Erratum to: Influence of grain refinement on the corrosion behavior of metallic materials: A review

Erratum to:International Journal of Minerals, Metallurgy and MaterialsVolume 28, Number 7, July 2021, Page 1112 The original version of this article unfortunately contained mistakes. Symbols in Table 2 are used incorrectly.

Influence of grain refinement on the corrosion behavior of metallic materials:A review

Grain refinement can strengthen the mechanical properties of materials according to the classical Hall-Petch relationship but does not always result in better corrosion resistance.During the past few decades,various techniques have been dedicated to refining grain,along with relevant studies on corrosion behavior,including general corrosion,pitting corrosion,and stress corrosion cracking.However,the funda-mental consensus on how grain size influences corrosion behavior has not been reached.This paper reviews existing literature on the beneficial and detrimental effects of grain refinement on corrosion behavior.Moreover,the effects of microstructural changes(i.e.,grain boundary,dislo-cation,texture,residual stress,impurities,and second phase)resulting from grain refinement on corrosion behavior are discussed.The grain re-finement not only has an impact on the corrosion performance,but also results in microstructural changes that have a non-negligible effect on corrosion behavior or even outweigh that of grain refinement.Grain size is not the only factor affecting the corrosion behavior of metallic ma-terials;thus,the overall influence of microstructures on corrosion behavior should be understood.

硫氧化还原酶热稳定性的结构基础(英文)

The thermostability of three sulfur oxygenase reductases(SORs) was investigated from thermoaci-dophilic achaea Acidianus tengchongensis(SORAT) and Sulfolobus tokodaii(SORST) as well as the moderately thermophilic bacterium Acidithiobacillus sp.SM-1(SORSB).The optimal temperatures for catalyzing sulfur oxida-tion were 80 °C(SORAT),85 °C(SORST),and 70 °C(SORSB),respectively.The half-lives of the three SORs at their optimal catalytic conditions were 100 min(SORAT),58 min(SORST),and 37 min(SORSB).In order to reveal the structural basis of the thermostability of these SORs,three-dimensional structural models of them were generated by homology modeling using the previously reported high-resolution X-ray structure of SORAA(from Acidianus ambivalens) as a template.The results suggest that thermostability was dependent on:(a) high number of the charged amino acid glutamic acid and the flexible amino acid proline,(b) low number of the thermolabile amino acid glutamine,(c) increased number of ion pairs,(d) decreased ratio of hydrophobic accessible solvent surface area(ASA) to charged ASA,and(e) increased volumes of the cavity.The number of cavities and the number of hydro-gen bonds did not significantly affect the thermostability of SORs,whereas the cavity volumes increased as the thermal stability increased.

Comparison of extruded cell nanovesicles and exosomes in their molecular cargos and regenerative potentials

Extracellular vesicles(EVs)generated from mesenchymal stem cells(MSCs)play an essential role in modulating cell–cell communication and tissue regeneration.The clinical translation of EVs is constrained by the poor yield of EVs.Extrusion has recently become an effective technique for producing a large scale of nanovesicles(NVs).In this study,we systematically compared MSC NVs(from extrusion)and EVs(from natural secretion).Proteomics and RNA sequencing data revealed that NVs resemble MSCs more closely than EVs.Additionally,microRNAs in NVs are related to cardiac repair,fibrosis repression,angiogenesis.Lastly,intravenous delivery of MSC NVs improved heart repair and cardiac function in a mouse model of myocardial infarction.

Recent advances on environmental corrosion behavior and mechanism of high-entropy alloys

In the past decade, the sudden rise of high-entropy alloys(HEAs) has become a research hotspot in the domain of metal materials. HEAs break through the design concept of traditional single-principal element alloys, and the four core effects, especially the high entropy and cocktail effects, make HEAs exhibit much better corrosion resistance than traditional corrosion-resistant metal materials, e.g., stainless steels, copper-nickel alloys, and high-nickel alloys. Currently, the corrosion resistance of HEAs causes great concern in the field of corrosion research. This article reviews the corrosion behavior and mechanism of HEAs in various aqueous solutions, revealing the correlation among the composition, microstructure and corrosion resistance of HEAs, and elaborates the influence of heat treatment, anodizing treatment and preparation methods on the corrosion behavior of HEAs. This knowledge will benefit the on-demand design of corrosion-resistant HEAs, which is an important trend of future development. Finally, perspectives regarding the corrosion research of HEAs are outlined to guide future studies.

Distinct beneficial effect of Sn on the corrosion resistance of Cr-Mo low alloy steel

In this work,the beneficial effect of Sn addition on the corrosion resistance mechanism of Cr-Mo low alloy steel was studied.Results demonstrated that Sn improves the corrosion resistance of the steel matrix mainly by influencing the microstructural transformation.Sn addition and the synergistic effect of Sn,Cr,and Mo promote the formation of α-FeOOH,SnO_(2),SnO,Cr(OH)_(3),and molybdates,lead to the improved protection and stability of the rust layer.This synergistic effect also endows the inner rust layer with cation selectivity,preventing the further penetration of Cl-and inhibiting the localized corrosion of steel.

Epidemiological shift and geographical heterogeneity in the burden of leptospirosis in China

Background:Leptospirosis morbidity and mortality rates in China have decreased since the 2000s.Further analyses of the spatiotemporal and demographic changes occurring in the last decade and its implication on estimates of disease burden are required to inform intervention strategies.In this study,we quantified the epidemiological shift and geographical heterogeneity in the burden of leptospirosis during 2005-2015 in China.Methods:We used reported leptospirosis case data from 1st January 2005 to 31st of December 2015 that routinely collected by the China Information System for Disease Control and Prevention(CISDCP)to analyze the epidemiological trend and estimate the burden in terms of disability-adjusted life-years(DALYs)over space,time,and demographical groups.Results:A total of 7763 cases were reported during 2005-2015.Of which,2403(31%)cases were the laboratoryconfirmed case.Since 2005,the notified incidence rate was gradually decreased(P<0.05)and it was relatively stable during 2011-2015(P>0.05).During 2005-2015,we estimated a total of 10313 DALYs were lost due to leptospirosis comprising a total of 1804 years-lived with disability(YLDs)and 8509 years-life lost(YLLs).Males had the highest burden of disease(7149 DALYs)compared to females(3164 DALYs).The highest burden estimate was attributed to younger individuals aged 10-19 years who lived in southern provinces of China.During 2005-2015,this age group contributed to approximately 3078 DALYs corresponding to 30%of the total DALYs lost in China.Yet,our analysis indicated a declining trend in burden estimates(P<0.001)since 2005 and remained relatively low during 2011-2015.Low burden estimates have been identified in the endemic regions where infections principally distributed.Most of the changes in DALY estimates were driven by changes in YLLs.Conclusions:In the last 11-years,the burden estimates of leptospirosis have shown a declining trend across the country;however,leptospirosis should not be neglected as it remains an important zoonotic disease and potentially affecting the young and productive population in economically less-developed provinces in southern of China.In addition,while in the last five years the incidence has been reported at very low-level,this might not reflect the true incidence of leptospirosis.Strengthened surveillance in the endemic regions is,hence,substantially required to capture the actual prevalence to better control leptospirosis in China.