The Present Situation and Prospects of Research and Utilization of Soybean Germplasm Resources in Shandong Province

Soybean is an important food crop and oil crop for humans. Based on the analysis of current production and research of soybean in Shandong Province and other provinces and cities,this paper clarified the background of soybean germplasm resources,evaluated the genetic diversity of soybean germplasm resources,revealed the evolution pattern of soybean varieties,summarized the utilization of wild-type soybean resources,and analyzed the prospects of research and application of soybean germplasm resources in Shandong Province.

Research Progress on Genetic Diversity of Cultivated Soybean Germplasm Resources in China

In this paper,by analyzing the genetic diversity of cultivated soybean germplasm resources in China,the environmental and genotypic factors that affect the genetic diversity of cultivated soybean germplasm resources were explored to further expand the genetic basis of the existing germplasm resources of cultivated soybean in China. Moreover,research progress on genetic diversity of cultivated soybean in China was summarized,which not only revealed the geographical characteristics of genetic diversity of cultivated soybean in China,but also proposed direction for research of genetic diversity of soybean.

Establishment and Operation of Crop Genebank in Shandong Province

Shandong Province has abundant and diverse crop germplasm resources, but it is in lack of unified and effective preservation and management, leading to the decline and even extinction of many rare germplasm resources. In this study, the necessity for the establishment of crop genebank in Shandong Province was briefly described. In addition, the type, functions and technical indicators, as well as the operation of the crop genebank were introduced comprehensively to provide a reference for the establishment of genebank by other units or organizations.

Effects of Seed Viability and Number of Generations on Genetic Integrity of Soybean Germplasm Zhonghuang 18 by AFLP Markers

The seeds of a soybean cultivar Zhonghuang 18 were subjected to accelerated aging for 0(population G_0-1), 112(population G_0-2), 154(population G_0-3) and 196 d(population G_0-4), whose germination percentage was found to be 98.0%, 95.0%, 81.0%, and 79.0%, respectively. Then, the four populations were regenerated twice in the field. The first descendant populations were marked as G_1-1, G_1-2, G_1-3 and G_1-4, and the second were marked as G_2-1, G_2-2, G_2-3 and G_2-4, respectively. The genetic variation between the control population(G_0-1) and the experimental populations was analyzed using 12 AFLP primer combinations. The results showed that there was no significant difference in genetic similarity between the 11 experimental populations and the control population G_0-1. The genetic similarity between population G_2-4 and G_0-1 was still as high as 0.933 3, indicating that the F_2 generation of the population whose germination percentage was only 79.0% still had a high genetic similarity to the control population. The results of t-tests revealed that the populations G_1-1, G_2-1, G_1-2 and G_2-2 showed no significant difference from the control population G_0-1 in effective number of alleles per locus(Ae), genetic diversity index(H) and Shannon's diversity index(I), while these indices of populations G_0-3, G_0-4, G_1-3, G_1-4, G_2-3 and G_2-4 were significantly reduced. χ~2 tests indicated that the populations G_1-1 and G_2-1 showed little difference, and the populations G_0-2, G_0-3, G_0-4, G_1-2, G_1-3, G_1-4, G_2-2, G_2-3, and G_2-4 showed great difference in allele frequency distribution from the control population G_0-1, and the difference was greater when the seed viability was lower. Compared with the control population G_0-1, the number of rare alleles(Nr) of the populations G_0-2, G_1-1, G_2-1, G_1-2 and G_2-2 showed no significant difference, while that of the populations G_0-3, G_0-4, G_1-3, G_1-4, G_2-3 and G_2-4 declined obviously. These results revealed that compared with the control population, the genetic diversity and Nr for the descendant populations of the populations with 98.0% and 95.0% germination percentages did not change significantly, but declined greatly for the descendant populations of the populations with 81.0.% and 79.0% percentages. The results suggested that the decline in seed viability has a greater impact than the number of generations on genetic structure of soybean germplasm. So, it is suggested that soybean seed with an initial germination percentage of 98.0% should be regenerated before its germination percentage declines to 81.0%.

Evaluation of Salt Tolerance in Nine Shandong Soybean Cultivars at the Germination Stage

[Objectives] Salt stress is an important abiotic stress affecting soybean yield. This study aimed to screen salt-tolerant soybean varieties to improve the utilization efficiency of saline-alkali land. [Methods]Under three concentrations of salt stress（ 5,10 and 15 g/L）,salt tolerance of nine Shandong soybean cultivars was identified at the germination stage. The number of germinated seeds,relative germination rate,plant height,radicle length and number of fibrous roots were recorded to analyze the relative salt damage index and evaluate the salt tolerance of different soybean cultivars. [Results]With the increase of salt concentration,the number of germinated seeds,plant height and number of fibrous roots showed a decreasing trend with significant differences among different soybean cultivars. Under three concentrations of salt stress,Shengdou 10,Lindou 10 and Hedou 28 exhibit relatively strong salt tolerance,indicating that these cultivars are relatively salt-tolerant and highly salt-tolerant cultivars; Hedou 12,Gaofeng 1,Weidou 9 and Qihuang 34 are moderately salt-tolerant cultivars; Qihuang 30 and Qihuang 31 are relatively sensitive to salt solution under 15 g/L NaC l stress. [Conclusions] This study provided high-quality germplasm materials for the improvement of salt tolerance of soybean varieties.

RNA-Seq analysis and development of SSR and KASP markers in lentil(Lens culinaris Medikus subsp. culinaris)

Lentil(Lens culinaris Medikus subsp.culinaris,2 n=14)is a cool-season legume with high production potential for multiple uses.However,limited molecular research has been conducted in this species owing to its large genome,which impedes the generation of genome sequences and the development of molecular markers.In this study,more than 1.37 billion filtered clean reads were collected by RNA-Seq of six diverse lentil accessions and217,836 transcripts and 161,095 unigenes were de novo assembled,yielding respectively 257.1 and 240.6 million nucleotides.The mean transcript length was 1180 bp and the N50 and N90 lengths were respectively 2075 and 479 bp.The mean length of the unigenes was 1494 bp and their N50 and N90 values were respectively 2203 and 714 bp.The unigenes were annotated against seven databases.The FLOWERING LOCUS T(FT)gene homolog in lentil showed high protein sequence similarity to the FT gene homologs of pea and alfalfa.On the basis of the RNA-Seq analysis,26,449 EST-SSR markers were designed in silico,and 276 preliminarily screened markers were selected to evaluate polymorphism in 94 diverse lentil accessions.In total,125(45.29%)of 276 EST-SSR markers were found to be polymorphic.A total of 130,073 SNP loci were detected and 78(61.41%)of 127 SNPs were successfully converted to KASP markers.Population genetic analyses of the lentil accessions with EST-SSR and KASP markers revealed similar genetic structures,suggesting that the RNA-Seq-generated resources and the developed markers are reliable for use in molecular marker-assisted breeding of lentil.

The Adaptive Planting and the Prospect of Industrial Development of Quinoa in China

Quinoa is the only single plant meeting the basic nutritional needs of the human body. It is the whole nutritious food with nutritional balance, wide adaptability, strong resistance and other characteristics. In this paper, the botanical characteristics and nutritional value of quinoa were systematically introduced, and the development of quinoa in China was reviewed. The problems of domestic quinoa industry, the shortage of germplasm resources, the lack of innovation and high-yielding cultivation techniques were analyzed. To provide theoretical references for quinoa planting and industrial development in China, the countermeasures to improve the investment of quinoa industry and promote the development of multi-form industry were put forward.

Genetic Diversity of Clover by SRAP

In the present study,genetic diversity and genetic relationship of 11materials including red clover ( Trifolium pretense L.),white clover ( T.repen L.) and alsike clover ( T.hybridum L.) and leaf-type variants of white clover were investigated by SRAP (sequence related amplified polymorphism).Forty SRAP primers were screened,and 792 reliable bands were amplified,among which 426 (53.8%) were polymorphic.The number of polymorphic bands per pair of primers ranged from 3 to 38 with an average of 10.6.SRAP cluster analysis showed that the similarity coefficients between white clover materials were from 0.465 to 0.997 with an average of 0.812,indicating that there was certain genetic diversity among white clover.Specific bands appeared in white clover variants,indicating that there were certain differences in DNA sequence between normal while clover plants and their leaf-type variants.The similarity coefficients between red clover materials were from 0.457 to 0.827 with an average of 0.597,indicating that the different red clover germplasms had genetic diversity at the DNA molecular level.The results also showed that the genetic relationship of the alsike clover with the red clover was closer than that with the white clover.This study shows that SRAP technique can be effectively used for the analysis on interspecific and intraspecific relationship,germplasm resource identification and genetic diversity of clover.

Detection and Analysis on StaphylococcalEnterotoxins in Raw Cow Milk from DifferentRegions of Jinan, China

[Objective] This study was conducted to investigate the pollution caused by staphylococcal enterotoxins(SE) in raw milk and the safety of dairy products in Jinan, and to provide a scientific basis for food safety risk analysis. [Method] A total of 130 raw milk samples were collected from different regions of Jinan, and detected for Staphylococcus aureus by referring to GB4789.10-2010. Then, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was performed to detect whether the S.aureus strains produced enterotoxins, and the enterotoxin type was identified using colloidal gold-based immunochromatographic test strips. [Result] Fiftyseven of the raw milk samples were polluted by S.aureus, so the detection rate of S.aureus was 43.85%; and 11 of the strains produced enterotoxins. Among the 11 enterotoxin-producing strains, seven produced SEB, only one produced SEC, and the SE type of other three strains was not identified. [Conclusion] Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and colloidal gold-based immunochromatographic test strips can be used in combination to rapidly detect staphylococcal enterotoxins and identify enterotoxin type, although there are some limitations. SEB is the main type of staphylococcal enterotoxin causing pollution in milk of Shandong Province.

隐甲藻和裂殖壶藻醇水提物不同极性萃取物的抗氧化活性研究(英文)

目的:评价隐甲藻和裂殖壶藻醇水提物的石油醚萃取相、乙酸乙酯萃取相、正丁醇萃取相和水相的抗氧化活性水平,为综合利用两种微藻提供理论依据。创新点:隐甲藻和裂殖壶藻是二十二碳六烯酸(DHA)的重要原料,然而提取DHA后剩余的藻渣未得到充分利用。本文首次对两种微藻的极性提取物的不同极性部位进行抗氧化活性评价,并初步确定多酚类化合物是其发挥抗氧化作用的主要物质成分,为综合利用两种微藻提供了理论依据和参考。方法:用70%乙醇浸提隐甲藻和裂殖壶藻藻粉,所得粗提物分别使用石油醚、乙酸乙酯、正丁醇和水依次萃取,得到不同极性组分萃取物。采用总抗氧化能力、2,2-二苯基-1-三硝基苯肼(DPPH)自由基清除能力、亚铁离子螯合能力及总还原力等方法对不同极性组分的萃取物进行抗氧化活性评价。采用Folin-Ciocalteu方法测定样品中总多酚含量,采用分光光度法测定样品中总黄酮含量。结论:本实验结果显示,隐甲藻和裂殖壶藻醇水提物的不同极性组分具有较好的抗氧化作用(图2~5)。相关性分析结果表明萃取物中的多酚类化合物与其抗氧化水平显著相关(表2和表3),因此,我们推测多酚类化合物是两种微藻的主要抗氧化成分。综上所述,隐甲藻和裂殖壶藻具有综合开发利用潜力,可深入研究。