Lithium chloride ameliorates learning and memory ability and inhibits glycogen synthase kinase-3 beta activity in a mouse model of fragile X syndrome

In the present study,Fmr1 knockout mice （KO mice） were used as the model for fragile X syndrome.The results of step-through and step-down tests demonstrated that Fmr1 KO mice had shorter latencies and more error counts,indicating a learning and memory disorder.After treatment with 30,60,90,120,or 200 mg/kg lithium chloride,the learning and memory abilities of the Fmr1 KO mice were significantly ameliorated,in particular,the 200 mg/kg lithium chloride treatment had the most significant effect.Western blot analysis showed that lithium chloride significantly enhanced the expression of phosphorylated glycogen synthase kinase 3 beta,an inactive form of glycogen synthase kinase 3 beta,in the cerebral cortex and hippocampus of the Fmr1 KO mice.These results indicated that lithium chloride improved learning and memory in the Fmr1 KO mice,possibly by inhibiting glycogen synthase kinase 3 beta activity.

Transmission electron microscopy of synaptic ultrastructural white matter damage in neonatal rats

BACKGROUND： To date, animal models of white matter damage remain controversial. Mild grey matter damage should be the basis for animal models to investigate white matter disease. OBJECTIVE： To establish white matter damage in neonatal rats and evaluate feasibility of the established model by observing myelination and synaptic ultrastructure. DESIGN, TIME AND SETTING： A randomized, controlled, animal experiment was performed at the Laboratory of Histology and Embryology of Guangzhou Medical College from December 2008 to May 2009. MATERIALS： H600 transmission electron microscopy was provided by Hitachi, Japan. METHODS： A total of 39 neonatal, Sprague Dawley rats were randomly assigned to normal control （n = 12）, sham-surgery （n = 12）, and white matter damage （n = 15） groups. White matter damage rats were subjected to right common carotid artery ligation, followed by inhalation of nitrogen oxygen gas mixture （6% oxygen） for 4 hours. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES： Myelin sheath and synaptic ultrastructure in the injured （right） hippocampal CA1 region in 1-month-old rats were observed through the use of transmission electron microscopy, and pathological changes in the cerebral cortex and corpus callosum of the right hemisphere were detected by hematoxylin-eosin staining. RESULTS： Obvious tissue loss was observed in the corpus callosum of the injured （right） hemisphere. Injured oligodendrocytes and disrupted myelination were observed in the white matter damage group. However, synaptic length in the active zones, width of synaptic cleft, thickness of postsynaptic density, and curvature of the synaptic interface remained unchanged following injury, compared with the control and sham-surgery groups （P 〉 0.05）. CONCLUSION： The established white matter damage model resulted in changes in myelination and slightly altered synaptic ultrastructures. The model could function as an ideal model for white matter damage in neonatal rats.

Magnetic resonance imaging diagnosis of acute Guillain-Barré syndrome in children

The present study examined 24 children with acute Guillain-Barre syndrome using magnetic resonance imaging （MRI） plain scans and fat-suppressed enhanced Tl-weighted imaging （T1WI） scans. Axial MRI plain scans centering on the medullary conus were positive in nine patients （38%）. These displayed variable thickening involving the cauda equina with isointensity on T1WI and isointensity or slight hyperintensity on T2WI. False negatives were obtained in patients with cervical and cranial nerve symptoms. Contrast enhancement of T1WI with fat suppression was positive in all patients in the cauda equina with varied thickening and enhancement centering on the medullary conus. Five patients （36%） were positive in the cervical nerves and 3 patients （50%） were positive in the cranial nerves. These patients had corresponding cervical and cranial nerve symptoms, respectively. Patients with serious clinical symptoms in the lower limbs exhibited obvious involvement of the cauda equina by MRI. Statistical analysis revealed a positive correlation between the extent of enlargement of the cauda equina, centering on the medullary conus, and cerebrospinal fluid protein concentration.

SPECT imaging of cardiac reporter gene expression in living rabbits

This work is to demonstrate feasibility of imaging the expression of herpes simplex virus 1-thymidine kinase (HSV1-tk) reporter gene in rabbits myocardium by using the reporter probe 131I-2'-fluoro-2'-deoxy-1-β-D- arabinofuranosyl-5-iodouracil (131I-FIAU) and SPECT. Rabbits of the study group received intramyocardial injection of Ad5-tk and control group received aseptic saline injection. Two sets of experiments were performed on the study group. Rabbits of the 1st set were injected with 131I-FIAU 600 μCi at Day 2 after intramyocardial transfection of Ad5-tk in 1×109, 5×108, 1×108, 5×107 and 1×107 pfu, and heart SPECT imaging was done at different hours. Rabbits of the 2nd were transferred various titers of Ad5-tk (1×109, 5×108, 1×108, 5×107, 1×107 pfu) to determine the threshold and optimal viral titer needed for detection of gene expression. Two days later, 131I-FIAU was injected and heart SPECT imaging was performed at 6, 24 and 48 h, before killing them for gamma counting of the hearts. Reverse tran- scription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) was used to verify the transferred HSV1-tk gene expression. Semi-quantitative analysis derived of region of interest (ROI) of SPECT images and RT-PCR images was performed and the relationship of SPECT images with ex vivo gamma counting and mRNA level were evaluated. SPECT images conformed 131I-FIAU accumulation in rabbits injected with Ad5-tk in the anterolateral wall. The optimal images qual- ity was obtained at 24~48 h for different viral titers. The highest radioactivity in the focal myocardium was seen at 6 h, and then declined with time. The threshold was 5×107 pfu of virus titer. The result could be set better in 1~5×108 pfu by SPECT analysis and gamma counting. ROI-derived semi-quantitative study on SPECT images correlated well with ex vivo gamma counting and mRNA levels from RT-PCR analysis. The HSV1-tk/131I-FIAU reporter gene/reporter probe system is feasible for cardiac SPECT reporter gene imaging. The optimal Ad5-tk titer is 1~5×108 pfu and optimal imaging time is 24~48 h after transferred Ad5-tk in rabbit. The imaging of transgene expression in heart might be used for noninvasive imaging of gene therapy in cardiac diseases in human.

The effect of maternal BDE-209 exposure on offsping's expression of MAP-1B and S100 in hippocampus of the rats

Objective:To study the effect of maternal BDE-209 (brominated Diphenyl Ethers-209)exposure on the expression of microtubule-associated protein-1b (map-1b) and S-100 in rat's hippocampus of the offspring by RT-PCR.Methods:Peanut oil suspensions of commercial deca-BDE was given in dose of 300 mg/(kg·d) by oral gavage throughout gestation and lactation in experimental group.The control group was administered only with the same capacity of peanut oil at the same time.The expression of MAP-1B in the hippocampus of the offspring's rats were tested when the pups were newborn,7days,14 days,21days and 45days old respectively by means of RT-PCR.Result:MAP-1B protein showed a statistically significantly lower concentration in the groups 14 days,21days,45days than that of the control groups.The expression of S-100 in the group which received with deca-BDE by RT-PCR showed higher than that of control groups.But only the 45days groups had significant difference of expression of MAP-1B protein compared with the control groups(P<0.05).Conclusions:Maternal BDE-209 exposure during the period of pregnancy will diminish the expression of map-1b protein in hippocampus of offspring's rats.

Application of imaging postprocessing of spiral CT in the staging of lung cancer

Objective： To evaluate the role of spiral CT imaging postprocessing techniques in preoperative TNM staging of lung cancer. Methods： 106 patients with pathologically confirmed lung cancer received spiral CT examinations with a new revised TNM staging method of lung cancer which was taken as criterion of diagnosis. The images were reconstructed by using different postprocessing techniques such as MPR, MIP, SSD, VR, and their TNM staging capabilities were assessed by using postprocessing imaging and the results with axial CT images were compared. Results： In T staging, the accurate rates of axial CT images in T1-T4 staging were 77.3%, 60.6%, 60.7%, and 60.3% respectively; for postprocessing images, the accurate rates were 86.4%, 90.9%, 89.3%, and 87.0% respectively, In N staging, the accurate rates of axial CT images were 84.6%, 68.1%, 63.6%, and 64.2% in N0-N3 staging, respectively; but they were 92.3%, 90.9%, 90.9%, and 85.7% in postprocessing images, respectively. The postprocessing images were superior to axial CT images in T1-T3 and N1-N3 staging of lung cancer but there were no significant differences in T1 and NO staging. For metastasis, the postprocessing images may be helpful for the TNM staging of lung cancer. Conclusion： The postprocessing techniques of the spiral CT could improve the accurate rates of TNM staging of lung cancer, and represent a useful complement to the axial CT.

Evaluation of the best follow-up period and curative effect for acoustic neuroma treated with a gamma knife

Objective: To determine the best follow-up period with regard to curative effect for acoustic neuroma treated with a gamma knife. Methods: Sixty cases of acoustic neuroma were treated with a gamma knife. The follow-up period was from 3 to 102 months. Changes in the lesions and peripheral tissues and clinical symptoms were compared and the curative effectiveness of gamma knife treatment was evaluated. Results: The highest total effective rate (92.3%) was in the third period. There was a significant difference in the tumor size postoperatively. There was no edema in the peripheral tissues surrounding the tumor. It was not obvious that clinical symptoms changed. Conclusion: In this report, the best follow-up period was 24-36 months. Gamma knife treatment was still effective after 60 months post-operation.

A Correlative Study of CT, MR and Pathology in Rabbit Liver after Embolization by a China-Formulated Lipiodol Emulsion

OBJECTIVE To explore the MR characteristics following lipiodol retention in rabbit liver and to evaluate the sensitivity of CT （CT value 〉400 HU） and MR in displaying the hepatic degeneration and necrosis following embolization. METHODS Thirty-two rabbits were randomly divided into 3 groups. In the control group （n=8）, 2 ml of normal saline was injected into the right branch of the portal vein. In the first experimental group（n= 12）, 4 ml of lipiodol emulsion was injected into the main portal vein. In the second experimental group （n= 12）, 2 ml of lipiodol emulsion was injected into the right branch of the portal vein. CT and MR images were obtained before and after surgery in each group. The histopathologic condition was determined for all liver tissue specimens. RESULTS In the control group, CT and MR did not show any significant changes in the livers after surgery. After the operations in the experimental groups, the regional CT attenuation was 601±101 HU in the largest slice, which had no abnormal signals on T1Wl and T2Wl. In the first group, histologic examinations showed there were concentrated lipiodol droplets around the portal areas. In the second group, serious degeneration and necrosis in the right hepatic lobe occurred in 9 rabbits. T1Wl displayed homogenous or non-homogenous low signals and T2Wl mainly displayed a high signal. However, these pathologic changes did not appear on CT scanning due to high attenuation of the lipiodol. CONCLUSION There were no remarkable hepatic changes on MR in rabbits following good retention of the formulated lipiodol emulsion mixture of lipiodol and urografin（CT value 〉 400 HU）. MR displayed serious degeneration and necrosis of the liver following embolization.

LEPTIN STIMULATING PROLIFERATION AND DIFFERENTI-ATION OF HUMAN OSTEOBLAST-LIKE CELL LINE MG63 IN DOSE-DEPENDENT AND TIME-DEPENDENT MANNERS

Objective To investigate the direct effect of leptin on osteoblast-like cell line MG63. Methods Human osteoblast-like cell line MG63 was incubated with leptin of different doses for 24, 48 and 72 h, respectively. The proliferation of MG63 was determined by methylene blue assay. Alphal （1） collagen gene expression in MG63 was determined by real time flourescenee quantitive PCR （FQ-PCR）, both with 17β-E2 as positive control. Results Leptin accelerated the proliferation and differentiation of MG63 in dose and time-dependent manners, with the best effect at 10^-7 mol/L at 72 h. Compared with 17β-E2, leptin showed a weaker promoting effect at all of the three time point： 24, 48 and 72 h. While the effects of the two hormones have an approaching trend the time prolonged. Conclusion Leptin has the effects of accelerating the proliferation and differentiation of MG63 cells in vitro, which is more enduring and later than that of 17β-E2.

Evaluation of the Effectiveness of Nd:YAG Laser under Urethroscope in the Treatment of Intraurethral Condyloma Acuminata (CA) in Males

Objective: To evaluate the therapeutic effect of Nd:YAGlaser under urethroscope for the treatment of intraurethralCandyloma Acuminata (CA) in males. Method: Nd:YAG laser under urethroscope was employed toremove the warts. Result: Seventeen patients out of eighteen cases with CAwere cured after the first procedure. The cure rate was 94.4%.For second treatment, the cure rate was 100% and no relapseoccurred after observation for 12-24 months. Conclusion: Nd:YAG laser by urethroscope is a very goodmethod for treatment of intraurethral CA.

烟雾病17例的脑血管造影和CT影像分析

目的：对17例烟雾病病人的数字减影脑血管造影(DSA)和CT征象进行分析，总结其表现。材料和方法：17例均进行了DSA检查及CT扫描，其中14例行高清晰螺旋CT扫描，5例行薄层增强扫描。结果：按日本厚生省的诊断标准，16例为确诊病例，1例为可疑病例。颈内动脉(ICA)病变主要为狭窄，大脑前动脉(ACA)、大脑中动脉(MCA)病变主要为闭塞。烟雾血管多位于脑底基底节区，较晚期病人可见眶顶或其它部位烟雾血管，而基底节区烟雾血管可消失。结论：对本病CT无特异性，只起提示作用。对于螺旋CT增强病人应注意其基底池层面大血管有无及血管异常强化影征象，有较好的提示作用。

Rosiglitazone enhances 5-fluorouracil-induced cell growth inhibition in hepatocellular carcinoma cell line Hep3B

Background and Objective: Rosiglitazone is a peroxisome proliferators-activated receptor γ (PPARγ) ligand, which inhibits tumor growth by activating PPARγ signaling pathways. Fluorouracil (5-FU) is one of the commonly used chemotherapeutic drugs. However, patients develop drug resistance of 5-FU over time. The aim of this study was to investigate whether rosiglitazone can enhance 5-FU-induced cell growth inhibition and to explore its potential mechanisms.Methods: Cell viability was measured using MTT assay. Protein expression levels were detected by Western blot analysis. Small interference RNA was utilized to knockout PPARγ and PTEN in Hep3B cells. Results: After 48 h of treatment with 10, 20, and 40 μmol/L rosiglitazone, the viability of Hep3B cells was (78.0 ± 2.7)%, (37.3 ± 8.1)%, and (19.8 ± 2.2)%, respectively (compared with control group, P values were all < 0.001). After 48 h of treatment with 10 μmol/L 5-FU, the viability of Hep3B cells was about (82.6 ± 3.9)%. When cells were treated with 10 μmol/L 5-FU in combination with either 10, 20 or 40 μmol/L rosiglitazone, the cell viability was (51.6 ± 5.4)%, (14.8 ± 4.2)%, and (8.5 ± 0.9)%, with corresponding q value of 1.36, 1.23, and 1.19, respectively. These data suggested that the two drugs had synergic effect in inhibiting Hep3B cell growth, which was further confirmed in an in vivo mice model. Subsequent investigations showed that rosiglitazone activated PPARγ signaling pathways and increased the expression of PTEN. Conclusions: Rosiglitazone enhances 5-FU-induced cell growth inhibition of Hep3B cells.

NG2 expression in rats with acute T_(10) spinal cord injury

Rat models of T10 spinal cord injury were established with a clamp method. NG2 expression was detected with immunohistochemical staining and western blot. Ten days after spinal cord injury, the number of NG2-positive cells in the damaged areas and NG2 absorbance were both significantly increased. The findings indicate that acute T10 spinal cord injury in rats can lead to upregulation of NG2 protein expression in damaged areas.

Venous Thromboembolism Anticoagulation Therapy

VTE of the main treatment for anticoagulant therapy, anticoagulant therapy drug of choice for low molecular weight heparin (LMWH) for the overwhelming majority of clinicians agree that long-term oral anticoagulant therapy is still Vit.K antagonist (mainly warfarin).

MRI investigation for low-grade glioma after gamma knife radiosurgery

Objective： To evaluate the therapeutic efficacy of low-grade glioma （WHO grades Ⅰ-Ⅱ） patients treated with gamma knife radiosurgery and study on the efficacy evaluation method and radiobiological effect. Methods： 140 MRI data of 52 patients after gamma knife radiosurgery were analyzed in tumor size, necrosis or cyst formation, radiation-induced edema and MRI contrast enhancement and circumsciption change for therapeutic efficacy was evaluated. Results： The efficiency rate was 84.3%. The salient efficiency rates were 54.3% for total and 30%, 36.4%, 50%, 68%, 69.2%, and 73.1% for segmenting, respectively. Aggrandizement of tumor related to MRI contrast enhancement and necrosis or cyst formation. Radiation-induced oedema occurred for 32.7%. The MRI contrast enhancement occurred for 57.7% and showed special lace-like ring while some piece-like. Conclusion： Evaluation by MRI has showed gamma knife radiosurgery is efficient for low-grade glioma. The segmenting salient efficiency rate that increase with time is better for evaluation than the efficiency rate especially for long-term MRI follow-up. Radiobiological effect affect the efficacy evaluation. MRI contrast enhancement appears after therapy and shows special as lace-like ring and partly minificates or vanishes subsequently.

Quality Control in Laboratory Hemostasis and Thrombosis

Introdution Laboratory diagnosis in medical practice,the position has been established,hernostasis and thrombosis.expefimental testing is no different.Experimental test of information not only for early diagnosis and guide treatment,prognosis and estimated recurrence.

Value Thrombus Disease Foundational Disease Preventing and Controlling

Regardless of artery thrombus,vein thrombus,dis- seminated intravascular coagulaion(DIC)and so on are many because of the natural disease.In it pathogenesis has many sick factors the participation.Moreover

Patelet Transfusion

1 Indications of a platelet transfusion 1.1 Platelet countIn patients with chronic thrombocytopenia study:In order to safeguard the integrity of the vascular wall,the daily loss of platelet count to 7.

Stroke due to Hematologic Aspects

Stroke due to ‘cerebral vein thrombosis' (CVT) is commonly used to refer to thrombosis of the cerebral venous system, including either dural venous sinuses, or deep and superficial (cortical) cerebral veins. CVT are frightening events due to the severity of their clinical manifestations and their high mortality rate (up to 30% in some casereports).The clinical signs and symptoms of CVT are relatively nonspecific: they include headache, papilledema, vomiting,seizures, focal neurological deficits (motor or sensory) and impaired consciousness. CVT has long been considered as rare and mostly infection-related event; moreover, due to its nonspecific clinical manifestations, the diagnosis has been difficult, delayed and could often be made only post mortem.