Using Event-Based Method to Estimate Cybersecurity Equilibrium

Estimating the global state of a networked system is an important problem in many application domains.The classical approach to tackling this problem is the periodic(observation)method,which is inefficient because it often observes states at a very high frequency.This inefficiency has motivated the idea of event-based method,which leverages the evolution dynamics in question and makes observations only when some rules are triggered(i.e.,only when certain conditions hold).This paper initiates the investigation of using the event-based method to estimate the equilibrium in the new application domain of cybersecurity,where equilibrium is an important metric that has no closed-form solutions.More specifically,the paper presents an event-based method for estimating cybersecurity equilibrium in the preventive and reactive cyber defense dynamics,which has been proven globally convergent.The presented study proves that the estimated equilibrium from our trigger rule i)indeed converges to the equilibrium of the dynamics and ii)is Zeno-free,which assures the usefulness of the event-based method.Numerical examples show that the event-based method can reduce 98%of the observation cost incurred by the periodic method.In order to use the event-based method in practice,this paper investigates how to bridge the gap between i)the continuous state in the dynamics model,which is dubbed probability-state because it measures the probability that a node is in the secure or compromised state,and ii)the discrete state that is often encountered in practice,dubbed sample-state because it is sampled from some nodes.This bridge may be of independent value because probability-state models have been widely used to approximate exponentially-many discrete state systems.

Estimation of the Probability of Long-Distance Dispersal: Stratified Diffusion of <i>Spartina alterniflora</i>in the Yangtze River Estuary

The relative contribution of long-distance dispersal and local diffusion in the spread of invasive species has been a subject of much debate. Invasion of the intertidal mudflats by Spartina alterniflora is an ideal example of stratified diffusion, involving both long-distance dispersal of seeds and local diffusion due to clonal growth. In conjunction with experimental data on range radius-versus-time curve, a traveling wave equation-based model is used to investigate the sensitivity of the spread rate of exotic S. alterniflora to parameters of long distance dispersal (c, maximum colonial establishment rate) and local colony diffusion (r, intrinsic growth rate) at two tidal marshes, the Eastern Chongming and the Jiuduansha Islands, at the Yangtze River estuary. Both Eastern Chong ming and Jiuduansha Islands are now national natural reserves in China, which were established in 2005. However, the mudflats and salt marshes in the two reserves are now heavily infested with introduced S. alterniflora, which may threaten the estuarine ecosystems and their biodiversity. S. alterniflora was first found in 1995 on Chongming. For rapid sediment accretion in mudflats in the estuary, S. alterniflora was also intentionally introduced to Jiuduansha in 1997 and Chongming in 2001, which has led to a rapid range expansion in the estuary. Our results show that range expansion of species with stratified diffusion is affected by both long-distance dispersal and local colony diffusion, and that there is a critical c*, below which the spread rate is more influenced by long-distance dispersal than by local diffusion. After applying this model to the invasion of S. alterniflora in the Yangtze River estuary, we derive that c = 1.7 × 10-3, c* = 0.126 and c = 4.8 × 10-3 km-2·yr-1, c* = 0.140 km-2·yr-1 at Chongming and Jiuduansha (Shanghai), respectively. Our results suggest that the range spread of S. alterniflora in the Yangtze River estuary is more influenced by long-distance dispersal than local colony diffusion, and that S. alterniflora generates about 1.7 × 10-3 to 4.8 × 10-3 colonies per square kilometers per year. This study provides important information about dispersal dynamics of S. alterniflora that may be useful for finding optimal control strategies. ·

Sequential Propagation of Chaos for Mean-Field BSDE Systems

A new class of backward particle systems with sequential interaction is proposed to approximate the mean-field backward stochastic differential equations.It is proven that the weighted empirical measure of this particle system converges to the law of the McKean-Vlasov system as the number of particles grows.Based on the Wasserstein met-ric,quantitative propagation of chaos results are obtained for both linear and quadratic growth conditions.Finally,numerical experiments are conducted to validate our theoretical results.

A Simple Proof of ACC for Minimal Log Discrepancies for Surfaces

Following Shokurov's idea,we give a simple proof of the ACC conjecture for minimal log discrepancies for surfaces.

Markovian Quadratic BSDEs with an Unbounded Sub-quadratic Growth

This paper is devoted to the solvability of Markovian quadratic backward stochastic differential equations(BSDEs for short)with bounded terminal conditions.The generator is allowed to have an unbounded sub-quadratic growth in the second unknown variable z.The existence and uniqueness results are given to these BSDEs.As an application,an existence result is given to a system of coupled forward-backward stochastic differential equations with measurable coefficients.

The top-order energy of quasilinear wave equations in two space dimensions is uniformly bounded

Alinhac solved a long-standing open problem in 2001 and established that quasilinear wave equations in two space dimensions with quadratic null nonlinearities admit global-in-time solutions,provided that the initial data are compactly supported and sufficiently small in Sobolev norm.In this work,Alinhac obtained an upper bound with polynomial growth in time for the top-order energy of the solutions.A natural question then arises whether the time-growth is a true phenomenon,despite the possible conservation of basic energy.In the present paper,we establish that the top-order energy of the solutions in Alinhac theorem remains globally bounded in time.

Convergence of Gradient Algorithms for Nonconvex C^(1+α) Cost Functions

This paper is concerned with convergence of stochastic gradient algorithms with momentum terms in the nonconvex setting.A class of stochastic momentum methods,including stochastic gradient descent,heavy ball and Nesterov’s accelerated gradient,is analyzed in a general framework under mild assumptions.Based on the convergence result of expected gradients,the authors prove the almost sure convergence by a detailed discussion of the effects of momentum and the number of upcrossings.It is worth noting that there are not additional restrictions imposed on the objective function and stepsize.Another improvement over previous results is that the existing Lipschitz condition of the gradient is relaxed into the condition of H?lder continuity.As a byproduct,the authors apply a localization procedure to extend the results to stochastic stepsizes.

Gaussian limit for determinantal point processes with J-Hermitian kernels

We show that the central limit theorem for linear statistics over determinantal point processes with J-Hermitian kernels holds under fairly general conditions.In particular,we establish the Gaussian limit for linear statistics over determinantal point processes on the union of two copies of Rdwhen the correlation kernels are J-Hermitian translation-invariant.

Decay of Correlations for Fibonacci Unimodal Interval Maps

We consider a class of generalized Fibonacci unimodal maps for which the central return times {Sn} satisfy that sn= sn-1 ＋ ksh-2 for some k≥ 1. We show that such a unimodal map admits a unique absolutely continuous invariant probability with exactly stretched exponential decay of correlations if its critical order lies in （1, k ＋ 1）.

Fast projection onto the ordered weighted ℓ_(1) norm ball

In this paper,we provide a finitely terminated yet efficient approach to compute the Euclidean projection onto the ordered weightedℓ_(1)(OWL1)norm ball.In particular,an efficient semismooth Newton method is proposed for solving the dual of a reformulation of the original projection problem.Global and local quadratic convergence results,as well as the finite termination property,of the algorithm are proved.Numerical comparisons with the two best-known methods demonstrate the efficiency of our method.In addition,we derive the generalized Jacobian of the studied projector which,we believe,is crucial for the future designing of fast second-order nonsmooth methods for solving general OWL1 norm constrained problems.

Geometric Property(T)

This paper discusses "geometric property(T)". This is a property of metric spaces introduced in earlier works of the authors for its applications to K-theory. Geometric property(T) is a strong form of "expansion property", in particular, for a sequence(Xn)of bounded degree finite graphs, it is strictly stronger than(Xn) being an expander in the sense that the Cheeger constants h(Xn) are bounded below.In this paper, the authors show that geometric property(T) is a coarse invariant,i.e., it depends only on the large-scale geometry of a metric space X. The authors also discuss how geometric property(T) interacts with amenability, property(T) for groups,and coarse geometric notions of a-T-menability. In particular, it is shown that property(T) for a residually finite group is characterised by geometric property(T) for its finite quotients.

Computations of the Adams-Novikov E_(2)-term

The author introduces the notion of a minimal resolution for BP*BP-comodules,and gives an effective algorithm to produce minimal resolutions.This produces the data needed in the work[3]for studying motivic stable stems up to stem 90.

The spectrum of Bergman Toeplitz operators with some harmonic symbols

In this paper,we show that the spectrum of Toeplitz operators on the Bergman space with harmonic symbols of affine functions of z and equals the image of closed unit disk under the symbol.Surprisingly this does not hold for Toeplitz operators with harmonic symbols of quadratic functions of z and .

Positivity of Toeplitz Operators on Harmonic Bergman Space

In this paper, we study positive Toeplitz operators on the harmonic Bergman space via their Berezin transforms. We consider the Toeplitz operators with continuous harmonic symbols on the closed disk and show that the Toeplitz operator is positive if and only if its Berezin transform is nonnegative on the disk. On the other hand, we construct a function such that the Toeplitz operator with this function as the symbol is not positive but its Berezin transform is positive on the disk. We also consider the harmonic Bergman space on the upper half plane and prove that in this case the positive Toeplitz operators with continuous integrable harmonic symbols must be the zero operator.

Curvature notions on graphs

We survey some geometric and analytic results under the assumptions of combinatorial curvature bounds for planar/semiplanar graphs and curvature dimension conditions for general graphs.

Convergence Analysis of a Numerical Scheme for the Porous Medium Equation by an Energetic Variational Approach

The porous medium equation(PME)is a typical nonlinear degenerate parabolic equation.We have studied numerical methods for PME by an energetic vari-ational approach in[C.Duan et al.,J.Comput.Phys.,385(2019),pp.13–32],where the trajectory equation can be obtained and two numerical schemes have been devel-oped based on different dissipative energy laws.It is also proved that the nonlinear scheme,based on f logf as the total energy form of the dissipative law,is uniquely solv-able on an admissible convex set and preserves the corresponding discrete dissipation law.Moreover,under certain smoothness assumption,we have also obtained the sec-ond order convergence in space and the first order convergence in time for the scheme.In this paper,we provide a rigorous proof of the error estimate by a careful higher or-der asymptotic expansion and two step error estimates.The latter technique contains a rough estimate to control the highly nonlinear term in a discrete W 1,∞norm and a refined estimate is applied to derive the optimal error order.

The Neumann Problem for Parabolic Hessian Quotient Equations

In this paper,we consider the Neumann problem for parabolic Hessian quotient equations.We show that the k-admissible solution of the parabolic Hessian quotient equation exists for all time and converges to the smooth solution of elliptic Hessian quotient equations.Also solutions of the classical Neumann problem converge to a translating solution.

Positivity of Fock Toeplitz Operators via the Berezin Transform

This paper deals with the relationship between the positivity of the Fock Toeplitz operators and their Berezin transforms. The author considers the special case of the bounded radial function φ(z) = a + be^(-α|z|^2)+ ce^(-β|z|^2), where a, b, c are real numbers and α, β are positive numbers. For this type of φ, one can choose these parameters such that the Berezin transform of φ is a nonnegative function on the complex plane, but the corresponding Toeplitz operator Tφ is not positive on the Fock space.

A critical case of Rallis inner product formula

Letπbe a genuine cuspidal representation of the metaplectic group of rank n.We consider the theta lifts to the orthogonal group associated to a quadratic space of dimension 2n+1.We show a case of regularised Rallis inner product formula that relates the pairing of theta lifts to the central value of the Langlands L-function ofπtwisted by a character.The bulk of this paper focuses on proving a case of regularised Siegel-Weil formula,on which the Rallis inner product formula is based and whose proof is missing in the literature.

A characterization of Burniat surfaces with K^2 = 4 and of non nodal type

Let S be a minimal surface of general type with pg(S) = 0 and K_S^2= 4. Assume the bicanonical map ψ of S is a morphism of degree 4 such that the image of ψ is smooth. Then we prove that the surface S is a Burniat surface with K^2= 4 and of non nodal type.