome-scale data have not been widely implemented in reconstructing relationships in lichenized fungi.Here we generate a data set comprised of 2556 single-copy protein-coding genes to reconstruct previously unresolved rela-tionships in the most diverse family of lichen-forming fungi,Parmeliaceae.Our sampling included 51 taxa,mainly from the subfamily Parmelioideae,and represented six of the seven previously identified major clades within the family.Our results provided strong support for the monophyly of each of these major clades and most backbone relationships in the topology were recovered with high nodal support based on concatenated dataset and species tree analyses.The alectorioid clade was strongly supported as sister-group to all remaining clades,which were divided into two major sister-groups.In the first major clade the anzioid and usneoid clades formed a strongly supported sister-group relationship with the cetrarioid?hypogymnioid group.The sister-group relationship of Evernia with the cetrarioid clade was also strongly supported,whereas that between the anzioid and usneoid clades needs further investigation.In the second major clade Oropogon and Platismatia were sister to the parmelioid group,while the position of Omphalora was not fully resolved.This study demonstrates the power of genome-scale data sets to resolve long-standing,ambiguous phylogenetic rela-tionships of lichen-forming fungi.Furthermore,the topology inferred in this study will provide a valuable framework for better understanding diversification in the most diverse lineage of lichen-forming fungi,Parmeliaceae.

A matter of time： Temporal variation in the introduction history and population genetic structuring of an invasive lizard

Invasive species are considered one of the greatest threats to native ecosystems, second only to habitat loss and frag- mentation. Despite this, the temporal dynamics of invasions are poorly understood, with most studies focusing on a single time point, providing us with only a snapshot of the biology and genetics of the invader. We investigated the invasion of Lord Howe Island by the delicate skink Lampropholis delicata and assessed the introduction history and genetic structure of this species over a 5-year period. Using genetic data taken from 2007, and again in 2011/12, we examined changes in the population genetic struc- ture （whether new haplotypes had been introduced to the island, and shifts in haplotype frequencies） of the species on the island between these two time points. No new haplotypes were introduced to the island between 2007 and 2011/12; however, significant shifts in haplotype frequencies across the island were detected. We conclude that the delicate skink is expanding its range into the southern regions of the island and that the haplotype frequencies on Lord Howe Island are still in a state of highly dynamic flux. Our study highlights the importance of considering invasions as dynamic and studying them in such a way that enable us to better manage their impacts

Species in lichen-forming fungi:balancing between conceptual and practical considerations,and between phenotype and phylogenomics

Lichens are symbiotic associations resulting from interactions among fungi(primary and secondary mycobionts),algae and/or cyanobacteria(primary and secondary photobionts),and specific elements of the bacterial microbiome associated with the lichen thallus.The question of what is a species,both concerning the lichen as a whole and its main fungal component,the primary mycobiont,has faced many challenges throughout history and has reached new dimensions with the advent of molecular phylogenetics and phylogenomics.In this paper,we briefly revise the definition of lichens and the scientific and vernacular naming conventions,concluding that the scientific,Latinized name usually associated with lichens invariably refers to the primary mycobiont,whereas the vernacular name encompasses the entire lichen.Although the same lichen mycobiont may produce different phenotypes when associating with different photobionts or growing in axenic culture,this discrete variation does not warrant the application of different scientific names,but must follow the principle"one fungus=one name".Instead,broadly agreed informal designations should be used for such discrete morphologies,such as chloromorph and cyanomorph for lichens formed by the same mycobiont but with either green algae or cyanobacteria.The taxonomic recognition of species in lichen-forming fungi is not different from other fungi and conceptual and nomenclatural approaches follow the same principles.We identify a number of current challenges and provide recommendations to address these.Species delimitation in lichen-forming fungi should not be tailored to particular species concepts but instead be derived from empirical evidence,applying one or several of the following principles in what we call the LPR approach:lineage(L)coherence vs.divergence(phylogenetic component),phenotype(P)coherence vs.divergence(morphological component),and/or reproductive(R)compatibility vs.isolation(biological component).Species hypotheses can be established based on either L or P,then using either P or L(plus R)to corroborate them.The reliability of species hypotheses depends not only on the nature and number of characters but also on the context:the closer the relationship and/or similarity between species,the higher the number of characters and/or specimens that should be analyzed to provide reliable delimitations.Alpha taxonomy should follow scientific evidence and an evolutionary framework but should also offer alternative practical solutions,as long as these are scientifically defendable.Taxa that are delimited phylogenetically but not readily identifiable in the field,or are genuinely cryptic,should not be rejected due to the inaccessibility of proper tools.Instead,they can be provisionally treated as undifferentiated complexes for purposes that do not require precise determinations.The application of infraspecific(gamma)taxonomy should be restricted to cases where there is a biological rationale,i.e.,lineages of a species complex that show limited phylogenetic divergence but no evidence of reproductive isolation.Gamma taxonomy should not be used to denote discrete phenotypical variation or ecotypes not warranting the distinction at species level.We revise the species pair concept in lichen-forming fungi,which recognizes sexually and asexually reproducing morphs with the same underlying phenotype as different species.We conclude that in most cases this concept does not hold,but the actual situation is complex and not necessarily correlated with reproductive strategy.In cases where no molecular data are available or where single or multi-marker approaches do not provide resolution,we recommend maintaining species pairs until molecular or phylogenomic data are available.This recommendation is based on the example of the species pair Usnea aurantiacoatra vs.U.antarctica,which can only be resolved with phylogenomic approaches,such as microsatellites or RADseq.Overall,we consider that species delimitation in lichen-forming fungi has advanced dramatically over the past three decades,resulting in a solid framework,but that empirical evidence is still missing for many taxa.Therefore,while phylogenomic approaches focusing on particular examples will be increasingly employed to resolve difficult species complexes,broad screening using single barcoding markers will aid in placing as many taxa as possible into a molecular matrix.We provide a practical pro-tocol how to assess and formally treat taxonomic novelties.While this paper focuses on lichen fungi,many of the aspects discussed herein apply generally to fungal taxonomy.The new combination Arthonia minor(Lücking)Lücking comb.et stat.nov.(Bas.:Arthonia cyanea f.minor Lücking)is proposed.

Using a temporal phylogenetic method to harmonize familyand genus-level classification in the largest clade of lichen-forming fungi

Although classification at supra-specific ranks is inherently arbitrary,comparable taxonomic ranks within clades can facilitate more consistent classifications and objective comparisons among taxa.Different circumscriptions of the hyper-diverse lichen-forming fungal family Parmeliaceae and widely different generic circumscriptions among authors have been proposed.For this study,we use a recently developed temporal approach that uses timecalibrated chronograms to identify temporal bands for specific ranks in Parmeliaceae and allied groups with the overarching goal of establishing a consistent,stable classification.A data set of 330 species,representing 73 genera in the family and 52 species of related families was used to address the circumscription of Parmeliaceae and its genera following the proposed temporal approach.Based on the results of this study,we propose a revised,temporal-based classification for Parmeliaceae,including all clades that share a common ancestor 102.13–112.88 Ma for families and a time window of 29.45–32.55 Ma for genera.Fortyfive of the currently accepted genera in Parmeliaceae were supported in their current circumscription.Two subfamilies are accepted within Parmeliaceae:Protoparmelioideae Divakar et al.subfam.nov.,including Protoparmelia and the resurrected genus Maronina,and Parmelioideae,including the bulk of genera in the family.The new genus Austromelanelixia Divakar et al.is proposed to accommodate a clade of southern Hemisphere species previously included in Melanelixia.Eumitria and tentatively Dolichousnea are resurrected as genera separate from Usnea.The following genera are reduced to synonymy:Allocetraria,Cetrariella,Usnocetraria,and Vulpicida with Cetraria;Arctocetraria,Cetreliopsis,Flavocetraria,Kaernefeltia,Masonhalea,Tuckermanella,and Tuckermannopsis with Nephromopsis;and the lichenicolous genera Nesolechia and Raesaenenia with the lichen-forming genera Punctelia and Protousnea,respectively.A total of 47 new combinations and three new names at the species level are proposed.