In the present study, trace elements present in the river waters of Sarzhal and Akzhar region were measured using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). The reason for monitoring trace elements at thos...In the present study, trace elements present in the river waters of Sarzhal and Akzhar region were measured using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). The reason for monitoring trace elements at those two locations is to verify water quality. The village of Sarzhal is situated in an area that has been affected by weapon testing and continues to receive inputs of contaminants (including radionuclides). The concentrations of trace elements in the river water of Sarzhal and Akzhar villages were generally found to be within allowable levels. However, the concentrations of Na 251.56 mg/l, Cr 3.26 μg/l, P 64.56 μg/l and Se 18.162 μg/l in the river of Akzhar were found to be higher than the maximum allowable concentrations (MAC). In Sarzhal, the level of Al 6.66 mg/l, Cr 5.04 μg/l and P 13.44 μg/l exceeded the MAC values.展开更多
In this study, the pollution level of Cd, Pb, Zn and Cu was estimated in the samples of soil, water, vegetation and milk collected from the regions of East-Kazakhstan. High concentrations in the soils were measured of...In this study, the pollution level of Cd, Pb, Zn and Cu was estimated in the samples of soil, water, vegetation and milk collected from the regions of East-Kazakhstan. High concentrations in the soils were measured of Cd in Ayaguz 0.11 mg/kg, of Pb in Urdzhar 19.7 mg/kg, of Zn in Naualy 17.3 mg/kg and Cu in Kabanbai 0.21 mg/kg. These measured data did not exceed the National limits for Cd 0.5 mg/kg, Pb 32.0 mg/kg, Zn 23.0 mg/kg and Cu 3.0 mg/kg. The results of the vegetation analysis showed the presence of high levels of Cd in Ayaguz 0.346 mg/kg, which exceeded the National limit 0.2 mg/kg. Considerable quantity of Pb 1.96 mg/kg, Zn 20.7 mg/kg, Cu 11.1 mg/kg was measured in Naualy. In water samples of Urdzhar region Pb value of 0.039 mg/dm3 was a little higher than the National limit of 0.03 mg/dm3. Zn content in Naualy 1.5 mg/dm3, in Kabanbai 1.25 mg/dm3, in Urdzhar 1.05 mg/dm3 was found to exceed the National limit 1.0 mg/dm3. The level of Pb in milk samples from Urdzhar 0.39 mg/kg, Naualy 0.24 mg/kg and Ayaguz 0.15 mg was found to be higher than the National limit 0.1 mg/kg. Zn concentration exceeded the National limit 5.0 mg/kg in the samples from Kabanbai 6.3 mg/kg and Naualy 5.8 mg/kg.展开更多
Liver cancer is the fifth most common cancer and the third leading cause of cancer death globally. Malnutrition is found in 65-90% of patients with liver cancer and often enhances cancer occurrence and complications, ...Liver cancer is the fifth most common cancer and the third leading cause of cancer death globally. Malnutrition is found in 65-90% of patients with liver cancer and often enhances cancer occurrence and complications, deteriorates liver functions, and promotes early development of refractory ascites and hepatic encephalopathy (HE), increasing both morbidity and mortality. Malnutrition may develop as a result of poor dietary intake, anorexia, medications, side effects to chemotherapy, encephalopathy, as well as socioeconomic limitations. A dedicated clinical team should provide proper assessment of patient’s nutritional status and nutrition supplemental plan to restore liver health and prevent or treat malnutrition. Nutrition assessment is based on medical, nutritional, and medication histories, physical examination for body composition and signs of malnutrition, anthropometric measurements, radio-imaging, laboratory tests, and flow charts or algorithms on patient’s dietary intake and changes in bodyweight. Clinical management depends on patient’s disease and nutritional status. Patients with minor liver affection or compensated liver cirrhosis may have normal diet without any restrictions in carbohydrates, proteins, and fat, but preferably take other supplements supporting the liver. Patients with decompensated liver should consume 25-40 kcal/kg/day and 1.0-1.5 g protein/kg/day. For patients with acute episodes of HE, a temporary protein restriction of 0.6-0.8 g/kg/day should be implemented until HE is eliminated. Patients should consume small, frequent meals throughout the day and add a carbohydrate- and protein-rich evening snack. Other approaches to supporting optimal digestion and nutrition and managing side effects of cancer therapies may be added as well.展开更多
文摘In the present study, trace elements present in the river waters of Sarzhal and Akzhar region were measured using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). The reason for monitoring trace elements at those two locations is to verify water quality. The village of Sarzhal is situated in an area that has been affected by weapon testing and continues to receive inputs of contaminants (including radionuclides). The concentrations of trace elements in the river water of Sarzhal and Akzhar villages were generally found to be within allowable levels. However, the concentrations of Na 251.56 mg/l, Cr 3.26 μg/l, P 64.56 μg/l and Se 18.162 μg/l in the river of Akzhar were found to be higher than the maximum allowable concentrations (MAC). In Sarzhal, the level of Al 6.66 mg/l, Cr 5.04 μg/l and P 13.44 μg/l exceeded the MAC values.
文摘In this study, the pollution level of Cd, Pb, Zn and Cu was estimated in the samples of soil, water, vegetation and milk collected from the regions of East-Kazakhstan. High concentrations in the soils were measured of Cd in Ayaguz 0.11 mg/kg, of Pb in Urdzhar 19.7 mg/kg, of Zn in Naualy 17.3 mg/kg and Cu in Kabanbai 0.21 mg/kg. These measured data did not exceed the National limits for Cd 0.5 mg/kg, Pb 32.0 mg/kg, Zn 23.0 mg/kg and Cu 3.0 mg/kg. The results of the vegetation analysis showed the presence of high levels of Cd in Ayaguz 0.346 mg/kg, which exceeded the National limit 0.2 mg/kg. Considerable quantity of Pb 1.96 mg/kg, Zn 20.7 mg/kg, Cu 11.1 mg/kg was measured in Naualy. In water samples of Urdzhar region Pb value of 0.039 mg/dm3 was a little higher than the National limit of 0.03 mg/dm3. Zn content in Naualy 1.5 mg/dm3, in Kabanbai 1.25 mg/dm3, in Urdzhar 1.05 mg/dm3 was found to exceed the National limit 1.0 mg/dm3. The level of Pb in milk samples from Urdzhar 0.39 mg/kg, Naualy 0.24 mg/kg and Ayaguz 0.15 mg was found to be higher than the National limit 0.1 mg/kg. Zn concentration exceeded the National limit 5.0 mg/kg in the samples from Kabanbai 6.3 mg/kg and Naualy 5.8 mg/kg.
文摘Liver cancer is the fifth most common cancer and the third leading cause of cancer death globally. Malnutrition is found in 65-90% of patients with liver cancer and often enhances cancer occurrence and complications, deteriorates liver functions, and promotes early development of refractory ascites and hepatic encephalopathy (HE), increasing both morbidity and mortality. Malnutrition may develop as a result of poor dietary intake, anorexia, medications, side effects to chemotherapy, encephalopathy, as well as socioeconomic limitations. A dedicated clinical team should provide proper assessment of patient’s nutritional status and nutrition supplemental plan to restore liver health and prevent or treat malnutrition. Nutrition assessment is based on medical, nutritional, and medication histories, physical examination for body composition and signs of malnutrition, anthropometric measurements, radio-imaging, laboratory tests, and flow charts or algorithms on patient’s dietary intake and changes in bodyweight. Clinical management depends on patient’s disease and nutritional status. Patients with minor liver affection or compensated liver cirrhosis may have normal diet without any restrictions in carbohydrates, proteins, and fat, but preferably take other supplements supporting the liver. Patients with decompensated liver should consume 25-40 kcal/kg/day and 1.0-1.5 g protein/kg/day. For patients with acute episodes of HE, a temporary protein restriction of 0.6-0.8 g/kg/day should be implemented until HE is eliminated. Patients should consume small, frequent meals throughout the day and add a carbohydrate- and protein-rich evening snack. Other approaches to supporting optimal digestion and nutrition and managing side effects of cancer therapies may be added as well.
