A dicistrovirus increases pupal mortality in Spodoptera frugiperda by suppressing protease activity and inhibiting larval diet consumption

Understanding interactions between viruses and their hosts is conducive to enabling better application of viruses as biocontrol agents.Certain viruses carried by parasitic wasps enhance the parasitic efficiency of wasp-larvae by protecting them against the immune system of their Lepidopteran host.However,the relationship between prey pests and viruses found in predatory natural enemies remains unclear.Herein,we report the interaction between Arma chinensis virus-1(AcV-1),originally isolated from a predatory natural enemy,Arma chinensis(Hemiptera:Pentatomidae),and one of its prey species,Spodoptera frugiperda(Lepidoptera:Noctuidae).The results showed that the AcV-1 virus appeared harmful to the novel host S.frugiperda by inhibiting larval diet consumption and increasing pupal mortality.Meanwhile,sequencing data indicated that the virus altered the gene expression profiles of S.frugiperda.KEGG analysis showed that the proteasome and phagosome pathways related to protein degradation and immune response were significantly enriched.Although the expression levels of digestive enzyme genes did not change significantly,the total protease activity of AcV-1 virus-positive individuals was significantly decreased,suggesting that the virus inhibited diet consumption of S.frugiperda via the down-regulation of digestive enzyme activities.These results indicate that a virus initially isolated in a predatory natural enemy can decrease the fitness of its prey species.The virus was found to impact the host proteasome and phagosome pathways related to protein degradation and immunity,providing a potential mechanism to enhance controlling efficiency.

Encapsulated peracetic acid as a valid broad‑spectrum antimicrobial alternative,leading to beneficial microbiota compositional changes and enhanced performance in broiler chickens

Background Antimicrobial alternatives are urgently needed,including for poultry production systems.In this study,we tested the potential broad-range antimicrobial alternative peracetic acid,delivered in feed via the hydrolysis of encapsulated precursors through a 28-day study using 375 Ross 308 broiler chickens.We tested two peracetic acid concentrations,30 and 80 mg/kg on birds housed on re-used litter,and we evaluated the impact of both levels on gut microbial communities,bacterial concentration,antimicrobial resistance genes relative abundance and growth performance when compared to control birds housed on either clean or re-used litter.Results Body weight gain and feed conversion ratio improved in peracetic acid fed birds.At d 28,birds given 30 mg/kg of peracetic acid had a decreased Firmicutes and an increased Proteobacteria abundance in the jejunum,accompanied by an increase in Bacillus,Flavonifractor and Rombustia in the caeca,and a decreased abundance of tetracycline resistance genes.Chicken given 80 mg/kg of peracetic acid had greater caecal abundance of macrolides lincosamides and streptogramins resistance genes.Growth performance on clean litter was reduced compared to reused litter,which concurred with increased caecal abundance of Blautia,decreased caecal abundance of Escherichia/Shigella,Anaerostipes and Jeotgalicoccus,and greater gene abundance of vancomycin,tetracycline,and macrolides resistance genes.Conclusions Peracetic acid could be used as a safe broad-spectrum antimicrobial alternative in broilers.Encapsulated precursors were able to reduce the bacterial concentration in the jejunum whilst promoting the proliferation of probiotic genera in the caeca,especially at the low peracetic acid concentrations tested,and improve growth performance.Moreover,our findings offer further insights on potential benefits of rearing birds on re-used litter,suggesting that the latter could be associated with better performance and reduced antimicrobial resistance risk compared to clean litter rearing.

Signatures of positive selection for local adaptation of African native cattle populations:A review

Cattle are central to the lives and diverse cultures of African people.It has played a crucial role in providing valuable protein for billions of households and sources of income and employment for producers and other actors in the livestock value chains.The long-term natural selection of African cattle typically signals signatures in the genome,contributes to high genetic differentiations across breeds.This has enabled them to develop unique adaptive traits to cope with inadequate feed supply,high temperatures,high internal and external parasites,and diseases.However,these unique cattle genetic resources are threatened by indiscriminate cross-breeding,breed replacements with exotic cosmopolitan breeds,and climate change pressures.Although there are no functional genomics studies,recent advancements in genotyping and sequencing technologies have identified and annotated limited functional genes and causal variants associated with unique adaptive and economical traits of African cattle populations.These genome-wide variants serve as candidates for breed improvement and support conservation efforts for endangered cattle breeds against future climate changes.Therefore,this review plans to collate comprehensive information on the identified selection footprints to support genomic studies in African cattle to confirm the validity of the results and provide a framework for further genetic association and QTL fine mapping studies.

Overview of current detection methods and microRNA potential in Clostridioides difficile infection screening

Clostridioides difficile(formerly called Clostridium difficile,C.difficile)infection(CDI)is listed as an urgent threat on the 2019 antibiotic resistance threats report in the United States by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.Early detection and appropriate disease management appear to be essential.Meanwhile,although the majority of cases are hospital-acquired CDI,community-acquired CDI cases are also on the rise,and this vulnerability is not limited to immunocompromised patients.Gastrointestinal treatments and/or gastrointestinal tract surgeries may be required for patients diagnosed with digestive diseases.Such treatments could suppress or interfere with the patient’s immune system and disrupt gut flora homeostasis,creating a suitable microecosystem for C.difficile overgrowth.Currently,stool-based non-invasive screening is the first-line approach to CDI diagnosis,but the accuracy is varied due to different clinical microbiology detection methods;therefore,improving reliability is clearly required.In this review,we briefly summarised the life cycle and toxicity of C.difficile,and we examined existing diagnostic approaches with an emphasis on novel biomarkers such as microRNAs.These biomarkers can be easily detected through noninvasive liquid biopsy and can yield crucial information about ongoing pathological phenomena,particularly in CDI.

Management of rice straw with relay cropping of Chinese milk vetch improved double-rice cropping system production in southern China

Improved utilization of rice(Oryza sativa L.)straw and Chinese milk vetch(Astragalus sinicus L.,vetch)has positive effects on rice production.So far,few studies have investigated the productivity of vetch under different residue management practices in double-rice cropping system.The effects of rice straw on the growth and nutrient accumulation of vetch across seven years(2011–2017)and the subsequent effects of rice straw and vetch on two succeeding rice crops in a vetch–rice–rice cropping system,with the vetch established by relay cropping,were examined.The seven-year double-rice experiment consisted of the following treatments:(1)100%chemical fertilizer(F-F100);(2)only vetch without chemical fertilizer(M-Con);(3)80%chemical fertilizer plus vetch plus a low-cutting height(low-retained stubble)with the removal of straw(M-F80);(4)80%chemical fertilizer plus vetch plus a low-cutting height with the retention of straw(M-F80-LR);(5)80%chemical fertilizer plus vetch plus a high-cutting height(high-retained stubble)with the retention of straw(M-F80-HR);and(6)no fertilizer(F-Con).The yields of the two rice crops after vetch were not affected by either the cutting height of stubble with retention of straw or by the management of straw(retention vs.removal)with low-cutting height of stubble.The yields of the two rice crops after vetch were significantly higher for M-F80-HR than for M-F80-LR,but the relative contributions of the high-cutting height and straw retention to the higher rice yield could not be determined in this study.The yield stability of the double-rice grain in M-F80-HR was also increased,as determined by a sustainable yield index.Significant increases in vetch biomass and nutrient uptake were observed in the fertilized treatments during the rice season compared with the unfertilized treatments.In M-F80-HR plots,improvements in the growing environment of the vetch by conserving soil water content were associated with the highest vetch biomass,nutrient uptake,and yield stability of vetch biomass.These increased nutrient inputs partially replaced the demand for chemical fertilizer and stimulated the rice yields.It can be concluded that retaining higher-cutting stubble residues with straw retention could be the best straw management practice for increasing the vetch biomass and nutrient use efficiency,thereby allowing utilization of high-cutting height with retention of straw and vetch to improve the stability of rice productivity in a double-rice cropping system.

An Essential Oil Blend Decreases Methane Emissions and Increases Milk Yield in Dairy Cows

This study was conducted to investigate the effect of a commercial essential oil (EO) additive on milk production and methane (CH4) emissions from dairy cows. Early lactation Holstein-Friesian dairy cows were fed grass, whole crop wheat and corn silage total mixed ration. Cows were allocated to one of two experimental treatments: Control (no additive, CON) or 1 g/head/day of EO. Cows were housed in a free stall barn, split into two pens for the duration of the experiment. Two gas data loggers units used to measure CH4 emissions were provided per pen for the duration of the 22 week-long study. Milk yield was determined daily, and milk components were analyzed every two weeks. CH4 was recorded continuously, and daily values were tabulated. Body weight and body condition score were determined at the start and bi-weekly. Results were analyzed as a randomized complete block trial. In total, 149 cows participated in the study (76 CON, 73 EO). Milk yields were greater (P < 0.05) for the test treatment (28.3 CON, 31.2 EO) with no change in milk component concentrations. Milk component concentrations were unaffected (P > 0.05) by treatment. Yields of fat, protein, lactose, and solids were higher for EO fed cows (P 4 output was reduced with the EO compared to the CON treatment (411 g/day vs 438 g/day;13.8 g/L of milk vs 17.2 g/L of milk, P < 0.05) over the duration of the trial. There were no effects of treatment on reproductive performance or the occurrence of mastitis. Feeding EO to dairy cows reduced CH4 emissions whilst also increasing performance.

A Systematic Review of the Environmental Impacts of GM Crop Cultivation as Reported from 2006 to 2011

The current generation of genetically modified crops have shown potential to enhance agricultural productivity and alter farm production economics, but there remains global divergence in adoption of the technology due in part to uncertainty in the underlying science. In an attempt to address this, a systematic review was undertaken, which asked the question “What are the environmental impacts of the global cultivation of GM crops?” A database search statement generated over 19000 hits, which distilled down to 28 articles from which data was recovered to generate a set of R values, where R was the ratio of the GM divided by the conventional field data. Meta-analysis of this data indicated that under GM R had significantly increased from a background level of 1 to a mean value of 1.31. This increase in R, although positive, is not indicative of an environmental benefit due to the difficulty in assigning either benefits or disadvantages to the many indicators that were encompassed within the review. Subsequent regression analysis indicated that there was no standard model to explain the observed variation in R values. However, in models for both cotton and maize, variables relating to the design of the study had a significant effect, but these variables were not related to trait or gene insertion and were generally either year, country or change in cultivation practice in origin. Narrative analysis of the authors published interpretations indicated GM had no adverse effects in 85% of papers, 10% reported a beneficial effect and only 5% a deleterious impact. The conclusion of this study is that GM adoption has had an impact on its environment, but that the underlying cause of this impact is not due to the genetic modification and the effect on the environment is generally seen as not being adverse.

Advances in the Structural Composition of Biomass:Fundamental and Bioenergy Applications

Increased environmental pollution due to the organic wastes over the world is one of the most burning issues.These organic wastes lie under the category of biodegradable waste and can be effectively degraded from their complex compound into simple one by the action of microbes or other living organisms.Moreover,lignocellulosic biomass is a major part of the biodegradable waste and belongs to the group of renewable energy source,which can be very effective for bioenergy production.Biomasses are made up of different compounds such as cellulose,hemicelluloses,lignin and protein.Apart from these components,based on the structural analysis biomass also consist of bioactive substances such as carotenoids,flavonoids,lignin and antioxidants.This review explores a complete overview of the classification,component and the structure of the biomass.Moreover,it discusses how biomasses can play the key role of substrate in many sectors such as industrial bioenergy production including gaseous and liquid biofuels.

Alteration in the expression of microRNA-21 regulated target genes:Role in breast cancer

Breast cancer,also recognized as the principal cause of cancer-related deaths among women,is the second most familiar and prevalent form of cancer.New diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers that are highly specific are urgently needed for its early prognosis.MicroRNAs(miRNAs),a class of non-coding RNAs,are known to control the biological processes involving transcription,post-transcriptional and covalent modifications,splicing,translation,cell differentiation,proliferation,apoptosis,cancer progression,and invasion.Any dysregulation in miRNA expression,demonstrating their oncogenic and tumor-suppressive functions,contributes to cancer progression.MicroRNA-21(miR-21),an‘onco-miR’in breast cancer,is involved in tumor progression and metastasis by suppressing the activity of the target gene via its interaction with the 3’UTR of the target gene.The upregulation of miR-21 is observed in many instances of breast cancer.Our review aims to summarize the current understanding of miR-21 in the regulation of important cellular functions via regulation of its target genes.We discuss its biosynthesis,oncogenic function in breast cancer,and different methods used for its detection.This will increase the current understanding of the role of miR-21 in breast cancer tumorigenesis,which will offer a perception of using miR-21 as an early detection molecular prognostic and diagnostic biomarker and as a therapeutic target in breast cancer care.

Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry scans accurately predict differing body fat content in live sheep

Background: There is considerable interest in implementing mobile scanning technology for on-farm body composition analysis on live animals.These experiments evaluated the use of dual energy X-ray absorptiometry(DXA) as an accurate method of total body fat measurement in live sheep.Results: In Exp.1,visceral and whole body fat analysis was undertaken in sheep with body condition scores(BCS)in the range 2 to 3.25(scale 1: thin to 5: fat).The relationship of BCS was moderately correlated with visceral fat depot mass(r = 0.59,P < 0.01,n = 24) and whole body fat(r = 0.70,P < 0.001,n = 24).In Exp.2,sheep with BCS in the range 2.25 to 3.75 were blood sampled to analyse circulating leptin concentrations,and were DXA scanned immediately post mortem for total body fat.Plasma leptin concentrations had low correlations with BCS(r = 0.50,P < 0.05,n = 17) and DXA body fat(r = 0.42,P < 0.05,n = 17),and no correlation with chemical body fat(r = 0.17,P > 0.05,n = 9).There was a moderate correlation between DXA body fat and BCS(r = 0.70,P < 0.01,n = 17),and DXA body fat was highly correlated with chemical body fat(r = 0.81,P < 0.001,n = 9).In Exp.3,a series of five DXA scans,at 8-week intervals,was performed on growing sheep over a 32-week period.The average BCS ranged from 2.39 ± 0.07(S.E.M.) to 3.05 ± 0.11 and the DXA body fat(%) ranged from 16.8 ± 0.8 to 24.2 ± 1.2.There was a moderate correlation between DXA body fat and BCS over the 32 weeks(r = 0.61,P < 0.001,n = 24).Conclusions: Overall,these experiments indicated that there was good agreement between BCS,DXA and chemical analysis for measuring total body fat in sheep,and that DXA scanning is a valid method for longitudinal measurement of total body fat in live sheep.

Antimicrobial Materials: New Strategies to Tackle Various Pandemics

Coronaviruses are responsible for a developing budgetary,human and fatality trouble,as the causative factor of infections,for example,severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2(SARS-CoV-2).It has been well recognized that SARS-CoV-2 may survive under severe atmosphere circumstances.Hence,efficient containment approaches,for example,sanitizing,are crucial.Commonly,living compounds contribute a substance of chemical heterogeneity,with antiviral movement,and therefore can have efficacy as therapeutic tools toward coronavirus diseases.Here,in this review article,we have described the antimicrobialbased materials,which can be used to inhibit the spreading of the COVID-19.We have categorized these materials in three sections;(i)antimicrobial wall paint,(ii)antimicrobial papers and(iii)antimicrobial materials surface coating to be utilized as the antimicrobial-based materials for controlling the COVID-19.In the last section,we have given the concluding remarks with prospects in this area.

GREENHOUSE GAS AND AMMONIA EMISSION MITIGATION PRIORITIES FOR UK POLICY TARGETS

Agriculture is essential for providing food and maintaining food security while concurrently delivering multiple other ecosystem services. However,agricultural systems are generally a net source of greenhouse gases and ammonia. They, therefore, need to substantively contribute to climate change mitigation and net zero ambitions. It is widely acknowledged that there is a need to further reduce and mitigate emissions across sectors, including agriculture to address the climate emergency and emissions gap. This discussion paper outlines a collation of opinions from a range of experts within agricultural research and advisory roles following a greenhouse gas and ammonia emission mitigation workshop held in the UK in March 2022. The meeting identified the top mitigation priorities within the UK's agricultural sector to achieve reductions in greenhouse gases and ammonia that are compatible with policy targets. In addition, experts provided an overview of what they believe are the key knowledge gaps, future opportunities and cobenefits to mitigation practices as well as indicating the potential barriers to uptake for mitigation scenarios discussed.

Bacterial communities in paddy soils changed by milk vetch as green manure: A study conducted across six provinces in South China

The use of green manures contributes to sustainable soil and nutrient management in agriculture;however, the responses of soil microbial communities to different fertilization regimes at the regional scale are uncertain. A study was undertaken across multiple sites and years in Hunan, Jiangxi, Anhui, Henan,Hubei, and Fujian provinces of South China to investigate the effects of green manuring on the structure and function of soil bacterial communities in rice-green manure cropping systems. The study included four treatments: winter fallow with no chemical fertilizer as a control(NF), milk vetch as green manure without chemical fertilizer(GM), winter fallow and chemical fertilizer(CF), and a combination of chemical fertilizer and milk vetch(GMCF).Significant differences were found in the responses of soil microbial communities at different sites, with sampling sites explaining 72.33%(F = 36.59,P = 0.001) of the community composition variation. The bacterial communities in the soils from Anhui, Henan, and Hubei were broadly similar, while those from Hunan were distinctly different from other locations. The analysis of Weighted UniFrac distances showed that milk vetch changed soil microbial communities compared with winter fallow. Proteobacteria and Chloroflexi predominated in these paddy soils;however, the application of green manures increased the relative abundance of Actinobacteria. There was evidence showing that the functional microbes which play important roles in the cycling of soil carbon, nitrogen(N), and sulfur(S) changed after several years of milk vetch utilization(linear discriminant analysis score > 2). The abundance of methane-oxidizing bacteria and S-reducing bacteria increased, and microbes involved in N fixation, nitrification, and denitrification also increased in some provinces. We concluded that the application of milk vetch changed the bacterial community structure and affected the functional groups related to nutrient transformation in soils at a regional scale.

Removal of roosters alters the domestic phenotype and microbial and genetic profile of hens

Hens are raised apart from roosters in modern poultry production, a substantial change from their natural social structure. We compared productivity, injuries, behavior, physiology, microbiome and transcriptome of hens housed with(R+) or without(R–)roosters to quantify the effects of this change in social structure. Hens were raised free-range from 70 to 280 days when 30 birds per treatment were assigned to battery cages until Day 315(R+C vs. R–C), while 30 birds per treatment remained in free-range pens(R+F vs. R–F). Response to a novel environment and object, behavioral time budgets, cecum microbiome, blood composition and transcriptomic sequencing of thigh muscle and spleen were analyzed. Hens housed without roosters showed better survival, consumed less food, produced more eggs and had better feed conversion. R+F hens clustered around the rooster and were less mobile in the novel environment and object tests. R+F hens displayed the richest microbiome, and the presence of roosters resulted in differentially expressed genes related to muscle development, cellular processes, environmental information processing and immune function. Removing roosters from housed hens intensified desirable characteristics favored by domestication probably operating by deprivation of mating behavior and reduced fear, along with altered microbial and genetic function.

ENABLING CROP DIVERSIFICATION TO SUPPORT TRANSITIONS TOWARD MORE SUSTAINABLE EUROPEAN AGRIFOOD SYSTEMS

European cropping systems are often characterized by short rotations or even monocropping,leading to environmental issues such as soil degradation,water eutrophication,and air pollution including greenhouse gas emissions,that contribute to climate change and biodiversity loss.The use of diversification practices(i.e.,intercropping,multiple cropping including cover cropping and rotation extension),may help enhance agrobiodiversity and deliver ecosystem services while developing new value chains.Despite its benefits,crop diversification is hindered by various technical,organizational,and institutional barriers along value chains(input industries,farms,trading and processing industries,retailers,and consumers)and within sociotechnical systems(policy,research,education,regulation and advisory).Six EU-funded research projects have joined forces to boost crop diversification by creating the European Crop Diversification Cluster(CDC).This Cluster aggregates research,innovation,commercial and citizen-focused partnerships to identify and remove barriers across the agrifood system and thus enables the uptake of diversification measures by all European value-chain stakeholders.The CDC will produce a typology of barriers,develop tools to accompany actors in their transition,harmonize the use of multicriteria assessment indicators,prepare policy recommendations and pave the way for a long-term network on crop diversification.

THE 4C APPROACH AS A WAY TO UNDERSTAND SPECIES INTERACTIONS DETERMINING INTERCROPPING PRODUCTIVITY

Modern agriculture needs to develop transition pathways toward agroecological,resilient and sustainable farming systems.One key pathway for such agroecological intensification is the diversification of cropping systems using intercropping and notably cereal-grain legume mixtures.Such mixtures or intercrops have the potential to increase and stabilize yields and improve cereal grain protein concentration in comparison to sole crops.Species mixtures are complex and the 4C approach is both a pedagogical and scientific way to represent the combination of four joint effects of Competition,Complementarity,Cooperation,and Compensation as processes or effects occurring simultaneously and dynamically between species over the whole cropping cycle.Competition is when plants have fairly similar requirements for abiotic resources in space and time,the result of all processes that occur when one species has a greater ability to use limiting resources(e.g.,nutrients,water,space,light)than others.Complementarity is when plants grown together have different requirements for abiotic resources in space,time or form.Cooperation is when the modification of the environment by one species is beneficial to the other(s).Compensation is when the failure of one species is compensated by the other(s)because they differ in their sensitivity to abiotic stress.The 4C approach allows to assess the performance of arable intercropping versus classical sole cropping through understanding the use of abiotic resources.

Biopolymers and Biomimetic Materials in Medical and Electronic-Related Applications for Environment-Health-Development Nexus:Systematic Review

Biocomposites as bio-inspired materials are produced from renewable resources that are organic and ecofriendly alternative materials.To improve the lifestyle of human beings as well as enhancing the environmental indices,functional bio-materials are now implemented in various promising industries.This work has systematically discussed and highlighted the implementations and trends of functional bionic materials in high tech industries,which are necessary for developing modern societies.Various medical,electronic,food and pharmaceutical applications have been considered.Bio-inspired materials are used to develop more sustainable possibilities to increase environmental conservation while maintaining customer satisfaction.Biopolymers were found employed in several sectors for various functional bio-products including organic thin-film transistors,organic phototransistor,emitting diodes,photodiodes,photovoltaic solar cells,hybrid dental resins,sustainable pharmaceuticals,and food packaging.They are used to create sustainable bio-products for energy storage and harvesting,bone regeneration,nerve damage repair,drug applications and various other industrial subcategories.

TRANSLATING THE MULTI-ACTOR APPROACH TO RESEARCH INTO PRACTICE USING A WORKSHOP APPROACH FOCUSING ON SPECIES MIXTURES

The EIP-Agri multiactor approach was exemplified during a 3-day workshop with 63 project participants from the EU H2020 funded project“Redesigning European cropping systems based on species MIXtures”.The objective was to share firsthand experience of participatory research among researchers who were mostly not familiar with this approach.Workshop participants were divided into smaller multidisciplinary groups and given the opportunity to interact with representatives from eight actor positions in the value chain of the agrifood cooperative Terrena located in Western France.The four stages of the workshop were:(1)key actor interviews,(2)sharing proposed solutions for overcoming barriers,and(3)developing possible interdisciplinary concepts.Expressions of frustration were recorded serving both as a motivation for group members to become more aware of the scientific concerns and practices of their colleagues,as well as a recognition that some researchers have better skills integrating qualitative approaches than others.Nevertheless,the workshop format was an effective way to gain a common understanding of the pertinent issues that need to be addressed to meet overall multiactorapproach objectives.Working with the actor networks was identified and emphasized as a means to overcome existing barriers between academia and practice in order to coproduce a shared vision of the benefits of species mixture benefits.

PROGRESS ON IMPROVING AGRICULTURAL NITROGEN USE EFFICIENCY: UK−CHINA VIRTUAL JOINT CENTERS ON NITROGEN AGRONOMY

Two virtual joint centers for nitrogen agronomy were established between the UK and China to facilitate collaborative research aimed at improving nitrogen use efficiency(NUE)in agricultural production systems and reducing losses of reactive N to the environment.Major focus areas were improving fertilizer NUE,use of livestock manures,soil health,and policy development and knowledge exchange.Improvements to fertilizer NUE included attention to application rate in the context of yield potential and economic considerations and the potential of improved practices including enhanced efficiency fertilizers,plastic film mulching and cropping design.Improved utilization of livestock manures requires knowledge of the available nutrient content,appropriate manure processing technologies and integrated nutrient management practices.Soil carbon,acidification and biodiversity were considered as important aspects of soil health.Both centers identified a range of potential actions that could be taken to improve N management,and the research conducted has highlighted the importance of developing a systemslevel approach to assessing improvement in the overall efficiency of N management and avoiding unintended secondary effects from individual interventions.Within this context,the management of fertilizer emissions and livestock manure at the farm and regional scales appear to be particularly important targets for mitigation.

Biorenewable materials for water remediation: The central role of cellulose in achieving sustainability

As the population increases and manufacturing grows,greenhouse gas and other harmful emissions increase.Contaminated with chemicals such as dyes,pesticides,pharmaceuticals,oil,heavy metals or radionuclides,wastewater purification has become an urgent issue.Various technologies exist that can remove these contaminants from wastewater sources,but they often demand high energy and/or high cost,and in some cases produce contaminant laden sludge that requires safe disposal.The need for methods which are less capital intensive,less operationally costly and more environmentally friendly is suggested.Cellulose-based materials have emerged as promising candidates for wastewater treatment due to their renewability,low cost,biodegradability,hydrophilicity,and antimicrobial property.In this review article,we focussed on developing sustainable and biodegradable cellulose-based materials for wastewater treatment.This article deals with cellulose-based materials’scope and their conversion into valuable products like hydrogel,aerogel,cellulose composites,and nanocellulose.The cellulose-based materials have no harmful environmental impact and are plentiful.The modified cellulose-based materials applying as membrane,adsorbent,sorbent,and beads to purify the wastewater were discussed.Finally,the challenges and future prospects of cellulose-based materials for wastewater treatment were considered,emphasizing their potential to be sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives to traditional materials used in wastewater treatment.