Critical Analysis of the Origins of Heisenberg's Uncertainty Principle

Analysis of the initial stages of the logical process followed by Louis de Broglie in establishing the electron phase wave equation in his 1924 thesis, which triggered the development of Wave Mechanics when Erwin Schrödinger formalized this concept with his vectorial wave equation. This development was soon followed by Quantum Mechanics, when Schrödinger proved that the Matrix Mechanics independently developed by Werner Heisenberg was equivalent to Wave Mechanics, with both theories leaving room for some degree of uncertainty as to the physical localization of the moving electron. This is what led Heisenberg to also formalize the Uncertainty Principle to take this situation into account. This principle was soon regarded as a fundamental axiomatic principle that seemed to make further exploration of the subatomic level of magnitude appear impossible to most researchers. We will analyze in this article the reason why the phase-wave velocity established by de Broglie generated this uncertainty in the localization of the moving electron in light of the current state of knowledge on the behavior of the electron in motion, in view of establishing the relevance of maintaining the Uncertainty Principle in the study of the subatomic level of magnitude.

Structural Elucidation of Condensed Tannin from <i>Picea mariana</i>Bark

The aim of this work was to determine the structural characteristics of the condensed tannins isolated from the aqueous extract of black spruce (Picea mariana Mill) bark. This is the first report on the structural characterization of condensed tannins from black spruce bark. The condensed tannins from the hot water extract prepared from Picea mariana bark were isolated by column chromatography on Sephadex LH-20 media. In this study, UV-visible and 13C-NMR spectroscopic techniques, along with pyrolysis-gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (Py-GC/MS) and liquid chromatogramphy analyses were applied to determine the structural characteristics of black spruce bark tannins. We have confirmed for the first time the presence of methoxylated B-rings in the flavanol units of condensed tannins from black spruce bark, which could be regarded as further contribution to the chemotaxonomy of the genus Picea. The methoxylation of Norway spruce bark condensed tannins have been demonstrated previously.

Demystifying the Lorentz Force Equation

The Lorentz force equation F = q(E + v × B), which has been used by the engineering community since the early 20th century to control the motion of electrons on free trajectories, in a wide range of technical applications, is a generalized equation that was originally developed by Hendrik Antoon Lorentz at the beginning of the 20th century, and which treats, in a single formulation, two very different aspects of the behavior of free-moving electrons. This article aims to put into perspective the historical context in which the equation was developed, and to clarify how its two different aspects can be clearly separated for practical computational purposes and used in fundamental research in physics, to help reconcile classical/relativistic mechanics and quantum mechanics with electromagnetism, and in particular how its first term can be related to gravitation while its second term can be related to measurable mass from the electromagnetic perspective.

Introduction to Synchronized Kinematic and Electromagnetic Mechanics

Introduction to fundamental physics according to the parallel harmonization of kinematic and electromagnetic mechanics, in accordance with Wilhelm Wien’s project, which involved the integration in kinematic mechanics of the mass increase of the electron as a function of its velocity, as measured by Walter Kaufmann with his bubble-chamber experiments, and analyzed and confirmed by H. A. Lorentz and all the leading edge physicists who then re-analyzed this data.

The Hydrogen Atom Fundamental Resonance States

In the 1920’s, Louis de Broglie’s observation that the integer sequence that could be related to the interference patterns produced by the various electromagnetic energy quanta emitted by hydrogen atoms was identical to those of very well known classical resonance processes, made him conclude that electrons were captive in resonance states within atoms. This led Schr&auml;dinger to propose a wave function to represent these resonance states that still have not been reconciled with the electromagnetic properties of electrons. This article is meant to identify and discuss the electromagnetic harmonic oscillation properties that the electron must possess as a resonator in order to explain the resonance volume described by the wave function, as well as the electromagnetic interactions between the elementary charged particles making up atomic structures that could explain electronic and nucleonic orbitals stability. An unexpected benefit of the expanded space geometry required to establish these properties and interactions is that the fundamental symmetry requirement is respected by structure for all aspects of the distribution of energy within electromagnetic quanta.

On the Importance of ATP Energy in Biology with Regard to Viruses

Even today in light of the pandemic spread of the corona virus COVID 19, the debate amongst biologists which concerns whether viruses are alive or not still remains unresolved. This, however, revolves around the argument that viruses cannot produce their own adenosine triphosphate molecule (ATP) through metabolism and, therefore, must rely on other living microorganisms that can produce it in order to access the energy that ATP provides upon hydrolysis. It is mainly on account of this distinction that viruses are relegated to an ill-defined area that separates living things from nonliving things. Nevertheless, apparently viruses possess an inherent capacity that enables them to cross this invisible dividing line in order to link up with the ATP molecule through which they sustain their activities. The following presents a review of these issues with regard to microbiology, biochemistry and physics.

Electromagnetism According to Maxwell’s Initial Interpretation

It is well established that classical electrodynamics, quantum electrodynamics (QED) as well as Quantum Field Theory (QFT) are grounded on Maxwell’s wave theory and on his equations, but it is much less well understood that they are not grounded on his initial interpretation of the relation between the E and B fields, but are rather grounded on Ludvig Lorenz’s interpretation of this relation, with which Maxwell disagreed. Maxwell considered that both fields had to mutually induce each other cyclically for the velocity of light to be maintained while Lorenz considered that both fields had to synchronously peak at maximum at the same time for this velocity to be maintained, both interpretations being equally consistent with the equations. Two recent breakthroughs however now allow confirming that Maxwell’s interpretation was correct because, contrary to the Lorenz interpretation, it allows to seamlessly reconcile Maxwell’s electromagnetic wave theory, so successfully applied at our macroscopic level, with the electromagnetic characteristics that apply at the subatomic level to localized electromagnetic photons and to all localized charged and massive elementary electromagnetic particles of which all atoms are made, and finally allows establishing a clear mechanics of electromagnetic photon emission and absorption by electrons during their interaction at the atomic level.

AB070.Feedback improves orientation discrimination in neurotypical adults,but not in adults with autism:a pilot study

Background:Understanding how individuals with autism spectrum disorder(ASD)learn is important for developing and implementing effective educational and behavioral interventions.Evidence suggests that individuals with ASD are relatively stronger in certain areas of perception(Simmons et al.,2009;Dakin and Frith,2005);it therefore cannot be assumed that individuals with ASD learn using the same rules and strategies as neurotypicals(NT).Of particular interest,perceptual learning(PL)is a class of learning that is based upon changes induced by the repeated exposure and response to specific types of perceptual information.Such learning often includes feedback,indicating whether or not a response was correct during a trial within a PL task.The objectives of this study were to perform a pilot investigation of;(I)perceptual learning in adults with and without ASD using a low-level orientation discrimination task;and(II)the influence of feedback on accuracy in this task.Methods:Eleven adults with ASD and fifteen NT adults,matched on Wechsler full-scale IQ and age(18-31 years),performed a low-level PL task.They were asked to indicate whether a grating was tilted to the left(i.e.,counter-clockwise)or to the right(i.e.,clockwise)relative to an oblique 45-degree reference orientation.Thresholds,defined by the minimal deviation in degrees needed to discriminate tilt orientation,were measured for each participant every 15 minutes,with each block consisting of 420 trials.To assess baseline performance,all participants completed a first block with no feedback.Participants were then randomly assigned to either feedback(NASD=6,NTD=8)or no feedback groups(NASD=5,NTD=7)and completed six subsequent testing blocks.Results:PL was defined as the percent change in orientation discrimination threshold in each of the six testing blocks relative to baseline performance.No significant increase was found in performance as a function of testing block for any group;PL was therefore not evidenced under the conditions tested.ASD performance remained equal to that of baseline across testing blocks,whether or not trial-by-trial feedback was present.In contrast,NT performance was significantly increased when feedback was present.Conclusions:NT individuals significantly benefited from feedback,while individuals with ASD did not.These results provide preliminary evidence for a divergent learning style in ASD and NT individuals.These pilot findings raise important questions regarding the impact of feedback during interventions,and at a more basic level,the atypical underlying perceptual and cognitive processes in individuals with ASD.