期刊文献+
共找到8篇文章
< 1 >
每页显示 20 50 100
Cropping frequency and N fertilizer effects on soil water distribution from spring to fall in the semiarid Canadian prairies
1
作者 R. de Jong C. A. Campbell +3 位作者 R. P. Zentner P. Basnyat B. Grant R. Desjardins 《Agricultural Sciences》 2011年第3期220-237,共18页
In the semiarid Canadian prairies, water is the most limiting and nitrogen (N) the second most limiting factor influencing spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) production. The efficiency of water-and nitrogen use needs... In the semiarid Canadian prairies, water is the most limiting and nitrogen (N) the second most limiting factor influencing spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) production. The efficiency of water-and nitrogen use needs to be assessed in order to maintain this production system. The effects of cropping frequency and N fertilization on trends in soil water distribution and water use were quantified for an 18-yr (1967-1984) field experiment conducted on a medium textured Orthic Brown Chernozem (Aridic Haploboroll) in southwestern Saskatchewan, Canada. Soil water contents were measured eight times each year and plant samples were taken at five phenological growth stages. The treatments studied were continuous wheat (Cont W), summer fallow - wheat, F-(W) and summer fallow - wheat - wheat, F-W-(W) each receiving recommended rates of N and phosphorus (P) fertilizer, and (F)-W-W and (Cont W) each receiving only P fertilizer, with the examined rotation phase shown in parentheses. Soil water conserved under fallow during the summer months averaged 25 mm in the root zone, and was related to the initial water content of the soil, the amount of precipitation received, its distribution over time, and potential evapotranspiration. Under a wheat crop grown on fallow, soil water contents between spring and the five-leaf stage remained relatively constant at about 250 mm, but those under a stubble crop, with 40 mm lower spring soil water reserves, increased slightly until about the three-leaf stage. During the period of expansive crop growth (from the five-leaf to the soft dough stage) soil water was rapidly lost from all cropped phases at rates of 1.87 mm.day–1 for F-(W) (N+P), 1.23 mm.day–1 for Cont W (N+P) and 1.17 mm.day–1 for Cont W (+P). The initial loss was from the 0 - 0.3 m depth, but during the latter half of the growing season from deeper depths, although rarely from the 0.9 - 1.2 m depth. In very dry years (e.g., 1973, with 87 mm precipitation between spring and fall) summer fallow treatments lost water. In wet years with poor precipitation distribution (e.g., 1970, with 287 mm precipitation between spring and fall but 142 mm of this in one week between the three- and five-leaf stage) even cropped treatments showed evidence of leaching. The above-ground biomass water use efficiency for Cont W was 19.2 and 16.7 kg.ha–1.mm–1, respectively, for crops receiving (N+P) and P fertilizer only. Grain yield water use efficiency (8.91 kg.ha–1.mm–1) was not significantly influenced by cropping frequency nor N fertilizer. The 18 years of detailed measurements of plant and soil parameters under various crop management systems provide an invaluable source of information for developing and testing simulation models. 展开更多
关键词 FALLOW FREQUENCY WATER Use Plant Biomass SPRING Wheat Soil WATER
下载PDF
少免耕及秸秆还田小麦间作玉米的碳排放与水分利用特征 被引量:34
2
作者 胡发龙 柴强 +3 位作者 甘延太 殷文 赵财 冯福学 《中国农业科学》 CAS CSCD 北大核心 2016年第1期120-131,共12页
【目的】利用间作和保护性耕作对土壤碳减排及水分高效利用的潜力,将二者集成于同一系统中以发挥各自的优势并催生彼此间的协同效应,从而建立减排与节水双赢的间作高效种植模式。【方法】以河西绿洲灌区长期规模化种植的小麦间作玉米为... 【目的】利用间作和保护性耕作对土壤碳减排及水分高效利用的潜力,将二者集成于同一系统中以发挥各自的优势并催生彼此间的协同效应,从而建立减排与节水双赢的间作高效种植模式。【方法】以河西绿洲灌区长期规模化种植的小麦间作玉米为研究对象,集成应用保护性耕作的理论与技术,利用带状耕作和秸秆覆盖建立免耕立茬(NTSSI)、免耕秸秆覆盖(NTSI)、少耕秸秆翻压(TISI)和传统收割(CTI)4种处理,并以传统收割单作小麦(SW)和单作玉米(SM)作为对照,系统研究了不同处理土壤呼吸与作物耗水状况。应用土壤呼吸测定系统EGM-4(environmental gas monitor-4,UK,PP system)测定土壤呼吸速率,以此计算不同处理生育期内土壤碳排放总量。用产量与耗水和土壤碳排放量与耗水两种方法计算水分利用效率,客观评价间作系统的水分利用状况。【结果】不同种植模式中,单作玉米土壤呼吸速率最大(1.57μmol CO_2·m^(-2)·s^(-1)),间作次之(0.83μmol CO_2·m^(-2)·s^(-1)),单作小麦最小(0.72μmol CO_2·m^(-2)·s^(-1));4种秸秆还田方式中,NTSI处理土壤呼吸速率最低,2011与2012年分别较CTI降低了20.4%和11.9%,由此减少碳排放量12.4%。在间作中集成应用带状耕作和秸秆覆盖能有效降低系统耗水总量、增加产量、提高水分利用效率(WUEGY),与CTI处理相比,NTSI处理平均减少耗水量达4.1%,增产29.7%,水分利用效率提高15.6%。同时,间作系统的单位耗水碳排放平均降低了5.9%,碳排放效率提高了28.2%。【结论】小麦间作玉米与保护性耕作结合,并集成应用带状耕作及秸秆覆盖技术可使系统的产量、碳排放和耗水得到有效协调,能促进耗水更多转化为作物产量并降低在该转化过程中产生的碳排放,实现碳减排与水分高效利用的协同促进。 展开更多
关键词 绿洲灌区 带状耕作 小麦间作玉米 碳排放 水分利用效率
下载PDF
生物质炭添加对华南双季稻田碳排放强度的影响 被引量:34
3
作者 秦晓波 李玉娥 +8 位作者 Wang Hong 李健陵 万运帆 李勇 廖育林 范美蓉 朱江敏 高清竹 刘硕 《农业工程学报》 EI CAS CSCD 北大核心 2015年第5期226-234,234+233,共9页
中国农田有机物料资源化利用是一项巨大挑战。为研究生物质炭农田施用的生态效应,探讨华南双季稻田碳排放强度(greenhouse gas intensity,GHGI)对生物质炭添加的响应,开展了基于静态箱-气相色谱法的连续两年野外观测。田间试验共设6个处... 中国农田有机物料资源化利用是一项巨大挑战。为研究生物质炭农田施用的生态效应,探讨华南双季稻田碳排放强度(greenhouse gas intensity,GHGI)对生物质炭添加的响应,开展了基于静态箱-气相色谱法的连续两年野外观测。田间试验共设6个处理,即当地农民习惯(CK,化肥,无稻草还田),3个不同用量生物质炭添加处理,即BC1(5 t/hm2)、BC2(10 t/hm2)和BC3(20 t/hm2),和2个稻草还田处理(直接还田和稻草+腐熟剂还田)。结果表明,相比当地农民习惯和稻草还田处理生物质炭添加有效抑制了双季稻田温室气体排放(平均降低温室气体排放当量49.87%),显著降低了土壤容重,增强作物的碳氮养分吸收能力,稳定了水稻产量(平均增产3.54%),降低了稻田碳排放强度(平均降低52.13%)。4个生长季平均而言,相比CK、RS和RI,生物质炭3个处理分别降低稻田100a尺度上温室气体排放当量27.53%,58.65%和63.43%(P<0.05),分别增产3.21%,5.11%和2.29%(P>0.05),进而分别降低100a尺度上GHGI 30.57%,61.00%和64.82%(P<0.05),综合而言,BC3具有较好的减排增产潜力。相关矩阵和主成分分析可视化表达了在生物炭添加影响下,稻田碳排放强度与水稻生长参数及土壤理化特性的关系。生物质炭添加影响着水稻产量、收获指数、土壤有机质、总碳和植株吸氮量等环境变量的分布。通过多元决策回归树分析,发现可通过水稻收获指数(>0.5)定量判别其碳排放强度。该研究结果表明,通过优化田间管理,适量生物质炭回田(20 t/hm2)利用是增强土壤固碳、稳定水稻产量、降低稻田碳排放强度和应对气候变化不利影响的可行途径。该研究可为中国秸秆资源科学利用提供基础研究案例。 展开更多
关键词 排放控制 主成分分析 土壤 双季稻田 碳排放强度 生物质炭 回归树分析
下载PDF
中国西北冬小麦和棉花生长对气候变暖的响应 被引量:24
4
作者 王鹤龄 王润元 +1 位作者 赵鸿 甘延太 《干旱地区农业研究》 CSCD 北大核心 2009年第1期258-264,共7页
利用甘肃省西峰市和敦煌市农业气象观测站1981~2004年的观测资料,初步探讨了气候变暖对冬小麦和棉花生长的影响。结果表明:春季极端低温的升高使冬小麦返青期和棉花的播种期明显提前,后期极端高温的升高使冬小麦成熟提前,而极端低温的... 利用甘肃省西峰市和敦煌市农业气象观测站1981~2004年的观测资料,初步探讨了气候变暖对冬小麦和棉花生长的影响。结果表明:春季极端低温的升高使冬小麦返青期和棉花的播种期明显提前,后期极端高温的升高使冬小麦成熟提前,而极端低温的变暖使棉花停止生长延迟。冬小麦越冬期~返青期的缩短与期间极端低温显著相关,而乳熟~成熟期的缩短与期间极端高温显著相关,返青期~拔节期和开花~乳熟期呈现延长的趋势且均与期间极端低温呈显著相关。棉花播种期~五叶期随期间极端低温的升高而缩短;五叶~现蕾、吐絮~停止生长期和全生育期呈现延长的趋势,且分别与期间极端低温显著相关。冬小麦产量与越冬期间的最低气温呈显著正相关,但返青~孕穗和乳熟~成熟期间的最高气温与产量呈显著负相关。棉花产量与开花以前的平均最低气温呈显著正相关;霜前花产量随十月最低气温的升高而显著增加。生育期间的增温特别是十月最低气温的变暖对本地区棉花生产产生了积极的作用,而生育后期的高温对冬小麦的高产则极为不利。 展开更多
关键词 冬小麦 棉花 气候变暖 响应
下载PDF
黄土高原地膜春小麦地上干物质累积与转运规律 被引量:16
5
作者 王鹤龄 王润元 +1 位作者 牛俊义 甘延太 《生态学杂志》 CAS CSCD 北大核心 2008年第1期28-32,共5页
通过2个生长季的大田试验,研究了黄土高原半干旱地区地膜与露地春小麦地上干物质累积、转运规律。结果表明:与露地春小麦相比,地膜春小麦单株最大叶面积增加17.16%,最大绿叶面积峰值早出现6d,开花前干物质积累量高8.97%;地膜春小麦叶片... 通过2个生长季的大田试验,研究了黄土高原半干旱地区地膜与露地春小麦地上干物质累积、转运规律。结果表明:与露地春小麦相比,地膜春小麦单株最大叶面积增加17.16%,最大绿叶面积峰值早出现6d,开花前干物质积累量高8.97%;地膜春小麦叶片、茎秆、颖壳穗轴的输出率分别比露地春小麦高3.23%~3.67%、3.53%~4.55%和1.80%~3.63%;其转换率分别比露地春小麦高0.12%~0.46%、0.92%~1.90%和0.35%~0.87%;各非经济器官输出的干物质对籽粒干物质的贡献率比露地春小麦高1.9%~2.7%;地膜春小麦籽粒起始生长势、最大生长速率、活跃生长期均高于露地春小麦;而达最大生长速率的天数短于露地小麦;地膜春小麦籽粒灌浆期具有较强的生长势,灌浆速率快,灌浆时间长,最终表现为粒重高、产量增加36%。 展开更多
关键词 春小麦 地膜 干物质分配
下载PDF
加拿大半干旱地区轮耕间作研究
6
作者 Y.T.Gan R.P.Zentner +3 位作者 C.A.Campbell V.O.Biederbeck F.Selles R.Lemke 《中国水土保持》 北大核心 2002年第7期31-31,共1页
关键词 加拿大 半干旱地区 间作 轮作 草地退化 土壤侵蚀
下载PDF
增温和降水变化对西北半干旱区春小麦产量和品质的影响 被引量:34
7
作者 王鹤龄 张强 +5 位作者 王润元 甘延泰 牛俊义 张凯 赵福年 赵鸿 《应用生态学报》 CAS CSCD 北大核心 2015年第1期67-75,共9页
为了明确未来气候变化对半干旱区春小麦产量和品质的影响,本研究选择典型半干旱区定西试验基地,利用开放式红外增温模拟系统和水分控制装置设置不同降水量(减少20%、不变、增加20%)和温度梯度[大气温度(对照)、增加1.0℃、增加2.0℃、增... 为了明确未来气候变化对半干旱区春小麦产量和品质的影响,本研究选择典型半干旱区定西试验基地,利用开放式红外增温模拟系统和水分控制装置设置不同降水量(减少20%、不变、增加20%)和温度梯度[大气温度(对照)、增加1.0℃、增加2.0℃、增加3.0℃],模拟气候变化对春小麦生长发育、产量及其构成因素和品质的影响.结果表明:当增温幅度小于2℃时,降水变化对春小麦穗粒数影响不显著;当增温为3℃时,降水减少显著减少穗粒数,降水增加显著增加穗粒数.随着气温升高,降水减少对春小麦千粒重的负效应增大,春小麦不孕小穗数与气温呈二次曲线上升.降水减少20%条件下,增温1、2和3℃的春小麦产量分别下降12.1%、24.7%、42.7%;降水不变条件下,春小麦产量分别下降8.4%、15.1%、21.8%;降水增加20%条件下,春小麦产量分别下降9.0%、15.5%、22.2%.春小麦籽粒淀粉含量随温度的增加而下降,籽粒蛋白质含量随温度的增加而上升.增温2℃有利于蚜虫暴发,但增温3℃抑制蚜虫暴发;春小麦锈病发病率随着温度增加而上升. 展开更多
关键词 温度 降水 春小麦 产量 品质 病虫害
原文传递
Pollutant and Soil Types Influence Effectiveness of Soil-Applied Absorbents in Reducing Rice Plant Uptake of Persistent Organic Pollutants 被引量:8
8
作者 LIU Cuiying JIANG Xin +1 位作者 MA Yuchun Barbara J.CADE-MENUN 《Pedosphere》 SCIE CAS CSCD 2017年第3期537-547,共11页
Persistent organic pollutants (POPs) in soils are an environmental concern due to their long-term bioavailability, which could be reduced by adding adsorbents. However, testing of these adsorbents is necessary prior... Persistent organic pollutants (POPs) in soils are an environmental concern due to their long-term bioavailability, which could be reduced by adding adsorbents. However, testing of these adsorbents is necessary prior to widespread field application. The effects of three adsorbents, nano-organic montmorillonite, nano-organic silicon dioxide (SiOs), and activated carbon, on hexachlorobenzene (HCB) and pentachlorobenzene (PeCB) accumulation in rice (Oryza sativa L.) plants were tested in a greenhouse experiment using two soils, a Hydragric Acrisol (Ac) and a Gleyi-Stagnic Anthrosol (An). The bioconcentration factors (BCFs) of HCB and PeCB to rice roots were 2.3-3.7 and 2.0 3.0 times those to rice shoots, respectively. The applications of the three adsorbents decreased HCB and PeCB extractability in Ac, while only the application of activated carbon decreased their extractability in An. The bioavailability of HCB and PeCB to rice plants in Ac was higher than that in An. In Ac, the applications of nano-organic SiOs and activated carbon decreased the BCF of HCB to rice roots by 16.1% and 26.8%, respectively, whereas only the application of activated carbon decreased the BCF of PeCB to rice roots by 31.4%, compared to the control. In An, only the application of activated carbon decreased the BCFs of HCB and PeCB to rice roots by 22.9% and 18.2%, respectively, compared to the control. However, the application of nano-organic montmorillonite inhibited rice growth in both soils. The results of this study suggested that the effectiveness of adsorbents would vary with pollutant and soil types, providing a reference point for developing efficient adsorbents to reduce the ecological risk of POPs. 展开更多
关键词 accumulation activated carbon bioconcentration factor HEXACHLOROBENZENE NANO-MATERIALS pentachlorobenzene
原文传递
上一页 1 下一页 到第
使用帮助 返回顶部